Directional hemispherical radiative properties of random dielectric rough surfaces

In this paper the directional hemispherical reflectivity and transmissivity of one-dimensional, randomly rough, dielectric surfaces are determined by the use of the integral method. This method is derived from electromagnetic theory without any restrictive hypotheses. Since this exact approach is computationally very intensive, a geometric optics approximation method is also developed. Curves displaying radiative properties versus the correlation length for a constant mean square deviation of the surface from flatness are presented. In this respect, the influence on the validity of the approximate method of multiple scattering, the shadowing effect and the real index of refraction of the dielectric have been investigated. Transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized incident plane waves are considered. For the latter, our interest is focused on the influence of roughness on the reflected and transmitted intensities for an angle of incidence close to the Brewster angle.     

Directional hemispherical radiative properties of random dielectric rough surfaces

In this paper the directional hemispherical reflectivity and transmissivity of one-dimensional, randomly rough, dielectric surfaces are determined by the use of the integral method. This method is derived from electromagnetic theory without any restrictive hypotheses. Since this exact approach is computationally very intensive, a geometric optics approximation method is also developed. Curves displaying radiative properties versus the correlation length for a constant mean square deviation of the surface from flatness are presented. In this respect, the influence on the validity of the approximate method of multiple scattering, the shadowing effect and the real index of refraction of the dielectric have been investigated. Transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized incident plane waves are considered. For the latter, our interest is focused on the influence of roughness on the reflected and transmitted intensities for an angle of incidence close to the Brewster angle.     

Numerical investigation of the effect of soot aggregation on the radiative properties in the infrared region and radiative heat transfer

The effect of aggregation on soot radiative properties in the infrared region of the spectrum is numerically investigated using Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for fractal aggregates (RDG-FA). In order to use the RDG-FA theory for a wide range of aggregate sizes and wavelengths, the predicted phase functions, scattering and absorption coefficients are compared with a more accurate theory, the integral equation formulation for scattering—IEFS. The importance of scattering when compared with absorption is investigated, as well as the effect of aggregation on the phase function shape and on the scattering cross section. It is concluded that in the case of small aggregates formed with small primary particles the scattering coefficient is negligible compared with the absorption coefficient, and scattering and aggregation of primary particles can be ignored. Thus, the Rayleigh approximation can be used leading to isotropic scattering. In the case of large aggregates constituted by large primary particles, aggregation becomes important and the scattering cross section is of the same order of magnitude of the absorption cross section. Moreover, the phase function becomes highly peaked in the forward direction. Therefore, the Rayleigh and the equivalent volume Mie sphere approximations are not valid, and the RDG-FA method emerges as a good compromise between accuracy and simplicity of application. However, radiative transfer calculations between two infinite, parallel, black walls show that scattering may always be neglected in the calculation of total radiative heat source and heat fluxes to the walls. The minor influence of scattering on the accuracy of the predictions is explained by the shift between the spectral region where scattering is important and the region where the spectral radiative heat source is large.     

FDTD simulation of the optical properties for a gold nanoparticle-over-nanosheet hybrid structure

The optical properties of a two-dimensional gold nanoparticle-over-nanosheet (2D-AuNP/NS) have been studied using Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. 2D-AuNP/NS hybrid structure exhibits three typical localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonances, which occur in nanogaps between NP-NP, NP-NS and coupled upper and lower surface of NS respectively. Thus, the influence of AuNP-size, surface AuNP-coverage, NP-NP-spacing and NS-thickness on the localized electric field was analyzed in details. The LSP resonance between NP-NS has been predicted to be the most important effect on SERS, which is dominant, stable and can maintain the SERS intensity even at a relatively low NP-coverage. If a slight deviation of AuNPs away from their original periodic positions was permitted, a disordered model was then constructed which would more closely approximate the real AuNP/NS hybrid structure and was able to calculate the influence of disorder on LSP resonance. A blue shift (rather than red shift) of the resonance peak was observed and its peak intensity would increase first and decrease then with the increase of NP-NP-spacing. FDTD simulations have finally illustrated that NP-coverage should be controlled ranging from 80.0 % to 87.0% or just equal to 100%, if both AuNP-size and NP-thickness is controlled to 10 nm. The FDTD simulation results are qualitative agreement with the existing experimental data and are very useful in the future materials designs for AuNS-based nanocomposite.     

Cu 表面性质的第一性原理分析

采用第一性原理赝势平面波方法, 计算并详细分析了面心立方Cu晶体及其 (100), (110) 和 (111) 这3个低指数表面的原子结构、 表面能量及表面电子态密度. 表面能的计算结果表明, Cu (111) 表面的结构稳定性最好, Cu (100) 表面次之, Cu (110)表面的结构稳定性最差. 3个表面的表面原子弛豫量随着层数的增加而逐渐减弱. Cu (110) 表面的最表层原子相对收缩最大, Cu (100)表面次之, Cu (111) 表面的最表层原子相对收缩最小. 表面原子弛豫不仅引起表面几何结构的变化, 而且使表面层原子的电子态密度峰形相对晶体内部发生变化, 这是表面能产生的主要原因, 而Cu (110)表面相对于Cu (100)与Cu (111)表面具有高表面活性的主要原因则源于其表面层原子电子态密度在高能级处的波峰相对晶体内部显著的升高. 关键词： Cu 晶体 表面结构 表面能 态密度     

铝基银纳米阵列制备及其紫外-可见-近红外光吸收特性

基于阳极氧化铝模板,采用真空蒸镀技术,制备了高度有序的周期性银纳米球阵列.阵列几何结构参数调控实验发现,通过控制蒸镀厚度,可实现对阵列中银纳米球尺寸(直径)和间距的有效调控,进而有效实现对紫外-可见-近红外各波段吸收峰位和峰宽的调制.吸收光谱测试显示,该纳米阵列在紫外、可见和近红外波段都具有明显的电磁波吸收特性.时域有限差分理论模拟结合实验分析不同波段光吸收特性的物理机制,紫外超窄强吸收为银、铝介电环境非对称诱发的法诺共振,可见波段吸收源自于银纳米粒子局域表面等离子体共振,近红外波段强吸收为银纳米球阵列表面晶格共振所激发.     

An FDTD approach to the simulation of quantum-well infrared photodetectors

A Finite Difference Time Domain approach is used to design and to optimize quantum-well based infrared photodetectors. Results showing the influence of some parameters on the performance of these devices are presented and discussed.     

光在突变介质界面传输特性的FDTD方法研究

利用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法,结合Matlab编程,研究了光在突变介质界面的反射、透射与干涉.研究改变边界位置介电系数的变化率、连续性等,对反射光强的影响;调整薄膜厚度、电磁参数等,实现了对光干涉现象的动态建模.FDTD方法能够获得电磁场的时域数值解,可以直接进行动态演示;同时,运用FDTD方法可以通过改变介质结构,电磁参数等构筑计算机试验,真正实现让学生自己动手,去观察,去发现隐藏在物理表象下的物理本质.     

Chemisorption of oxygen on aluminum surfaces

A critical review of the oxygen—aluminum system is presented. The primary emphasis concerns the electronic properties of aluminum surfaces exposed to oxygen. The chemisorption and oxidation aspects are considered. Cluster and slab model calculations are discussed fully and the results are related to relevant experimental data. Some of the unresolved issues are listed. A comprehensive guide to the oxygen—aluminum literature is provided.     

Specular reflectance of cold-rolled aluminum surfaces

The specular reflectance of cold-rolled aluminum surface is studied using a fiber optic system. An approximation for the determination of surface roughness is presented.     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on aluminum

A superhydrophobic surface was prepared on aluminum substrate. Anodization and low-temperature plasma treatment were used to create micro-nano-structure and subsequently trichlorooctadecyl-silane modified the rough surface. The result shows that the water static contact of the aluminum surface after anodization and modification by trichlorooctadecyl-silane reaches to 152.1°. A rougher surface with some micro-nano-pores and small mastoids along the edges of pores was generated when low-temperature plasma treatment was applied to anodized aluminum film, resulting in water static contact angle up to 157.8°.     

FDTD方法分析高功率微波粗糙地面散射特性

采用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)对高功率微波(HPM)近地面传输进行了仿真,其中提出的一种完全匹配层-广义完全匹配层混合吸收边界,较好地抑制了常规FDTD方法在计算低掠射角入射时产生的边缘绕射现象。将理想水平地面数值计算结果与解析法结果对比验证计算模型的正确性,通过数值计算结果分析高功率微波粗糙地面的散射特性。理论分析和仿真结果表明：粗糙地面对散射系数变化影响较明显,从宏观角度上看,散射系数曲线同理想水平地面散射系数曲线相似,即随掠射角的增大散射系数先减小后增大;从微观角度上看,由于粗糙地面的作用,其散射系数曲线并不存在布鲁斯特角,且在某一区域并非单调增加或减小。     

FDTD方法分析高功率微波粗糙地面散射特性

采用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)对高功率微波(HPM)近地面传输进行了仿真,其中提出的一种完全匹配层-广义完全匹配层混合吸收边界,较好地抑制了常规FDTD方法在计算低掠射角入射时产生的边缘绕射现象。将理想水平地面数值计算结果与解析法结果对比验证计算模型的正确性,通过数值计算结果分析高功率微波粗糙地面的散射特性。理论分析和仿真结果表明:粗糙地面对散射系数变化影响较明显,从宏观角度上看,散射系数曲线同理想水平地面散射系数曲线相似,即随掠射角的增大散射系数先减小后增大;从微观角度上看,由于粗糙地面的作用,其散射系数曲线并不存在布鲁斯特角,且在某一区域并非单调增加或减小。     

Factorization and infrared properties of non-perturbative contributions to DIS structure functions

In this paper we present a new derivation of QCD factorization. We deduce the k _T and collinear factorizations for the DIS structure functions by consecutive reductions of a more general theoretical construction. We begin by studying the amplitude of forward Compton scattering off a hadron target, representing this amplitude as a set of convolutions of two blobs connected by the simplest, two-parton intermediate states. Each blob in the convolutions can contain both the perturbative and non-perturbative contributions. We formulate conditions for separating the perturbative and non-perturbative contributions and attributing them to the different blobs. After that the convolutions correspond to QCD factorization. Then we reduce this totally unintegrated (basic) factorization first to k _T -factorization and finally to collinear factorization. In order to yield a finite expression for the Compton amplitude, the integration over the loop momentum in the basic factorization must be free of both ultraviolet and infrared singularities. This obvious mathematical requirement leads to theoretical restrictions on the non-perturbative contributions (parton distributions) to the Compton amplitude and the DIS structure functions related to the Compton amplitude through the Optical Theorem. In particular, our analysis excludes the use of the singular factors x ^−a (with a>0) in the fits for the quark and gluon distributions because such factors contradict the integrability of the basic convolutions for the Compton amplitude. This restriction is valid for all DIS structure functions in the framework of both k _T -factorization and collinear factorization if we attribute the perturbative contributions only to the upper blob. The restrictions on the non-perturbative contributions obtained in the present paper can easily be extended to other QCD processes where the factorization is exploited.     

Photodesorption studies of adsorbate covered aluminum surfaces

Strong low photon energy photodesorption has been observed from aluminum samples exposed to CO and CO₂ and on aluminum oxide samples with carbon contamination. For these systems only CO₂ has been observed to photodesorb with similar energy thresholds (≈ 3.65 eV) and similar yields (≈ 5 × 10⁻⁵ molecules/photon) for all samples. The data does not support the band-gap mechanism for desorption from semiconductors/insulators.     

An inverse analysis to determine conductive and radiative properties of a fibrous medium

In present paper, a modified factor of extinction coefficient and an equivalent albedo of scattering were defined taking into account anisotropic scattering in fibrous insulation. An inverse conduction-radiation analysis in an absorbing, emitting and scattering medium was conducted for the simultaneous estimation of the conductive and radiative properties using the experimentally measured temperature responses for external temperatures up to 980 K. The estimated properties were validated by comparing the predicted and measured results under transient and steady-state condition. It was found that the calculated results corresponded well with the experimental data within an average of 3.1% under transient condition and 9.8% under steady-state condition. This confirms the good behavior of the model and the validity of results.     

Tribological properties of silicate materials on nano and microscale

We studied the friction properties of four model silicate materials at the nanoscale and microscale. From nanotribology, we characterized the tribological properties at single asperity contact scale and from microtribology, we characterized the tribological properties at multi asperity contact scale. First, for each material we measured chemical composition by XPS, Young's modulus by acoustical microscopy and roughness σ by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Second, we measured the nanofriction coefficients with an AFM and the microfriction coefficients with a ball probe tribometer, for three hardnesses of the ball probe. We identified one friction mechanism at the nanoscale (sliding friction) and two friction mechanisms at the microscale (sliding friction and yielding friction). Comparison of the nano and microfriction coefficients at the same sliding friction regime shown, that the tribological properties of these materials didn’t depend on roughness.     

Investigation of the structure and the physical properties of nickel-phosphorus ultra-black surfaces

Ultra-black materials with low reflectivity can be applied in many fields of science and technology. We deposited nickel-phosphorus alloys (Ni-P) on copper substrate with the electroless plating method and etched the electroless plating with nitric acid in order to build ultra-black surface. On the one hand, the components of the Ni-P ultra-black surface layer were investigated by XRF and XPS. SEM represented that there are innumerable conical holes with the different diameters on the surface. XRD showed that the whole surface has become amorphous. On the other hand, compared to electroless blackening film by oxidation and black chromium plating materials, the Ni-P ultra-black surface showed lower wavelength dependence and lower reflectance in the range of 380–780 nm. In addition, the temperature of the sample with the Ni-P ultra-black surface increased more highly and quickly compared to the black chromium plating film after exposure in an IR laser for about half an hour. PACS 68.55.-a; 82.80.Kq; 78.68.+m