聚氨酯泡沫塑料压缩杨氏模量的理论预测

通过微分法导出了泡沫塑料剪切模量和体积模量所满足的微分方程组，再利用联系泡沫塑料泊松比和孔隙比的Ｋｅｒｎｅｒ－Ｒｕｓｃｈ经验关系及泡沫塑料弹性常数间满足足的关系，在基体材料不可压缩的假设下，确定了泡沫塑料的杨氏模量。本文针对几种密度的泡沫塑料，分别对它们的杨氏模量进行了理论预测和实验测定，结果表明：理论预测的模量在较高密度下与实验符合的很好，在低密度下也给出相当好的近似值。此外，本文的结果同其他理     

胞体椭球比对泡沫塑料力学性能的影响

本文通过数值法研究了胞体椭球比对材料模量及泊松比的影响；在单向受力情况下，研究了变形对材料孔隙度、椭球比、杨氏模量和泊松比等材料参数的影响。     

宽γ辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫本构模型研究

基于实验和理论建模研究了白炭黑增强硅泡沫材料在γ辐照剂量范围为0~1000kGy作用后的单轴压缩力学行为。实验结果表明辐照导致硅泡沫出现明显硬化现象，初始杨氏模量和固定应变下应力幅值均随γ辐照剂量近似线性增加。辐照后硅泡沫泡孔结构完整，硅橡胶基体中高分子交联反应占主导，且交联密度随辐照剂量线性增大。基于实验分析结果，实现了Ogden Hyperfoam超弹本构模型参数与辐照剂量的关联。结果表明初始剪切模量参数与辐照剂量成线性关系，硬化指数和泊松比参数与辐照剂量无关。基于应力应变实验数据拟合得到模型参数，并与未参与拟合的实验数据对比，验证了模型的准确性，表明该模型能够表征宽辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫的压缩力学行为。     

广义自洽Mori-Tanaka模型及涂层夹杂体复合材料的有效模量

经典广义自洽模型的最大不足是需要确定相材料的位移及应变场,这一过程十分繁杂,而且最后得到的有效剪切模量无法显式表达,难以应用.该文摈弃这一经典做法,而从广义自洽模型的应变等价条件出发,在夹杂应变均匀的近似假定下,将Hill界面条件应用于整个二相体内,从而得到一种可以预报涂层夹杂体复合材料有效模量的广义自洽Mori-Tanaka模型.与已有的实验及理论结果的比较表明,该模型准确可靠,而且有效体积和剪切模量均能显式表达.同时证实,以上的Hill界面条件应用于二相体内相当于Mori-Tanaka平均场近似.     

虚位移场方法在石墨材料力学参数测量中的应用

光测实验技术在现代力学研究中得到了广泛的应用。对于材料力学参数如杨氏模量和泊松比的测量,可利用典型加载试验如拉伸试验、弯曲试验并结合光测方法(如云纹和数字图像相关技术)得到位移值,利用载荷信息和应变场信息通过计算获得相关的力学参数。本文利用虚位移场方法测量石墨材料的力学参数。结合石墨材料的三点弯曲实验,由数字图像相关法测量得到试件表面的非均匀变形场。通过选择两组不同的虚位移场,可以反算出材料的力学参数:杨氏模量和泊松比。结果表明这种方法可以有效测量石墨材料的弹性参数。该方法可望在材料力学行为检测中得到推广应用。     

NiMnGa颗粒/环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能研究

将通过球磨法获得的Ni2MnGa颗粒与双酚A二缩水甘油醚环氧树脂混合均匀并常温固化,制备出相应的复合材料试件;通过拉伸-卸载试验研究了NiMnGa颗粒对树脂基体的增强效果;以试验为基础,从细观力学的角度分析了NiMnGa颗粒对树脂基复合材料弹性特性的影响;采用商用有限元软件Abaqus,对NiMnGa/树脂复合材料单胞模型进行了仿真计算。分析结果表明:随着NiMnGa颗粒体积含量的增加,试件的拉伸模量和剪切模量增大、泊松比减小;随着椭圆NiMnGa颗粒长短半轴比的减小,复合材料纵向泊松比增加、纵向拉伸模量减小,横向拉伸模量呈先减后增的趋势,剪切模量则呈先增后减的趋势。通过对比可知试验值、理论值、有限元模拟值数值相近且变化趋势一致。     

宽γ辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫本构模型研究

基于实验和理论建模研究了白炭黑增强硅泡沫材料在γ辐照剂量范围为0~1000kGy作用后的单轴压缩力学行为。实验结果表明辐照导致硅泡沫出现明显硬化现象,初始杨氏模量和固定应变下应力幅值均随γ辐照剂量近似线性增加。辐照后硅泡沫泡孔结构完整,硅橡胶基体中高分子交联反应占主导,且交联密度随辐照剂量线性增大。基于实验分析结果,实现了Ogden Hyperfoam超弹本构模型参数与辐照剂量的关联。结果表明初始剪切模量参数与辐照剂量成线性关系,硬化指数和泊松比参数与辐照剂量无关。基于应力应变实验数据拟合得到模型参数,并与未参与拟合的实验数据对比,验证了模型的准确性,表明该模型能够表征宽辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫的压缩力学行为。     

功能梯度材料的平面断裂力学分析

针对材料参数在厚度方向可能按任意连续变化的梯度材料，给出了一个新的分层模型，利用该模型求解了面内加载下梯度界面层和涂层中的界面裂纹问题，借助Fburier积分技术和传递矩阵方法，将该问题化为一个Cauchy型奇异积分方程，通过数值求解，得到感兴趣的应力强度因子，对不同形式的杨氏模量和泊松比，计算了界面裂纹应力强度因子，结果表明泊松比的变化形式对应力强度因子影响不大，可当作常数处理，而杨氏模量的影响则很大。     

考虑孔隙影响的混凝土有效弹性模量预测分析研究

本文通过纳米压痕实验技术得到混凝土材料细观各相参数，基于渐进均匀化理论，采用蒙特卡洛方法和双向游走方法建立了含孔隙混凝土的胞元模型．分析了孔隙在冻融循环次数增加情况下对混凝土有效弹性模量的影响，同时与有限元模拟分析进行了比较．结果表明：随着冻融循环次数增加，孔隙体积分数增大，界面与砂浆压痕模量相对降低，但对骨料影响较小，导致混凝土宏观弹性模量随之降低；理论分析预测的混凝土有效弹性模量与有限元模拟结果吻合良好．应用含孔隙混凝土胞元模型能有效地预测混凝土宏观弹性模量，进而也为其在冻融作用下老化演变机理的研究评估提供了基础．     

基于介观结构的饱和与非饱和多孔介质有效应力

基于描述含液颗粒材料介观结构的Voronoi 胞元模型和离散颗粒集合体与多孔连续体间的介-宏观均匀化过程, 定义饱和与非饱和多孔介质有效应力. 导出了计及孔隙液压引起之颗粒体积变形的饱和多孔介质广义有效应力. 用以定义广义有效应力的Biot 系数不仅依赖于颗粒材料的多孔连续体固体骨架及单个固体颗粒的体积模量(材料参数),同时与固体骨架当前平均广义有效应力及单个固体颗粒的体积应变(状态量) 有关. 提出了描述非饱和多孔介质中非混和固体颗粒、孔隙液体和气体等三相相互作用的具介观结构的Voronoi 胞元模型.具体考虑在低饱和度下双联(binary bond) 模式的摆动(pendular) 液桥系统介观结构. 导出了基于介观水力-力学模型的非饱和多孔介质的各向异性有效应力张量与有效压力张量. 考虑非饱和多孔介质Voronoi 胞元模型介观结构的各向同性情况,得到了与非饱和多孔连续体理论中唯象地假定的标量有效压力相同的有效压力形式.但本文定义的与确定非饱和多孔介质有效应力和有效压力相关联的Bishop 参数由基于三相介观水力-力学模型, 作为饱和度、孔隙度和介观结构参数的函数导出,而非唯象假定.      

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE MODULI FOR FOAM PLASTICS BASED ON THREE PHASE SPHEROIDAL MODEL

The relations of bulk modulus,shear modulus,Young's modulus and the Poisson's ra-tio with porosity of foam plastics are determined by a three phase spheroidal model commonly used inComposite Mechanics.The results are compared with those using differential scheme.It is shownthat the material properties derived from the present model normally are larger than those obtained bydifferential scheme for foam plastics with identical porosity.The differences in shear moduli andYoung's moduli obtained by the two methods are small,but they are larger for bulk moduli of incom-pressible matrix and Poisson's ratios.The Young's moduli of high density foam plastics derived by thepresent model agree better with experimental ones.     

Modeling and prediction of bulk properties of open-cell carbon foam

The emerging ultralightweight material, carbon foam, was modeled with three-dimensional microstructures to develop a basic understanding in correlating microstructural configuration with bulk performance of open-cell foam materials. Because of the randomness and complexity of the microstructure of the carbon foam, representative cell ligaments were first characterized in detail at the microstructural level. The salient microstructural characteristics (or properties) were then correlated with the bulk properties through the present model. In order to implement the varying anisotropic nature of material properties in the foam ligaments, we made an attempt to use a finite element method to implement such variation along the ligaments as well as at a nodal point where the ligaments meet. The model was expected to provide a basis for establishing a process-property relationship and optimizing foam properties.The present model yielded a fairly reasonable prediction of the effective bulk properties of the foams. We observed that the effective elastic properties of the foams were dominated by the bending mode associated with shear deformation. The effective Young's modulus of the foam was strongly influenced by the ligament moduli, but was not influenced by the ligament Poisson's ratio. The effective Poisson's ratio of the foam was practically independent of the ligament Young's modulus, but dependent on the ligament Poisson's ratio. The effective Young's modulus of the carbon foam was dependent more on the transverse Young's modulus and the shear moduli of the foam ligaments, but less significantly on the ligament longitudinal Young's modulus. A parametric study indicated that the effective Young's modulus was significantly improved by increasing the solid modulus in the middle of the foam ligaments, but nearly invariant with that at the nodal point where the ligaments meet. Therefore, appropriate processing schemes toward improving the transverse and shear properties of the foam ligaments in the middle section of the ligaments rather than at the nodal points are highly desirable for enhancing the bulk moduli of the carbon foam.     

Effective elastic properties of porous materials: Homogenization schemes vs experimental data

In this paper, we focus on the prediction of elastic moduli of isotropic porous materials made of a solid matrix having a Poisson's ratio vm of 0.2. We derive simple analytical formulae for these effective moduli based on well-known Mean-Field Eshelby-based Homogenization schemes. For each scheme, we find that the normalized bulk, shear and Young's moduli are given by the same form depending only on the porosity p. The various predictions are then confronted with experimental results for the Young's modulus of expanded polystyrene (EPS) concrete. The latter can be seen as an idealized porous material since it is made of a bulk cement matrix, with Poisson's ratio 0.2, containing spherical mono dispersed EPS beads. The Differential method predictions are found to give a very good agreement with experimental results. Thus, we conclude that when vm=0.2, the normalized effective bulk, shear and Young's modulus of isotropic porous materials can be well predicted by the simple form (1 − p)² for a large range of porosity p ranging between 0 and 0.56.     

Kelvin结构开孔泡沫材料的弹性性能研究

采用一修正的十四面体结构模型(Kelvin结构模型)对开孔泡沫金属的弹性性能进行研究,对低密度开孔泡沫材料表现出不可压的特性进行了分析。该模型考虑作用在泡沫筋条上的弯矩、剪力和轴向力,以及轴向力的平衡。修正模型的数值计算结果与实验结果及其他模型的结果进行了对比,结果表明修正模型计算的杨氏模量比原有模型的略有提高,筋条截面为星形的修正模型计算的结果与实验比较符合。在密度等同的条件下,筋条截面惯性矩越大的开孔泡沫材料,其弹性模量也越大,而泊松比则越小。Kelvin结构的开孔泡沫材料的泊松比随相对密度的减小而趋于0.5。     

复合材料模量细观分析的一般性模型

基于细观力学理论,提出了横观各向异性复合材料弹性常数的分析模型,并给出了纵向(纤维长度方向) 与横向弹性模量、横截面内剪切模量和泊松比等材料性能参数的理论推导和计算公式. 此方法简洁准确地反映了材料横观各向异性性能,改进了常规细观力学模型,也为工程分析提供了理论依据;同时在复合材料力学课程教学中,有助于深化学生对复合材料细观分析的理解,具有一定的启发性.     

Elastic properties of chiral,anti-chiral,and hierarchical honeycombs:A simple energy-based approach

The effects of two geometric refinement strategies widespread in natural structures, chirality and self-similar hierarchy, on the in-plane elastic response of two-dimensional honeycombs were studied systematically. Simple closed-form expressions were derived for the elastic moduli of several chiral, antichiral, and hierarchical honeycombs with hexagon and square based networks. Finite element analysis was employed to validate the analytical estimates of the elastic moduli. The results were also compared with the numerical and experimental data available in the literature. We found that introducing a hierarchical refinement increases the Young's modulus of hexagon based honeycombs while decreases their shear modulus. For square based honeycombs, hierarchy increases the shear modulus while decreasing their Young's modulus. Introducing chirality was shown to always decrease the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the structure. However, chirality remains the only route to auxeticity. In particular, we found that anti-tetra-chiral structures were capable of simultaneously exhibiting anisotropy, auxeticity,and remarkably low shear modulus as the magnitude of the chirality of the unit cell increases.     

Connexions between the moduli for anistropic elastic materials

Summary For homogeneous isotropic elastic materials there are simple interrelations connecting Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, the rigidity modulus and the modulus of compression. However for anisotropic materials the situation is quite different. Young's modulus is a function of direction and Poisson's ratio and the rigidity modulus are functions of pairs of orthogonal directions. Here some simple universal connexions between the moduli for various directions are simply derived for general anisotropic materials. No particular symmetry is assumed in the material.     

Macroscopic elastic properties of regular lattices

In this paper we study analytically the elastic properties of the 2-D and 3-D regular lattices consisting of bonded particles. The particle-scale stiffnesses are derived from the given macroscopic elastic constants (i.e. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio). Firstly a bonded lattice model is presented. This model permits six kinds of relative motion and corresponding forces between each bonded particle pair. By comparing the strain energy distributions between the discrete lattices and the continuum, the explicit relationship between the microscopic and macroscopic elastic parameters can be obtained for the 2-D hexagonal lattice and the 3-D hexagonal close-packed and face-centered cubic structures. The results suggest that the normal stiffness is determined by Young's modulus and the particle size (in 3-D), and that the ratio of the shear to normal stiffness is related to Poisson's ratio. Rotational stiffness depends on the normal stiffness, shear stiffness and particle sizes. Numerical tests are carried out to validate the analytical results. The results in this paper have theoretical implications for the calibration of the spring stiffnesses in the Discrete Element Method.