改性硝酸铵爆炸安全性研究 Ⅱ、无机化学肥料对硝酸铵爆炸安全性的影响

热分解;改性硝酸铵爆炸安全性研究 Ⅱ、无机化学肥料对硝酸铵爆炸安全性的影响     

改性硝酸铵爆轰安全性研究 Ⅰ.CaCO3和MgSO4对硝酸铵爆轰安全性的影响

改性硝酸铵爆轰安全性研究 Ⅰ.CaCO3和MgSO4对硝酸铵爆轰安全性的影响;碳酸钙;硫酸镁;热分解     

改性硝酸铵爆轰安全性研究 Ⅰ.CaCO3和MgSO4对硝酸铵爆轰安全性的影响

将碳酸钙和硫酸镁改性的硝酸铵按照工业炸药配方配制成铵油(ANFO)炸药，以8号雷管起爆，对硝酸铵的爆轰安全性进行了评价。采用恒温热分解和示差扫描量热法，研究了改性硝酸铵及铵油炸药的热分解行为。测定了改性硝酸铵的比表面积以解释爆轰结果。得出如下结论：硝酸铵含40％的碳酸钙，或25％碳酸钙和5％硫酸镁的混合物，所配制的铵油炸药不能被8号雷管起爆。碳酸钙同硝酸铵发生复分解反应放出NH3、H2O和CO2气体，反应程度与碳酸钙的含量、温度和时间成正比。虽然硝酸铵中加入碳酸钙后提高了ANFO炸药的热稳定性，但由于上述气体的逸出增加了改性硝酸铵的比表面积。因此，在硝酸铵中加入少量的碳酸钙不能达到爆轰安全性的要求。硫酸镁与硝酸铵形成复盐，可减缓硝酸铵和碳酸钙之间复分解反应的速度．有利于降低硝酸铵的起爆感度。     

羊毛表面改性对拒水拒油整理的作用及机理研究

应用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和衰减全反射红外光谱(FTIR-ATR)等现代表面分析技术研究不同改性处理羊毛表面的化学和物理结构特性.SEM研究结果表明,经低温等离子体表面改性或特定化学改性后的羊毛鳞片表面呈现纳米尺度的沟槽和凹凸结构,应用Wenzel公式和Cassie and Baxter公式阐述了表面粗糙度与接触角的关系,揭示了羊毛表面改性对于提高拒水拒油整理效果的原因所在.XPS和FTIR-ATR研究表明,上述物理和化学的表面改性技术使羊毛表面的二硫键氧化断裂和表面类脂物质改性/除去,促进拒水拒油整理剂的吸附和固着.表面改性和拒水拒油整理的协同效应赋予羊毛类荷叶效应,使其呈现超级拒水拒油拒污功能.     

添加剂对煤燃烧性能影响的研究

用国内目前市售的四种燃煤添加剂及自制的一种添加剂进行了添加剂对石墨、煤、矸石燃烧性能影响的研究。结果表明：所有的添加剂对石墨和煤都有明显的催化燃烧的作用，其中Ｍ１、ＪＰＳＹ、ＳＤＧＤ添加剂对石墨的催化燃烧效果较好，Ｍ１、ＸＡＺＹ对煤的助燃作用最好；对矸石则不同，只有ＢＪＪＦ和Ｍ１有助燃作用。石墨燃烧的动力学结果表明，加入Ｍ１添加剂后，石墨的燃烧活化能有明显下降，从１９１ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ降为３１．８ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。     

硝酸铵对SO2在大气颗粒物表面气-粒转化影响的模拟研究

利用流动态的原位傅里叶变换红外漫反射光谱(DRIFTS)对含硝酸铵气溶胶(以α-Fe₂O₃为主模拟气溶胶)与SO₂的非均相反应进行了研究, 比较了硝酸铵与其它金属氧化物(CaO, MgO, α-Al₂O₃和SiO₂)与SO₂反应的情况.实验结果表明, 硝酸铵和α-Fe₂O₃混合颗粒物比硝酸铵和其它金属氧化物混合颗粒与SO₂反应的吸附系数高, 表明α-Fe₂O₃比其它金属氧化物催化能力变强.利用BET面积作为反应活性表面积, 发现含有6％(质量分数)NH₄NO₃的α-Fe₂O₃混合颗粒物与SO₂反应具有最高的比表面积吸附系数(γ_BET=2.42×10^-9), 比纯氧化铁的反应高了近1.8倍.而纯NH₄NO₃颗粒与SO₂不发生反应, 表明少量硝酸铵的存在在一定程度上提高了SO₂在气溶胶颗粒物表面转化成硫酸盐的能力. 本文还讨论了含硝酸铵气溶胶与SO₂的反应机制及其对大气环境的影响.     

添加剂对十二烷基磺酸钠溶液性质影响的研究

添加剂对十二烷基磺酸钠溶液性质影响的研究＊鲁润华郝京诚汪汉卿（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所兰州７３００００）关键词表面张力电导添加剂Ａｓ中图分类号Ｏ５５２．４添加剂对表面活性剂溶液物理化学性质影响的研究是人们极感兴趣的研究内容［１］，因为表面活性剂实...     

稀土添加剂对镀铬质量的影响

针对普通电镀镀层光亮性和结合强度差, 分散性和沉积速度低的实际, 应用远近阴极的研究方法, 系统地研究了稀土添加剂在常温和中温镀铬时对镀层光亮性、镀液分散性、离子的沉积速度和电流效率的影响, 实验结果表明稀土添加剂在中温镀铬时, 对镀层的光亮性、镀液的分散性、离子沉积速度和电流效率均有增强作用, 常温时对电流效率和离子沉积速度有较大的增强作用. 对电镀铬综合性能提高较大的稀土为Pr6O11, CeO2.     

废渣添加剂对型煤理化指标影响的实验研究

选择电石渣、硼泥和粉煤灰等三种工业废渣单一或组合使用,作为型煤固硫剂和粘结剂,与粉煤按一定比例混合后加工成四组蜂窝型煤.测定了型煤的抗压力、灰熔点、水分、灰分和挥发分等理化指标,并和仅以粘土作为粘结剂的对照型煤进行了比较,对实验结果进行了分析讨论.研究结果表明,适量添加以上工业废渣作为固硫剂和粘结剂,取代粘土制备固硫型煤,能够满足有关理化指标要求,并且更加有利于保护生态环境.     

CeO2添加剂对等离子ZrO2涂层抗热震性的影响

在ZrO2陶瓷涂层中加入适量的CeO2，使陶瓷涂层的抗热震性能得到提高，这主要是由于CeO2的加入，涂层的微小孔隙增加、涂层产生细微的网状裂纹，增加了微裂纹密度，从而降低了徐层的弹性模量，释放了涂层中的应力，提高了涂层的裂纹失稳扩展时的临界温差ΔTc，并可阻止裂纹沿单方向的快速扩展，使涂层的抗热震起裂性能和抗热震失效能力得到提高。其中，CeO2加入量为9％效果最佳，过量加入CeO2，会过早地促进裂纹的扩展、断裂，不利于提高涂层的抗热震性能。     

Influence of lime-containing additives on the thermal behaviour of ammonium nitrate

Ammonium nitrate (AN) is one of the main nitrogen fertilizers used in fertilization programs. However, AN has some serious disadvantages — being well soluble in water hardly 50% of the N-species contained are assimilated by plants. The second disadvantage of AN is associated with its explosive properties. The aim of this paper was to clarify the influence of different lime-containing substances — mainly Estonian limestone and dolomite — as internal additives on thermal behaviour of AN. Commercial fertilizer grade AN was under investigation. The amount of additives used was 5, 10 or 20 mass%, or calculated on the mole ratio of AN/(CaO, MgO)=2:1 in the blends. Experiments were carried out under dynamic heating condition up to 900°C (10°C min⁻¹) in a stream of dry air or N₂ by using Setaram Labsys 2000 equipment coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The results of analyses of the gaseous compounds evolved at thermal treatment of neat AN indicated some differences in the decomposition of AN in air or in N₂. At the thermal treatment of AN’s blends with CaCO₃, MgCO₃, limestone and dolomite samples the decomposition of AN proceeds through a completely different mechanism — depending on the origin and the content of additives, partially or completely, through the formation of Mg(NO₃)₂ and Ca(NO₃)₂.     

Thermodesorption studies of ammonium nitrate prills by high-resolution thermogravimetry

High-resolution thermogravimetry was used to study the thermodesorption of octane from ammonium nitrate (AN) prills with different porosities. The samples were wetted by immersion in octane. Multiple steps were obtained from the measured mass-loss curves, which reflect the evaporation of the excess liquid, as well as the thermodesorption of octane from the pores and the surface of the AN prills. The quantity of octane desorbed in these steps was correlated with the volume in the pores and the amount adsorbed on the surface, and used to estimate the adsorption capacity, porosity and surface area of AN prills. The results were also compared to observations from scanning electron microscopy. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Surface modification of monodisperse hydroxyl functionalized polymeric microspheres using ceric ammonium nitrate

The surface modification of monodisperse hydroxyl functionalized polymeric microspheres was carried out by utilizing a redox initiation system. Styrene, divinylbenzene and hydroxyethyl methacrylate were used as the second monomer in the seeded polymerization. An excessive amount of the second monomer emulsion was swollen into the polystyrene (PS) seed particles completely by controlling the medium solvency and swelling temperature. The hydroxyl functional groups were radicalized by the ceric ammonium nitrate in nitric acid solution, and the methyl methacrylate was reacted uniformly on the surface of microspheres. From the SEM, and FE-TEM measurements, highly monodisperse microspheres having a smooth surface, and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coating layer were observed, respectively. The surface characteristics of the PS seed particles, hydroxyl functionalized and surface-modified polymeric microspheres were confirmed by utilizing FT-IR, XPS and thermal analysis.     

Effects of reaction conditions on quinone/diquinone product ratios in the oxidation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene derivatives with ceric ammonium nitrate

Proper choice of reaction conditions allows formation of either the quinone or corresponding diquinone as the major product upon treatment of 2-alkyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzenes with ceric ammonium nitrate.     

Phase transitions of ammonium nitrate doped with alkali nitrates studied with fast X-ray diffraction

Dried samples of ammonium nitrate (AN) containing 1, 3, 5 mol% KNO₃, RbNO₃ and CsNO₃ were investigated with temperature resolved X-ray diffraction. The samples were cycled with 2 temperature programs from –70° to 100° and –70° to 150°C, resp. DSC measurements were made for comparison.KNO₃ extends the stability range of phase III. The supercooling observed with the transitions II/III and III/IV was so severe that the phases III and IV could be skipped leading to the transitions II/IV and III/V. No hindered nucleation was observed on heating.RbNO₃ gives dried AN the properties of the humid nitrate. Phase III appeared on heating but was skipped on cooling, when the sample had been heated to 150°C. Hindered nucleation was observed.CsNO₃ stabilizes the phases II and V. No strong hysteresis or supercooling was observed.

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Zusammenfassung Trockene Ammoniumnitratproben (AN) mit einem Gehalt von 1, 3 bzw. 5 mol% KNO₃, RbNO₃ und CsNO₃ wurden mittels Röntgendiffraktion in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur untersucht. Die Proben durchliefen 2 Temperaturprogramme (von 70° auf 100° und von –70° auf 150°C). Zum Vergleich wurden DSC-Messungen durchgeführt.KNO₃ erweitert den Stabilitätsbereich der Phase III. Die Unterkühlung bei den Übergängen II/III und III/IV war so ausgeprägt, daß man die Phasen III und IV überspringen konnte, um die direkten Phasenübergänge II/IV und III/V zu erhalten. Beim Erhitzen wurde keine behinderte Keimbildung beobachtet.RbNO₃ verleiht trockenem AN die Eigenschaften von feuchtem Nitrat. Phase III tritt zwar beim Erhitzen auf, wird aber beim Abkühlen ausgelassen, wenn die Probe zuvor auf 150°C erhitzt wurde. Es wurde eine behinderte Keimbildung beobachtet.CsNO₃ stabilisiert die Phasen II und V. Es wurde keine ausgeprägte Hysterese oder Unterkühlung beobachtet.

     

烷基对蒽衍生物在水-乙腈中用硝酸铈铵氧化机理的影响

在水-乙腈混合溶剂中用(NH~4)~2Ce(NO~3)~6氧化烷基蒽. 甲基, 乙基和环丙基蒽经历氧化-水解-氧化-水解-消除-氧化-去质子历程, 得到蒽环氧化产物, 消除烷基(或氢原子)的可能顺序是:H＞CH~3＞C~2H~5. 当蒽环的1,9-位连着1,2-亚乙基桥时, 却经由氧化-去质子-氧化水解-氧化(或消除)历程, 得到侧链氧化产物. 烷基的本质对多核芳烃的氧化机理有显著的影响.     

An efficient synthesis of conjugated nitro-olefins using ceric ammonium nitrate

An efficient method for the synthesis of conjugated nitro-olefins from α,β-unsaturated acids under extremely mild conditions using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) at room temperature in acetonitrile in moderate to good yields is described.     

Hazard characterization of mixtures of ammonium nitrate with the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid

Summary There has been recent interest in the hazard properties of mixtures of ammonium nitrate (AN) and the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid (SDIC) due to the possible involvement of such mixtures in the tragic accident in Toulouse, France, in September 2001. The thermal hazards of the mixtures were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), thermogravimetry (TG), simultaneous TG-DTA-FTIR-MS, heat flow calorimetry (HFC), and isothermal nanocalorimetry (INC). The sensitivity of the mixtures to impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge was also investigated. ARC experiments on a 2 g mass of mixture in humid air revealed an onset temperature for thermal decomposition as low as 37°C. INC experiments revealed three overlapping exothermic peaks that resulted in a total energy release of 0.4 kJ g^-1 over the course of thirteen days at 25°C. The reaction products were determined using simultaneous TG-DTA with FTIR and MS detectors, and they included CO₂, HC_l, N₂, N₂O, NO₂ and Cl₂. The results from this study suggest that accidental mixing of bulk quantities of these materials would pose a considerable hazard and should be avoided.     

Effects of various atmospheres and some metal oxide additives on the thermal decomposition on ammonium chromate

The thermal decomposition of ammonium chromate (AC) in dynamic air, CO₂ and N₂ and in static atmospheres and in the presence of MoO₃, V₂O₅, Fe₂O₃, CuO, MnO₂ and Nd₂O₃ additives was studied by means of TG, DTA, IR spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. It was found that AC decomposes in four stages, forming unstable intermediates which produce Cr₂O₃ as a final product. The presence of the different atmospheres and the oxide additives affected the decompositions of these intermediates and the oxidation state of the chromium ions. Finally, the mechanisms associated with the different decomposition stages are discussed.     

Silica-supported ceric ammonium nitrate catalyzed chemoselective formylation of indoles

Selective formylation of free (N–H) indoles at C3 can be achieved by using formylating species generated from hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and silica-supported ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN–SiO₂). The use of a catalytic amount of this solid-supported reagent was found to be compatible with a range of substituents on the indoles and generated the corresponding products with good yields. A plausible mechanism for the formylation involving an electron transfer process is discussed.