考虑摩擦系数和微凸体相互作用的粗糙表面接触热导分形模型

基于三维分形理论,建立了考虑摩擦系数和微凸体相互作用的粗糙表面接触热导分形模型,并且考虑了微凸体的弹性变形、弹塑性变形和完全塑性变形. 通过该模型,分析了摩擦系数、分形维数、分形粗糙度和接触载荷对热接触热导的影响. 研究结果表明:接触热导随着摩擦系数和分形粗糙度的增大而减小,随着分形维数和接触载荷的增大而增大. 该研究为开展接合面的热传递提供了一定的理论基础.      

Phenomenological constitutive model for a CNT turf

Carbon nanotubes (CNT), grown on a substrate, form a turf – a complex structure of intertwined, mostly nominally vertical tubes, cross-linked by adhesive contact and few bracing tubes. The turfs are compliant and good thermal and electrical conductors. In this paper, we consider the micromechanical analysis of the turf deformation reported earlier, and develop a phenomenological constitutive model of the turf. We benchmark the developed model using a finite element implementation and compare the model predictions to the results two different nanoindentation tests.The model includes: nonlinear elastic deformation, small Kelvin–Voigt type relaxation, caused by the thermally activated sliding of contacts, and adhesive contact between the turf and the indenter. The pre-existing (locked-in) strain energy of bent nanotubes produces a high initial tangent modulus, followed by an order of magnitude decrease in the tangent modulus with increasing deformation. The strong adhesion between the turf and indenter tip is due to the van der Waals interactions.The finite element simulations capture the results from the nanoindentation experiments, including the loading, unloading, viscoelastic relaxation during hold, and adhesive pull-off.     

Adhesive contact between a rigid nanofiber and an incompressible elastic substrate

Adhesive contact between a rigid nanofiber and an incompressible elastic substrate is studied. A new expression of adhesive pressure, which accounts for the exact geometry of the fiber and the deformation of the substrate, is derived from the elementary Lennard–Jones (L–J) potential. This enables that the phenomenon of adhesion saturation for small fiber radii is predicted in a natural way. Numerical computations also show the validity of the well-known Derjaguin’s approximation in a quite broad region down to fiber radii of a few nanometers. These results are expected useful for such applications as nanoindentation, nanopunch, and bio-inspired adhesion.     

Mechanisms of elastic energy dissipation in the transition layer between a coating and a substrate under contact interaction

A theoretical and experimental analysis of the influence of the dispersed transition layer between a coating and a substrate on the development of deformation structures near the interface has been performed as part of an interdisciplinary study of the deformation and fracture of coating-substrate compositions under contact interaction. Elastic energy transfer from an indenter was simulated using excitable cellular automata taking into account the self-organization of translations and rotations of the structure near the interface. The effect of the transition layer between the coating and the substrate on the development of deformation structures during contact interaction with the indenter in three-point bending was studied experimentally using a TOMSC television-optical measuring complex.     

基于分形理论的双渐开线齿轮接触应力研究

综合考虑接触面粗糙度、材料特性等因素对齿轮接触应力的影响,基于分形理论和经典Hertz接触理论建立双渐开线齿轮分形接触模型. 该模型中,影响载荷和实际接触面积的主要因素包括分形维数、粗糙度幅值和材料特性参数. 理论分析表明:分形维数一定时,真实接触面积随着载荷的增大而增大;载荷一定时,接触面积随着粗糙度幅值的增大而减小;随着材料特性参数值的增加,在一定程度上加强了软材料轮齿承载能力,同时会使得微凸体由弹性变形到塑性变形的临界面积减小. 对比分形接触模型和有限元模型两种计算双渐开线齿轮轮齿接触应力方法,结果证明了分形接触模型计算双渐开线齿轮接触应力的有效性.      

Shape-induced phase transition of vortex domain structures in ferroelectric nanodots and their controllability by electrical and mechanical loads

Shape-induced phase transition of vortex domain structures(VDSs)in BaTiO_3(BT)nanodots under open circuit boundary condition have been investigated using an effective Hamiltonian method.Our calculation indicates the tetragonal VDS missing in cubic BT nanodots can be induced by varying the shape of a nanodot from cube to platelet.Interestingly,a novel VDS is found in BT nanoplatelets in our simulations.Further investigation shows that it is a result of compromise between the ground state and the symmetry of the shape of the nanodot.Furthermore,based on the novel VDS,routes of controlling VDSs governed by homogeneous electric field and uniform stress are discussed.In particular,our results show the possibility of designing multi-states devices based on a single VDS.     

考虑粗糙结合面弹塑性接触的黏滑摩擦建模

提出一种同时考虑粗糙面上微凸体弹性变形和塑性接触的切向黏滑摩擦建模方法。采用Hertz弹性理论和Mindlin解描述弹性接触微凸体的切向载荷和相对变形的关系;采用AF(Abbott-Firstone)塑性理论和Fujimoto模型描述塑性接触微凸体切向载荷和相对变形的关系。再利用GW(Greenwood-Williamson)模型统计分析方法建立粗糙表面切向载荷和相对变形之间的关系。将模型与仅考虑微凸体弹性接触情况的模型进行对比,并研究了不同塑性指数对切向载荷和相对变形关系的影响。结果表明：与完全弹性接触模型相比,本文模型引入了塑性接触理论,能够更好地描述粗糙表面切向载荷和相对变形关系,并且考虑不同接触条件下弹性变形微凸体和塑性变形微凸体对切向接触载荷的贡献,在微滑移阶段,主要由弹性接触变形影响,而在进入宏观滑移阶段之后,切向行为主要由塑性变形影响。界面切向载荷由黏着和滑移接触作用共同决定,随着切向变形的增加,滑移接触力逐渐增加,而黏着接触力先增加后减少,反映了界面由微滑移逐渐向宏滑移演化的过程。随着塑性指数的增加,粗糙面上发生塑性接触的微凸体数目逐渐增加,切向黏滑行为主要受到塑性接触特征的控制。     

Adhesive contact of an elastic semi-infinite solid with a rigid rough surface: Strength of adhesion and contact instabilities

The effect of adhesion on the contact behavior of elastic rough surfaces is examined within the framework of the multi-asperity contact model of Greenwood and Williamson (1966), known as the GW model. Adhesive surface interaction is modeled by nonlinear springs with a force–displacement relation governed by the Lennard–Jones (LJ) potential. Constitutive models are presented for contact systems characterized by low and high Tabor parameters, exhibiting continuous (stable) and discontinuous (unstable) surface approach, respectively. Constitutive contact relations are obtained by integrating the force–distance relation derived from the LJ potential with a finite element analysis of single-asperity adhesive contact. These constitutive relations are then incorporated into the GW model, and the interfacial force and contact area of rough surfaces are numerically determined. The development of attractive and repulsive forces at the contact interface and the occurrence of instantaneous surface contact (jump-in instability) yield a three-stage evolution of the contact area. It is shown that the adhesion parameter introduced by Fuller and Tabor (1975) governs the strength of adhesion of contact systems with a high Tabor parameter, whereas the strength of adhesion of contact systems with a low Tabor parameter is characterized by a new adhesion parameter, defined as the ratio of the surface roughness to the equilibrium interatomic distance. Applicable ranges of aforementioned adhesion parameters are interpreted in terms of the effective surface separation, obtained as the sum of the effective distance range of the adhesion force and the elastic deformation induced by adhesion. Adhesive strength of rough surfaces in the entire range of the Tabor parameter is discussed in terms of a generalized adhesion parameter, defined as the ratio of the surface roughness to the effective surface separation.     

Micromechanical analysis of friction anisotropy in rough elastic contacts

Computational contact homogenization approach is applied to study friction anisotropy resulting from asperity interaction in elastic contacts. Contact of rough surfaces with anisotropic roughness is considered with asperity contact at the micro scale being governed by the isotropic Coulomb friction model. Application of a micro-to-macro scale transition scheme yields a macroscopic friction model with orientation- and pressure-dependent macroscopic friction coefficient. The macroscopic slip rule is found to exhibit a weak non-associativity in the tangential plane, although the slip rule at the microscale is associated in the tangential plane. Counterintuitive effects are observed for compressible materials, in particular, for auxetic materials.     

多粗糙峰弹塑性接触的有限元分析

采用具有一定数目圆形粗糙峰的刚性表面对弹塑性半元限体进行压下的模型来模拟多粗糙峰接触,并用有限元法对该模型进行了弹生分析,揭示了我地接触区应力状态的影响规律,发现中心接触区的变莆主要受到一定数目邻近粗糙峰的影响,而处于较远自找影响较小,同弹性接触相比,在弹塑性接触过程中有更多的邻近粗糙对中心接触区发生作用,改变粗糙的间距、曲率半径和压下深度都会对其产生影响。     

粗糙表面接触力学问题的重新分析

为了克服基于统计学参数的接触模型的尺度依赖性以及现有接触分形模型推导过程中初始轮廓表征受控于接触面积或取样长度的不足,基于粗糙表面轮廓分形维数$D$、尺度系数$G$ 和最大微凸体轮廓基底尺寸$l$,建立了新的粗糙表面接触分形模型,探讨了微凸体变形机制、粗糙表面的真实接触面积和接触载荷的关系,揭示了接触界面的孔隙率和真实接触面积随端面形貌、表面接触压力等参数变化的规律,给出了不同形貌界面被压实的最大变形量. 结果表明:微凸体变形从弹性变形开始,并随着平均接触压力$p_{\rm m}$ 的增大逐步向弹塑性变形和完全塑性变形转变;接触界面的初始孔隙率$\phi_{0}$ 随$D$ 的增大而增大,压实孔隙所需要的最大变形量$\delta $ 也随之增大;接触压力$p_{\rm c}$ 增大,孔隙率$\phi$ 减小,并随着$D$ 的增大和$G$ 减小,$\phi$ 快速减小,直至填实,变为零;$D$ 较小时,$G$ 的增大对真实接触面积的增大影响较小;$D$ 较大时,$G$ 的增大对真实接触面积的增大作用明显. 研究成果为端面摩擦副的润滑与密封设计提供了理论基础.      

Adhesive contact in the context of multi-asperity interaction

In order to analyse the scale effect of roughness and adhesion in contact between solids, we introduce in this work a 3D model of elastic contact combined with the adhesive theory. The model of roughness with different fractal dimension is introduced to study the adhesive contact in the elastic state at different length scales.The results of this study show that the scale of roughness modifies the distribution law of the contact pressure and stiffness. The introduction of the adhesive force and fractal property of roughness clearly shows the combined influence of roughness scale and adhesive force on contact stiffness.     

Stress analysis of a layered elastic solid in contact with a rough surface exhibiting fractal behavior

A contact stress analysis is presented for a layered elastic half-space in contact with a rough surface exhibiting self-affine (fractal) behavior. Relationships for the mean contact pressure versus representative strain and the real half-contact width versus elastic properties of the layer and the substrate, asperity radius, layer thickness, and truncated half-contact width were derived from finite element simulations of a layered medium compressed elastically by a rigid cylindrical asperity. These relationships were incorporated in a numerical algorithm that was used to obtain the contact pressure distributions and stresses generated by the asperity contacts formed at the interface of the layered medium and the fractal surface. Analytical solutions illustrate the significance of the elastic material properties, layer thickness, and surface topography (roughness) on global parameters such as normal load and real contact area. Results for the contact pressure distribution and the surface and subsurface stresses provide insight into the initiation of yielding and the tendency for cracking in the layered medium. It is shown that cracking at the surface and the layer/substrate interface is more likely to occur in the case of a stiff layer, whereas surface cracking is more prominent for a relatively compliant layer.     

An adhesive wear model of fractal surfaces in normal contact

A generalized adhesive wear analysis that takes into account the effect of interfacial adhesion on the total load was developed for three-dimensional fractal surfaces in normal contact. A wear criterion based on the critical contact area for fully-plastic deformation of the asperity contacts was used to model the removal of material from the contact interface. The fraction of fully-plastic asperity contacts, wear rate, and wear coefficient are expressed in terms of the total normal load (global interference), fractal (topography) parameters, elastic–plastic material properties, surface energy, material compatibility, and interfacial adhesion characteristics controlled by the environment of the interacting surfaces. Numerical results are presented for representative ceramic–ceramic, ceramic–metallic, and metal–metal contact systems to illustrate the dependence of asperity plastic deformation, wear rate, and wear coefficient on global interference, surface roughness, material properties, and work of adhesion (affected by the material compatibility and the environment of the contacting surfaces). The analysis yields insight into the effects of surface material properties and interfacial adhesion on the adhesive wear of rough surfaces in normal contact.     

A thermomechanical constitutive model for phase transformations in silicon under pressure and contact loading conditions

Most of the technologically relevant abrasive machining techniques for silicon (Si) such as lapping, sawing and grinding are based on the interaction of the silicon surface with a hard particle or asperity. It has been long established that the governing deformation mechanism for Si under such contact loading conditions is stress induced phase transformation. The present work introduces a novel phenomenological constitutive model for phase transformations of silicon set up in a thermomechanical framework of broad applicability. Taking into account experimental observations as well as first principle and molecular dynamics calculations, it captures both the cd-Si → β-Si transition upon compression and the β-Si → a-Si transition upon rapid decompression, which are most relevant for indenter loading. The model was numerically implemented in analogy to incremental plasticity and successfully applied for finite-element (FE) simulations of nanoindentation.     

基于表面力模型的液滴冲击弹性基底SPH模拟

采用光滑粒子动力学SPH方法建立液滴冲击弹性基底的流固耦合数值模型,给出描述粘性流体和弹性固体运动的SPH离散方程和数值处理格式,引入人工耗散项来抑制标准SPH方法的数值震荡。为模拟液滴的表面张力效应,通过精确检测边界粒子,采用拉格朗日插值方法计算表面法向量和曲率,结合界面理论中的连续表面力CSF方法,建立了适用于自由表面液滴的表面力模型,方形液滴变形的模拟结果与拉普拉斯理论解吻合较好。随后,采用SPH流固耦合模型模拟1.0 mm直径水滴以不同速度(0.2 m/s～3.0 m/s)冲击两种薄板型基底,分析了基底弹性变形对液滴铺展、收缩以及回弹行为的影响。     

Sliding of two smooth indenters on a viscoelastic foundation in the presence of friction

The axisymmetric contact problem of sliding of two solid parabolic indenters on a viscoelastic half-space with constant velocity is considered. Shear stresses modeling the adhesive component of the friction force act in the contact area. The model of the foundation material is described by an integral operator with an exponential kernel characterized by one relaxation time. The problem is solved by the boundary element method. The dependences of the contact characteristics on the sliding velocity, the normal load, and the distance between the centers of the indenters is analyzed. The results can be used to study the effect of the roughness elements modeled by two indenters on the contact characteristics and the deformation component of the friction force.     

A computational study of a capsule lateral migration in microchannel flow

A numerical method is used to model a capsule migration in a microchannel with small Reynolds number Re ≈ 0 . 01. The capsule is modeled as a liquid drop surrounded by a neo-Hookean elastic membrane. The numerical model combines immersed boundary with lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). The LBM is used to simulate fixed Cartesian grid while the IBM is utilized to implement the fluid-structure interaction by a set of Lagrangian moving grids for the membrane. The effect of shear elasticity and bending stiffness are both considered. The results show the significance of elastic modulus and initial lateral position on deformation and morphological properties of a circular capsule. The wall effect becomes stronger as the capsule initial position gets closer to the channel wall. As the elastic modulus of membrane increases, the capsule undergoes less pronounced deformation and velocity in direction x is decreased, thus, the capsule motion is slower than the background flow. The best agreement between the present model and experiments for migration velocity takes place for the capsule with normal to moderate membrane elastic modulus. The results are in good agreement with experiment study of Coupier et al. and previous numerical studies. Therefore, the IB-LBM can be employed to make prediction in vitro and in vivo studies of capsule deformation.     

Nanoindentation of hyperelastic polymer layers at finite deformation and parameter re-identification

Thin polymer layers on substrates have a wide range of application in important areas. However, it is impossible to measure the mechanical properties with the traditional testing methods. Recently, nanoindentation became a new but primary testing technique of thin layers. In the present work, based on a finite element model of contact mechanics and hyperelastic materials, nanoindentation of polymer layers is simulated with the finite element code ABAQUS^?. Three often used hyperelastic models, that is, the neo-Hookean, Mooney–Rivlin and Yeoh models are investigated. The behaviour of these three models is compared to each other in different boundary value problems of nanoindentation in order to get some feeling of the different behaviour of various hyperelastic models under nanoindentation. In contrast to the traditional analytical method, the penetration depth is not restrained to avoid the influence of the substrate. A parameter re-identification strategy is employed to extract the parameters of the material models at small and finite deformation based on the principle of biological evolution. Furthermore, it is investigated how large the penetration depth has to be chosen in order to distinguish different models in reference to the load–displacement curves. Finally, the possibility is discussed of describing the data obtained by a non-linear complex model using the relatively simple approach based on the neo-Hookean model.     

On using many-particle interatomic potentials to compute elastic properties of graphene and diamond

The elastic properties of diatomic crystals are considered. An approach is proposed that permits calculating the elastic characteristics of crystals by using the interatomic interaction parameters specified as many-particle potentials, i.e., potentials that take into account the effect of the environment on the diatomic interaction. The many-particle interaction is given in the general form obtained in the framework of linear elastic deformation. It is shown that, by expanding in series in small deformation parameters, a group of nonlinear potentials frequently used to model covalent structures can be reduced to this general form. An example of graphene and diamond lattices is used to determine how adequately these potentials describe the elastic characteristics of crystals.