组合纳米Pt/C催化剂的邻氯硝基苯加氢性能

通过金属有机化合物Pt2(dba)3(dba为二亚苄基丙酮)分解的方法,制得了可溶性纳米Pt颗粒.采用透射电子显微镜对其观察发现,调节氧气分解压力可以摔制Pt颗粒的大小.将可溶性Pt纳米颗粒负载于活性炭上,制得了粒径可控的Pt/C催化剂.该催化剂用于邻氯硝基苯加氢反应时,表现出非常高的催化性能.在氢气分解压力为2.0 MPa时制备的0.5%Pt/C,其Pt纳米粒径为2.8 nm左右,在不加脱卤抑制剂、反应温度为60℃和氧气压力为1.0 MPa的条件下,脱卤率为1.6%,TOF达到39.8s-1.     

CNT表面修饰对Pt/CNT在邻氯硝基苯加氢反应中催化性能的影响

用乙二醇还原法制备了碳纳米管(CNT)负载的铂催化剂(Pt/CNT).考察了CNT化学修饰与物理修饰对催化剂的影响.CNT化学修饰采用H2SO4-HNO3氧化法,物理修饰采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)吸附法.用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、电感耦合等离子发射光谱、H2程序升温脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱和元素分析对Pt/CNT催化剂进行了表征,并以邻氯硝基苯选择加氢为探针反应考察了Pt/CNT的催化性能.结果表明,化学修饰与物理修饰都能在CNT表面引入一定数量的活性位,有助于促进Pt异相成核,提高Pt的分散性,进而提高催化剂的活性.SDS在一定浓度下可形成特定结构的胶束,导致形成特定形貌的Pt纳米粒子.     

碳纳米管负载Pd/SnO2催化剂的制备及其催化邻氯硝基苯加氢性能

采用化学还原法制备了不同Sn/Pd摩尔比的碳纳米管(CNTs)负载Pd/SnO2催化剂,并将该催化剂用于邻氯硝基苯(o-CNB)的选择加氢反应.采用透射电镜、X射线衍射和电感耦合等离子体技术对所制备的Pd/SnO2/CNTs催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,Sn/Pd摩尔比对该催化剂的邻氯硝基苯选择加氢反应性能影响显著.当Sn/Pd摩尔比为11时,催化剂的活性最高,在常压,60℃反应60 min,o-CNB转化率为96%.该催化剂还具有高的邻氯苯胺(o-CAN)选择性,o-CNB转化率达到100%时,脱氯副产物苯胺选择性小于5%.在相同条件下,浸渍法制备的2.4%Pd/CNTs催化剂上脱氯副反应严重,当o-CNB完全转化时,o-CAN选择性只有22%,副产物苯胺选择性则高达78%.     

邻氯硝基苯在Pd/C催化剂上加氢反应机理及添加Cu对邻氯苯胺选择性的影响

本文研究了邻氯硝基苯在5%Pd/C催化剂上加氢为邻氯苯胺和苯胺的反应机理。结果表明,在常压下,邻氯苯胺和苯胺的选择性分别为~70%和~30%,且不随转化率增加而变化。在加压(1.0 Mpa)条件下,也有类似规律。因此,说明邻氯苯胺和苯胺分别是两个平行反应的产物。通过测定该反应各步骤的初始反应速率,进一步证实了这一结论。在认识反应机理的基础上,制备出可有效抑制脱氯的Cu-Pd/C双金属催化剂,在不加脱氯抑制剂的情况下,可使邻氯硝基苯加氢制备邻氯苯胺的选择性提高到96%以上。     

Ru-Fe/C催化剂上邻氯硝基苯原位液相加氢性能

采用浸渍法制备Ru/C催化剂,并用于原位液相催化邻氯硝基苯(o-CNB)加氢合成邻氯苯胺(o-CAN)反应中.考察了浸渍顺序、助剂、还原温度、载体和助剂含量等因素对催化剂稳定性的影响.采用透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、傅里叶红外光谱和N2吸附-脱附等手段表征催化剂.结果表明,以15%Fe为助剂,活性炭为载体,制备得到的0.5%Ru-Fe/C催化剂经过523K氢气还原后o-CNB的转化率为99.7%,o-CAN的选择性达到98.7%,反应140h未出现明显失活.催化剂表面吸附CO导致中毒是失活的主要原因,同时对催化剂再生方法进行了探究.     

Ni-Co-B非晶态合金催化剂用于氯代硝基苯液相加氢制氯代苯胺

 用化学还原法制备了 Ni-Co-B 非晶态合金催化剂,并采用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、选区电子衍射、X射线衍射、X射线能谱和差热-热重分析等表征手段研究了催化剂的非晶性质和原子组成等. 将此催化剂用于邻氯硝基苯和 3,4-二氯硝基苯的液相催化加氢反应,结果表明,当Co/(Co+Ni)=0.5 (摩尔比)时, Ni-Co-B 催化剂具有较好的加氢性能和较高的抑制脱卤性能. 在不加脱卤抑制剂的情况下,两种氯代硝基苯的转化率均接近100%, 脱卤率分别为1.12%和0.42%, 优于使用 Ni-B 和 Co-B 非晶态合金催化剂时的结果. 还讨论了将Co引入到 Ni-B 非晶态合金催化剂时对其性能的影响.     

镍负载量对邻氯硝基苯加氢制邻氯苯胺Ni/TiO2催化剂性能的影响

 用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列不同镍负载量的负载型Ni/TiO2催化剂,并将其应用于邻氯硝基苯加氢制邻氯苯胺的反应. 采用N2吸附、 X射线衍射、程序升温还原、透射电镜、 H2化学吸附及间歇加压釜式反应器活性评价等方法,考察了镍负载量对Ni/TiO2催化剂的物化性质及邻氯硝基苯加氢反应性能的影响. 结果表明,随着镍负载量的增加, Ni/TiO2催化剂上邻氯硝基苯的转化率逐渐提高; 当镍负载量超过30%时,催化剂的活性和选择性不再明显变化. 当催化剂中镍负载量高于20%时,在温度343 K、 氢压1.0 MPa和催化剂/邻氯硝基苯质量比1/10的条件下反应210 min后,邻氯硝基苯的转化率和邻氯苯胺的选择性均高于99%, 催化剂具有良好的应用前景. 分析表明,影响Ni/TiO2催化剂性能的主要因素为催化剂表面镍晶粒的活性表面积以及载体TiO2与金属镍之间的强相互作用.     

Ni-Ce-P非晶态合金催化剂用于氯代硝基苯液相加氢制氯代苯胺

 采用化学还原法制备了Ni-Ce-P非晶态合金催化剂,用X射线能谱、 X射线衍射、 选区电子衍射、 透射电子显微镜和差热分析等方法对催化剂的组成、结构、形貌及热稳定性进行了表征,讨论了Ni-Ce-P非晶态合金催化剂的催化性能和结构的关系,并以氯代硝基苯液相加氢合成氯代苯胺为探针反应考察了所制备催化剂的加氢性能. 研究结果表明,在不加脱卤抑制剂的情况下,在110 ℃下反应时所选4种反应物的转化率均可达99.8%, 脱卤率小于1.8%, 且Ni-Ce-P非晶态合金的活性为Ni-P非晶态合金催化剂的2倍,表现出较高的加氢性能和抑制脱卤性能.     

担载铂催化剂用于硝基苯催化加氢制对氨基苯酚的研究

研究了以活性炭、γＡ１２Ｏ３、γ－Ａ１２Ｏ３－ＴiＯ２为载体,用浸渍法制备的铂含 量为１％的担载铂催化剂,用于硝基苯催化加氢制对氨基苯酚。发现Ｐｔ／γ－Ａ１２Ｏ３－ＴiＯ２催化剂有较高的活性、选择性和较长的寿命,催化剂循环使用１０次后,对氨基酚的率仍高于８０％,优于常用的Ｐt／Ｃ催化剂 。测定了催剂的比表面积、孔结构以 及活性金属铂的分散度,发现孔结构与催化剂性能之间没有规律性的关系;而铂在γ－Ａ１２     

Pt/CNTs催化剂的制备及其催化臭氧化活性研究

以碳纳米管(CNTs)为催化剂载体, 以H₂PtCl₆•6H₂O为贵金属活性组分前驱物, 采用等体积浸渍法制备了Pt/CNTs催化剂. 以草酸为目标污染物, 考察了所制备催化剂的催化活性, 并采用SEM, XRD和XPS等分析方法对催化剂进行表征. 对活性组分Pt的负载量、氢还原温度和热处理方式进行了研究, 确定了适宜的制备条件为Pt负载量1.0%、氢还原温度350 ℃. 研究表明, 在本实验条件下, 单独臭氧氧化、碳纳米管载体催化臭氧化和Pt/CNTs催化臭氧化分别能去除溶液中3.0%, 72.9%和97.9%的草酸. Pt的负载明显地提高碳纳米管催化臭氧化的效果. XRD分析显示催化剂的活性组分Pt以单质Pt⁰的形式存在; 与氢还原过程相比, 在空气气氛中焙烧制备的Pt/CNTs催化剂表面Pt的结晶度过高, 而且XPS结果表明此催化剂表面的Pt有化学吸附氧存在, 导致催化活性降低.     

Efficient Synthesis of p-Hydroxyphenyl Ethanol from Hydrogenation of Methyl p-Hydroxyphenylacetate with CNTs-promoted Cu-Zr Catalyst

Hydrogenation of methyl p-hydroxyphenylacetate has been used for the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol. The reaction was catalyzed by Cu_iZr_j-x%(mass fraction) carbon nanotubes(CNTs) catalysts. Incorporation of a minor amount of CNTs into Cu_iZr_j oxide can visibly increase the catalytic activity for the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol. The yield of p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol reaches 94.2% over a co-precipitated catalyst of Cu₃Zr₁ oxide with 11.0%CNTs. Its catalytic activity shows no obvious decrease after three cycles. This is much better than the CNT-free co-precipitated catalyst with a good yield of 81.1%, Cu₃Zr₁-0%CNTs.     

Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation of Chloronitrobenzene Over Pt-Sn-B Amorphous Catalyst Supported by Carbon Nanotubes

The Pt-Sn-B/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) catalyst was prepared by impregnation-chemical reduction method. Its catalytic performance was evaluated by liquid-phase hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzene (CNB). The results showed that the catalyst had higher catalytic performance than common hydrogenation catalysts. The conversion of CNB could reach 99.9%, and the dechlorination of chloroaniline (CAN) was less than 1.9% when catalyzed by Pt-Sn-B/CNTs and more than 8.0% when catalyzed by common hydrogenation catalysts. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction analysis showed that Pt-Sn-B/CNTs had an amorphous alloy structure that can improve catalytic performance. Transmission electron micrograph image showed that the catalyst particles were highly distributed on the surface of CNTs. The hydrodechlorination of CNB was mainly affected by the unique structure of CNTs and the nature of the amorphous metals on the surface of CNTs. The relationship between the interaction of CNTs and amorphous metals and the catalytic performance of the catalyst is also discussed. Translated from the Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2005, 26(3) (in Chinese)     

乙二胺功能化处理CNTs对NiB/CNTs催化剂性能的影响

用乙二胺功能化处理碳纳米管,增强其亲水性,有利于非晶态合金在碳纳米管负载.用化学还原法制备NiB/CNTs非晶态合金,以苯加氢探针为反应考察催化剂的活性,利用XRD、ICP、BET、TEM、TPR、TPD等方法对催化剂进行表征,结果表明乙二胺功能化处理,CNTs比表面积增大,镍的负载量增多,镍硼颗粒细化,从而提高了非晶态NiB/CNTs的催化活性,增强了其抗硫性.     

纳米CaCO3负载过渡金属CVD法制备多壁碳纳米管的研究

以纳米碳酸钙粉体为载体,用浸渍法制备了可用于化学气相沉积(CVD)法制备碳纳米管的高产率催化剂.应用FESEM,HRTEM,TEM,XRD和激光拉曼谱对产物进行了表征.结果表明,由于纳米碳酸钙具有较大的比表面积,可高密度地承载催化剂活性组分.在碳纳米管生长初期,处于缓慢分解状态的纳米碳酸钙才能有效地起到载体作用,且反应温度为700～750℃时,碳纳米管的产率较高.Fe-Co双金属催化剂在700℃,催化生长60min后,可增重10倍,而且产物中无定形碳含量极少.纳米碳酸钙载体易于提纯,用质量分数为30%的硝酸超声提纯粗产品1h,可使纯度提高到97%,且不破坏碳纳米管结构.     

Mn/O团簇负离子的组成规律及增长机理

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to investigate negative Mn-O clusters produced by 532 nm laser vaporization of MnCO3 solid pellet. Five series MnxOy-, x = 1-33, y - x= 0,1,2,3,4 cluster ions were observed. For cluster ion MnxOy with x >5, the mean valences of Mn atom in cluster MnxOy ions is 2.4±0.1, and is almost unchangeable with the size of cluster from x=5-25. The relative intensity of the observed peaks with the same x but different y, can be well fitted by a binomial distribution, for x= 5-12 clusters. All the observed information indicate a gas-phase MnO, MnO2 molecule aggregation mechanism for the production of these oxygen-rich cluster ions.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Ni-SiO2催化剂的表征与性能

以正硅酸乙酯和硝酸镍为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法,将硝酸镍分别溶于水和乙醇制得凝胶,分别经超临界干燥和常规干燥制备了一系列Ni-SiO2气凝胶和干凝胶催化剂,运用BET、XRD、TPR、IR、H2-TPD和活性评价等方法对催化剂的物理化学性质和催化间二硝基苯加氢性能进行研究.结果表明,Ni-SiO2气凝胶催化剂均具有较高的比表面积,但由于金属镍烧结导致活性比表面积较小,加氢性能较差;以乙醇为溶剂制备的干凝胶催化剂的镍物种分散度较高,但镍与载体之间的相互作用过强,致使催化剂的还原度降低,活性组分利用率下降;以水为溶剂制备的干凝胶催化剂具有较高的活性比表面积,表现出很高的催化活性和选择性.     

Active and Recyclable Gold Metal Nanoparticles Catalyst Supported on Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous Carbon for Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol

Several supported gold metal catalysts with different Au nanoparticles sizes were prepared and evaluated for the chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CA) to cinnamyl alcohol (CAL). To investigate the structure-activity relationship, stability of catalyst, heterogeneity and recyclability, the structural characteristics of materials and Au catalysts (fresh and spent catalysts) were studied by employing variety of physico-chemical techniques. The interrelationship among Au nanoparticles size (nm) with turnover frequency (h⁻¹) of Au catalysts has also been explored. Among the various Au catalysts tested, nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) supported Au catalyst having homogeneously dispersed (78.8%) Au nanoparticles (1.6 nm) synthesized by sol-immobilization method (Au-NMC-SI) demonstrated improved catalytic activity affording 78% CAL selectivity and 94.2% CA conversion without using any promoter. Moreover, Au-NMC-SI catalyst exhibited good recyclability and stability. The catalyst synthesis approach described in this investigation opens up a novel strategy for the design of highly efficient metal nano-catalysts supported on NMC materials.