聚(4-乙烯基吡啶季铵盐-丙烯酰胺)的抗菌性能与机理研究

季铵盐型阳离子聚合物具有絮凝、缓蚀与杀菌等多种功能,据此,我们通过分子设计,先将丙烯酰胺与4-乙烯基吡啶（4-VP）进行共聚合,然后使用季铵化试剂硫酸二甲酯使共聚物阳离子化,制备了吡啶季铵盐型阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（QPAV）,本文报道QPAV的抗菌性能,并探讨其抗菌机理,结果表明,吡啶季铵盐型阳离子聚丙烯酰胺具有很强的抗菌性能,且其抗菌机理是基于杀菌而不仅仅是抑菌。     

4-乙烯基吡啶与丙烯酰胺共聚合的研究

以过硫酸钾为引发剂 ,采用溶液自由基共聚合方法 ,实现了丙烯酰胺 (AM)与 4 乙烯基吡啶 (4 VP)的共聚合 .通过详细研究共溶剂体系、单体总浓度、反应温度、反应时间及引发剂量对共聚合过程中转化率和分子量的影响 ,从而确定了适宜的共溶剂体系和最佳的工艺条件 .用紫外分光光度法测得了共聚物的组成 .用Kelen Tudos方法 ,求得 4 乙烯基吡啶 (4 VP)和丙烯酰胺 (AM)单体的竞聚率 ,r4 VP =0 6 4 4 ,rAM =0 371.最后通过FTIR和1 3C NMR表征共聚物的结构并验证了共聚物的组成 .     

超高分子量阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺合成及其絮凝性能研究

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的絮凝性能与其分子量成正相关，而阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)在处理含带电悬浮颗粒的污水过程中显著优于聚丙烯酰胺。然而，传统共聚法难以合成超高分子量的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺，从而限制了其絮凝性能。本项工作以超高分子量聚丙烯酰胺为基板，通过季铵化反应，直接获得了超高分子量的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂。通过进一步系统探究季铵化反应条件，优化了产物的阳离子度，其絮凝性能也得到极大提高。     

聚合方法对一种正离子聚丙烯酰胺结构与性能的影响

对相同进料比下,以过硫酸胺/亚硫酸氢钠为氧化还原引发剂,分别用溶液法和反相微乳液法合成的丙烯酰胺(AM)与2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化胺(MADQUAT)的共聚物P(AM-MADQUAT),根据单体竞聚率计算了两种共聚物的序列分布和组成分布.考察了两种聚合物结构对高岭土絮体尺寸、zeta电位降以及絮体压缩屈服应力的影响,初步建立了不同聚合方法合成的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺结构与絮凝性能之间的相关性.     

超高分子量高阳离子度AM-DMC-DAC三元共聚物的合成及其絮凝性能

在较高阳离子含量下,合成了丙烯酰胺(AM)-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)-丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)三元共聚物.考察了引发剂浓度、单体浓度、反应体系pH及链转移剂对聚合反应产物黏度的影响.结果表明:该三元共聚物的特性黏度可以达到36 dL/g,溶解性能良好,阳离子度高,絮凝性能优良.     

单吡啶季铵盐表面活性剂的合成及杀菌性能

近年来,季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂的品种开发和产品应用得到了较快发展。吡啶季铵盐型表面活性剂可作为沥青乳化剂、织物柔软剂、抗静电剂和杀菌剂。本文以吡啶为母体,通过吡啶的烷基化,季铵化合成了一系列的单吡啶季铵盐,并对其表面活性进行了表征。同时通过与四种细菌作用,从杀菌率、最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration)最小杀菌浓度(minimal bactericial concentration)得出了此类阳离子表面活性剂具有一定的表面活性和杀菌性能,可作为一种良好的复配剂。合成路线如下。     

Gemini型咪唑啉双季铵盐金属缓蚀剂的合成及其性能

合成了系列新型咪唑啉双季铵盐阳离子缓蚀剂(S-HSJ),研究并讨论了其在5%HCl介质中对铜、铁、铝等金属的缓蚀性能及缓蚀剂结构中亲油基部分碳链长度、缓蚀时间、缓蚀剂浓度等对缓蚀效果的影响. 研究表明,S-HSJ系列咪唑啉双季铵盐对红铜、黄铜、铝及马口铁四种金属均表现出较传统单季铵盐与苯并三氮唑缓蚀剂好的缓蚀性能,S-HSJ-16双季铵盐添加量0.1%时缓蚀效率可达94%~99%,S-HSJ与阴离子表面活性剂复配对铜腐蚀表现出明显协同效应.     

表面活性单体NaAMC14S/丙烯酰胺共聚物的分子链微结构与疏水缔合性

在实施丙烯酰胺型阴离子表面活性单体2-丙烯酰胺基十四烷磺酸钠(NaAMC14S)与丙烯酰胺(AM)水溶液均相共聚合过程中,分别通过改变AM与NaAMC14S的投料比、改变外加电解质NaCl的加入量以及引发剂的用量,制备了分子链微结构系列变化的具有微嵌段结构的共聚物NaAMC14S/AM;采用荧光探针法与表观粘度法研究了共聚物分子链微结构与其疏水缔合性能之间关系,探索了共聚物分子链中疏水微嵌段含量、疏水微嵌段长度及共聚物分子量诸微结构因数对共聚物疏水缔合性的影响.结果表明,共聚物NaAMC14S/AM的疏水缔合性随着疏水微嵌段含量的增加而增强,随着疏水微嵌段长度的增长而增强,当疏水微嵌段含量和嵌段长度一定时,共聚物的疏水缔合性随分子量的增大而增强.     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵对于模拟油田聚驱污水的絮凝性能

用絮凝剂二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)的均聚物和共聚物处理了模拟油田聚驱污水.考察了影响絮凝效果的因素,并进行了与无机絮凝剂的复配研究.实验结果表明:DMDAAC的均聚物和共聚物的最佳絮凝温度分别为30℃和33℃;最佳投药量范围与污水中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度有关;残留聚合物含量低,阳离子度高时,絮凝效果较好;与聚合氯化铝(PAC)的复配可以实现优势互补,达到较理想的聚驱污水处理效果.     

多嵌段共聚物(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)_n的胶束化行为研究

研究了一系列具有不同链段长度和组成的聚4-乙烯基吡啶-聚苯乙烯-聚4-乙烯基吡啶多嵌段共聚物(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)n在其选择性溶剂甲苯和pH<3的水中的胶束化过程,主要研究了多嵌段共聚物链段长度、溶液浓度和溶剂对其胶束形态的影响.透射电镜和原子力显微镜结果表明随着P4VP段链的相对增长,多嵌段共聚物在甲苯中的胶束形态由蠕虫链状向短棒状到球状胶束变化,而其在pH<3的水溶液中均形成球形胶束.由于特殊的链结构,聚合物的浓度对(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)n多嵌段共聚物的胶束行为和胶束形态有着重要的影响.同时,(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)n多嵌段共聚物分子量分布的多分散性对其在选择性溶剂中的胶束形态也有所影响.     

阳离子型可聚合咪唑类离子液体-丙烯酰胺共聚物的制备及其对盐酸腐蚀碳钢缓蚀行为

利用阳离子型可聚合离子液体1-丙烯酰氧乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐与丙烯酰胺的反相微乳液共聚合,制备了阳离子型咪唑类离子液体-丙烯酰胺共聚物缓蚀剂,并探讨了其缓蚀性能。研究了不同阳离子度、不同浓度聚合物溶液的缓蚀性能以及吸附时间对盐酸腐蚀碳钢速率的影响,并初步讨论了缓蚀机理。研究表明,该种阳离子型缓蚀剂的缓蚀效率可达90%以上;缓蚀剂的缓蚀能力不仅取决于缓蚀剂的阳离子度,还取决于该种缓蚀剂的相对分子质量;缓蚀效率并非简单地随聚合物浓度的增加而提高,当聚合物溶液的浓度过高时,反而会使缓蚀效率下降;随吸附时间的延长,碳钢的腐蚀速率逐渐降低,约40 h后基本保持不变;加入缓蚀剂有效抑制了酸对铁的腐蚀,随缓蚀效率的提高,碳钢表面的粗糙程度明显降低,孔洞结构减少。     

Kinetic aspects of flocculation of bentonite clay in the presence of anionic and cationic acrylamide copolymers

The flocculation kinetics in aqueous-salt medium in the presence of anionic and cationic high-molecular-weight random acrylamide copolymers was studied in the hindered sedimentation mode, with a suspension of bentonite clay as example. The influence exerted on the flocculation parameters by the concentration and order of addition of ionic acrylamide copolymers taken in various combinations was analyzed.     

Effect of selective interactions of ionic acrylamide copolymers on flocculation properties with respect to titanium oxide in aqueous salt solutions

The kinetics of unhindered sedimentation of a titanium dioxide suspension (as model dispersed system) was studied, and the effect of the concentration and mode of addition of various formulations based on anionic and cationic acrylamide copolymers on their flocculation properties in aqueous salt (NaCl) solutions was evaluated.     

Synthesis, characterization and flocculation performance of zwitterionic copolymer of acrylamide and 4-vinylpyridine propylsulfobetaine

A novel zwitterionic polyacrylamide AMVPPS copolymer containing sulfobetaine groups was synthesized by copolymerizing acrylamide (AM) and 4-vinylpyridine propylsulfobetaine (4-VPPS) in 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution with potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) and sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃) as initiator. The structure and composition of AMVPPS copolymer were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, ¹H NMR and elemental analyses. Thermal stability and solution properties of AMVPPS copolymer were studied by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and viscometry. Anti-polyelectrolyte behavior was observed and was found to be enhanced with increasing 4-VPPS content in copolymer. The flocculation performance for 2.5 g/L kaolin suspension and 2.5 g/L hematite suspension was evaluated by transmittance measurement and phase contrast microscopy. The effects of 4-VPPS content in the copolymer, intrinsic viscosity and the added salt on the flocculation performance were investigated. It was found that AMVPPS copolymer was a good flocculant for both anionic kaolin and cationic hematite suspensions and the flocculation performance of copolymer was much better than that of pure polyacrylamide (PAM). A very wide range of the optimum flocculation concentration, named as “flocculation window”, was found for both suspensions. These flocculation characteristics were mainly dependent on the charge neutralization, the intragroup conformation transition from water to NaCl solution and then the interchain bridging of the zwitterionic AMVPPS copolymer.     

Flocculation of cellular suspensions by polyelectrolytes

The regularities, kinetics and mechanisms of flocculation of Escherichia coli and B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) cellular suspensions by water-soluble polymers-and first of all cationic polyelectrolytes of different charge density and stiffness of the macromolecule chain have been investigated. The effect of the focculant dose and nature, its charge density, the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance in macromolecule, the suspension concentration, the mode of adding the reagent, the pH and the medium composition on the degree of aggregation of cells both in perikinetic regime and in a flowing system is considered. It has been shown that the main laws of microorganism's suspension flocculation are the same as the laws of flocculation of inorganic dispersions but at the same time the first process is much more complicated because the cell-flocculant interactions are strongly affected by products of cell metabolism, components of the culture liquor, pH value, electrolyte content as well as by the changing structure of the cell surface. On the basis of complex measurements of polymer adsorption and its effect on the electrokinetic potential and degree of aggregation of cells, a conclusion is made that the aggregation of E. coli cells by flexible polyelectrolytes like polydiethylaminoethylmetacrylate and its copolymers with acrylic acid, acrylamide and vinylpyrrolidone is due to charge neutralization, while the flocculation in the presence of rigid-chain chitosan and its derivatives is caused mainly by "bridging" between cells via adsorbed macromolecules. Extraction of cells from suspension can be enhanced by combination of electroflotation and flocculation by cationic polyelectrolytes. It has been shown that dilute suspensions of Bti bacteria can be effectively flocculated and concentrated using different cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes that is necessary for its formulation and use as anti-mosquito agent.     

某些含氮杂环化合物对20^#钢的缓蚀作用研究

用失重法、交流阻抗和极化曲线法研究了1mol/L HCl溶液中吡啶、喹啉及其衍生物对20~#钢的缓蚀作用。根据吡啶和喹啉在20~#钢表面上的复盖度与浓度及温度的关系,探讨了它们在20~#钢上的吸附行为,并提出了吸附模式。结果表明,吡啶和喹啉的吸附遵循Flory-Huggins吸附等温式。文中还估算了吡啶和喹啉吸附的热力学参数。     

Flocculation Power of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Mixtures with Anionic Flocculants

The flocculation properties of chitosan (cationic component) and its copolymers with (meth)acrylic acid were studied. The flocculation power of grafted chitosan copolymers with dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate in mixtures with an anionic polyacrylic flocculant was evaluated.     

Peculiarities of the formation of polyacrylamide compound-based polyelectrolyte complexes in the course of the flocculation of clay-salt dispersions

Peculiarities of the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes based on cationic and anionic copolymers of acrylamide having different macromolecule charge densities on the surfaces of kaolin particles in highly concentrated salt solution are investigated. The interactions of the copolymers with the clay particle surface and with each other are studied by electrokinetic and IR spectroscopy methods. The rheological properties of kaolin suspensions are investigated in a salt solution in the presence of the polyelectrolytes. The flocculation ability of the polyelectrolytes and their binary mixtures with respect to clay-salt dispersion is estimated. The mechanism for the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes on the surface of clay particles is discussed. It is shown that the complexation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes on the surfaces of clay particles intensifies the flocculation of clay-salt dispersions.     

Adsorption of polyelectrolytes on colloidal latex particles, electrostatic interactions and stability behaviour

The stabilization and flocculation behaviour of colloidal latex particles covered with cationic polyelectrolytes (PE) is studied with photon correlation spectroscopy and zetapotential measurements. Diffusion coefficients, flocculation rate constants and zetapotentials have been determined as a function of adsorbed amount of cationic poly-(diallyl-dimethyl-ammoniumchloride) (PDADMAC) of different molar masses and of statistic copolymers of DADMAC and N-methyl-N-vinyl-acetamide (NMVA) of various compositions in water and at high ionic strength. Flocculation by van der Waals attraction can be observed if the zetapotential is low. This occurs, if the surface charge is screened by the oppositely charged cations. Furthermore, in the case of adsorption of high molecular polycations mosaic flocculation occurs if the adsorbed amount is low. At high ionic strength, flocculation takes place if the adsorbed amount is below the adsorption plateau. If the adsorption plateau is reached the suspensions become stabilized. In water the charge reversal at full coverage leads to electrosteric stabilization both with low and high molar mass polycations. At high ionic strength only polycations with high molar mass are able to stabilize the suspension. If a certain molar mass of the polycation is exceeded, steric stabilization of the suspension occurs due to the formation of long adsorbed PE tails and their osmotic repulsion. The layer thicknesses are determined as a function of the molar mass. Received: 4 July 2000/Accepted: 18 August 2000     

Effect of hydrolysis degree of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethyl cellulose on dye removal efficiency

In this present work, a series of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-g-HPAM) was prepared. The structure and solution properties of CMC-g-HPAM were characterized by FTIR, ¹H-NMR, elemental analysis and zeta potential measurements. The graft copolymers were applied as flocculants to remove methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, from aqueous solutions. In comparison with its precursors, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyacrylamide CMC-g-PAM, CMC-g-HPAM exhibited higher removal efficiencies. Furthermore, the flocculation performance of the copolymers was significantly improved with the increase of the hydrolysis degree, and the MB removal efficiency was more than 90 % when the hydrolysis degree of CMC-g-HPAM was higher than 80 %. More importantly, image analysis in combination with fractal theory demonstrated that the graft copolymers could produce notably denser and larger flocs, which was of great significance in practical water treatment. The improved flocculation performance was ascribed to both charge neutralization and bridging effects.