基于机器视觉的尖轨轮廓检测方法北大核心CSCD

针对尖轨相对于基本轨位置的轮廓检测问题,提出了利用线结构光辅助机器视觉的非接触式测量方法进行检测。在线结构光测量的基础上,建立了尖轨轮廓的三维检测模型,构造了测量尖轨与基本轨间的面差、间隙以及轨头宽度的数学模型,并采用Zhang-Suen与灰度重心法的融合算法对激光条纹进行提取和细化,最终得到了亚像素级的激光条纹中心线。本次实验在时速250km/h的18号道岔直线尖轨上进行测量,得到的数据与接触式测量的数据基本一致,验证了该方法的有效性和正确性,实现了对尖轨轮廓尺寸的非接触式检测。     

基于机器视觉的尖轨轮廓检测方法

针对尖轨相对于基本轨位置的轮廓检测问题,提出了利用线结构光辅助机器视觉的非接触式测量方法进行检测。在线结构光测量的基础上,建立了尖轨轮廓的三维检测模型,构造了测量尖轨与基本轨间的面差、间隙以及轨头宽度的数学模型,并采用Zhang-Suen与灰度重心法的融合算法对激光条纹进行提取和细化,最终得到了亚像素级的激光条纹中心线。本次实验在时速250km/h的18号道岔直线尖轨上进行测量,得到的数据与接触式测量的数据基本一致,验证了该方法的有效性和正确性,实现了对尖轨轮廓尺寸的非接触式检测。     

瞬时频率序列及其低阶矩的应用研究

频谱分析已被广泛应用于信号处理技术中。本文介绍了瞬时频率序列分析方法，讨论了频谱分析与时间域瞬时频率分析之间的关系．重点介绍了瞬时频率序列及其低阶矩在水声信号处理中的应用．海试及湖试结果与理论分析和计算机仿真结果一致．本文提出的瞬时频率方差估计器用于窄ＣＷ脉冲的检测可显著提高抗脉冲干扰的能力。     

非接触式颜色测量参数的最优化研究

颜色测量设备获取的光谱数据或色度数据应能够真实客观的表征物体的颜色信息。针对不能直接与测量仪器接触的测量目标,需要采用非接触式颜色测量方法获取其颜色信息。根据光谱辐射度理论分析可知,非接触式颜色测量过程中照明距离、测量距离及曝光时间的变化对测量结果有较大影响,而已有研究成果中并未深入研究测量参数的变化对测量结果的影响。为了在非接触式颜色测量过程中得到准确的结果,提出了一种基于正交试验的非接触式颜色测量参数的最优化方法。实验通过光谱辐射度计(PhotoResearch705, Photo Research 公司, 美国)获取不同参数组合条件下标准色卡(GretagMacbeth ColorChecker Rendition Chart)的颜色信息,结合极差分析法和方差分析法,实验结果显示测量值与标准值的色差CIEDE2000最小为0.878 8ΔE,最大为1.543 1ΔE,表明该方法能有效的选取最佳参数组合,并能分析各参数对测量结果影响的大小。     

滑动移除重标方差在动力学结构突变检验中的应用

标度指数是一个有效的非线性动力学指数,能够针对相关性时间序列动力学结构突变进行检测;通过滑动窗口技术和滑动移除窗口技术,重标极差对于相关时间序列动力学突变具有很好的检测能力,但由于重标极差方法本身的不完善,在滑动移除窗口较小时其检测结果出现一些虚假的突变点和突变区间.鉴于此,本文提出了一种新的动力学检测方法—–滑动移除重标方差.理想序列数值试验表明,滑动移除重标方差具有很强的稳定性和准确性,在滑动窗口较小时其检测结果没有出现虚假的突变点和区间,实测资料的应用进一步验证了新方法的可靠性.     

激光自混合干涉测振仪的硬件系统设计

基于激光自混合干涉技术的特点,设计了一种新型半导体激光自混合干涉测振仪系统。系统将频率调制引入自混合干涉中,实现对振动物体的非接触式测量。介绍了激光自混合干涉测振仪的原理、仪器系统的光路系统设计、信号的调制模块设计、解调模块设计以及DSP系统的采集处理模块设计。该仪器体积小、成本低、易于准直、可以非接触式测量,能够测量振动频率在50kHz内的物体,其中包括非周期性振动。可以测量出振动物体的振动频率、振幅以及还原振动波形,振动幅度测量精度可以达到0．325μm,频率精度为1Hz。     

自适应光学控制系统对Kolmogorov湍流补偿的修正有效带宽

基于时间功率谱反演生成的Kolmogorov湍流时间序列, 模拟分析了自适应光学控制系统跟踪回路与高阶误差校正回路在有限误差-3 dB带宽、 有时间延迟情况下的闭环校正残余误差, 得出了系统的跟踪残余方差、高阶残余方差与误差-3 dB带宽的数值拟合结果, 修正了系统有效带宽的表达式, 使其能更精确地估计校正残余方差. 关键词： Kolmogorov湍流 Tyler频率 Greenwood频率 有效带宽     

基于MODIS数据的森林火险时空分异规律研究

森林火灾严重危害生态环境,引起了全球的高度重视。将从MODIS(MODerate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer)中提取的活动火点与历史火烧痕迹进行比较研究,发现MOD14A1(火掩膜数据产品a daily Level 3 1-km fire hot spot product)中提取的8+9波段适合消防监测,与现场勘察数据相比较吻合度高达0.83。使用MOD14A1中8+9波段结合相关数据对这个区域的长达11年(2000—2010年)的森林火灾发生的时间和空间分析,结果表明：火灾发生频率最多的是春季,秋季次之,夏天概率最低,除非干旱。通过对研究区域黑龙江省分析,针叶林和温带针阔混交林过火面积所占比例分别为53.68%,44%,草原区过火面积较小为2.32%。大兴安岭是主要的燃烧区域,面积达到64.74%,小兴安岭约为23.49%,而其他区域面积不超过5%。且火灾发生的较大部分森林有个平缓的斜坡(≤5°),大部分处于中海拔(200 m≤H≤500 m)。因此,通过卫星遥感对森林火区区域的时间序列分析,阐明火灾活动规律和气候、地形、植被类型的相互关系,有助于预测火灾区域危险性等级。     

加权非负最小二乘光子相关光谱纳米颗粒粒径反演方法

为了降低采用光子相关光谱法进行纳米颗粒测量时噪音对颗粒粒径反演结果的影响,提出了一种基于加权非负最小二乘法的光子相关光谱纳米颗粒粒径计算方法.该方法以光子相关光谱自身作为权值,推导出反演算法的离散模型,避免了接近零点的测量数据波动对测量结果的影响.利用光子相关光谱纳米检测实验平台对90nm、190nm及混合的乳胶颗粒进行实验研究,并与传统非负最小二乘法反演结果进行了对比.60s测量时间的30次实验数据表明:对单峰颗粒群进行反演时,该方法多次测量结果与传统非负最小二乘法结果相近,但是多次重复测量的方差较小,证明该方法重复性较好;对多峰颗粒群进行反演时,该方法反演结果更接近颗粒的真实值,而非负最小二乘法其反演结果与真实值有较大偏离.在不同测量时间的实验数据表明:测量较短的情况下,该方法反演结果方差较小,能在更短的采样时间情况下,获得更准确的测量结果.     

超短曝光时间下激光散斑对比度速度分析

采用0.205ms的曝光时间,研究了观测速度范围包含去相关区域和未去相关区域时的散斑对比度与观测物速度间的关系。结果表明,利用对比度随取样帧数的变化趋势,并结合时间序列散斑图像相关系数曲线,可以在复杂环境下正确区分两个区间内的速度大小;同时,选用适当散斑图像帧数进行对比度计算,可以同时为探测大速度和小速度区间的速度变化提供较高灵敏度。     

Regional Chest Wall Volume Changes During Various Breathing Maneuvers in Normal Men

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the regional chest wall volume changes during various breathing maneuvers in normal men with an optical reflectance system (OR), which tracks reflective markers in three dimensions. Methods: Chest wall volume was measured by the OR system [V_L(CW)], and lung volume was measured by hot wire spirometry [V_L(SP)] in 15 healthy men during quiet breathing (QB), during breathing at a rate of 50 tidal breaths/min paced using a metronome (MT: metronome-paced tachypnea), and during a maximal forced inspiratory and expiratory maneuver (MFIE maneuver). Results: There were few discrepancies between V_L(CW) and V_L(SP) for QB and MT. In the MFIE maneuver, however V_L(CW) was often underestimated compared with V_L(SP), particularly during forced maximal expiration, because of pulmonary rib cage volume changes. Furthermore, the regional chest wall volume changes were affected by breathing maneuver alternation. In the pulmonary and abdominal rib cage, inspiratory reserve volume was larger than expiratory reserve volume, respectively, and in the abdomen, expiratory reserve volume was larger than inspiratory reserve volume. Conclusion: Alternation of breathing maneuvers affects regional chest wall volume changes.     

A Respiratory Movement Monitoring System Using Fiber-Grating Vision Sensor for Diagnosing Sleep Apnea Syndrome

A non-restrictive and non-contact respiratory movement monitoring system that finds the boundary between chest and abdomen automatically and detects the vertical movement of each part of the body separately is proposed. The system uses a fiber-grating vision sensor technique and the boundary position detection is carried out by calculating the centers of gravity of upward moving and downward moving sampling points, respectively. In the experiment to evaluate the ability to detect the respiratory movement signals of each part and to discriminate between obstructive and central apneas, detected signals of the two parts and their total clearly showed the peculiarities of obstructive and central apnea. The cross talk between the two categories classified automatically according to several rules that reflect the peculiarities was 15%. This result is sufficient for discriminating central sleep apnea syndrome from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and indicates that the system is promising as screening equipment. © 2005 The Optical Society of Japan     

激光诱导击穿光谱分析钢中酸不溶铝含量

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)具有分析速度快、非接触测量、表面微区分析以及易于实现在线实时监控分析等优点。通过LIBS对块状钢铁样品表面进行扫描分析,实现了钢中酸不溶铝含量的定量表征。铝的异常信号采用Nalimov迭代法剔除,以剩余信号强度的平均值加三倍标准偏差作为阈值强度,高于阈值强度的信号认为由酸不溶铝产生,反之由酸溶铝产生。在用含量校准曲线获得钢中总铝的含量后,分别根据酸不溶铝信号总强度或信号总个数与总铝信号之比,计算钢中酸不溶铝的含量。几种钢铁标准样品及实际生产板坯样品中酸不溶铝含量的对比分析结果表明,根据铝信号总强度获得的分析结果与传统湿法分析结果吻合得更好,可用于快速定量表征钢中酸不溶铝的含量。     

Respiratory noise correction using phase information

Respiratory noise is a confounding factor in functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data analysis. A novel method called Respiratory noise Correction using Phase information is proposed to retrospectively correct for the respiratory noise in functional MRI (fMRI) time series. It is demonstrated that the respiratory movement and the phase of functional MRI images are highly correlated in time. The signal fluctuation due to respiratory movements can be effectively estimated from the phase variation and removed from the functional MRI time series using a Wiener filtering technique. In our experiments, this new method is compared with RETROICOR, which requires recording respiration signal simultaneously in an fMRI experiment. The two techniques show comparable performance with respect to the respiratory noise correction for fMRI time series. However, this technique is more advantageous because there is no need for monitoring the subjects’ respiration or changing functional MRI protocols. This technique is also potentially useful for correcting respiratory noise from abnormal breathing or when the respiration is not periodic.     

A new strategy for respiration compensation, applied toward 3D free-breathing cardiac MRI

In thorax and abdomen imaging, image quality may be affected by breathing motion. Cardiac MR images are typically obtained while the patient holds his or her breath, to avoid respiration-related artifacts. Although useful, breath-holding imposes constraints on scan duration, which in turn limits the achievable resolution and SNR. Longer scan times would be required to improve image quality, and effective strategies are needed to compensate for respiratory motion. A novel approach at respiratory compensation, targeted toward 3D free-breathing cardiac MRI, is presented here. The method aims at suppressing the negative effects of respiratory-induced cardiac motion while capturing the heart's beating motion. The method is designed so that the acquired data can be reconstructed in two different ways: First, a time series of images is reconstructed to quantify and correct for respiratory motion. Then, the corrected data are reconstructed a final time into a cardiac-phase series of images to capture the heart's beating motion. The method was implemented, and initial results are presented. A cardiac-phase series of 3D images, covering the entire heart, was obtained for two free-breathing volunteers. The present method may prove especially useful in situations where breath-holding is not an option, for example, for very sick, mentally impaired or infant patients.     

Monitoring the Zero-Inflated Time Series Model of Counts with Random Coefficient

In this research, we consider monitoring mean and correlation changes from zero-inflated autocorrelated count data based on the integer-valued time series model with random survival rate. A cumulative sum control chart is constructed due to its efficiency, the corresponding calculation methods of average run length and the standard deviation of the run length are given. Practical guidelines concerning the chart design are investigated. Extensive computations based on designs of experiments are conducted to illustrate the validity of the proposed method. Comparisons with the conventional control charting procedure are also provided. The analysis of the monthly number of drug crimes in the city of Pittsburgh is displayed to illustrate our current method of process monitoring.     

LAMOST现场光纤位置检测方法研究

LAMOST(大天区多目标光纤光谱天文望远镜)要求通过非接触测量快速准确地获得光纤端部的中心位置。在研究光斑中心提取技术的过程中,提出了一种改进的光重心方法,包括图像卷积预处理、用标准差迭代的方法取背景值和减背景后非线性加权获得光斑特征点。有效地抑制了边缘点对中心位置的影响,提高了在大视场多目标光纤条件下提取光斑特征点的精度,并通过数据模拟、实验室和现场实验进行了验证。     

调谐激光吸收光谱波长偏移修正算法研究

可调谐半导体激光器具有线宽窄、波长扫描快、室温工作等特点,基于可调谐半导体激光器构成的激光吸收光谱气体测量系统在大气环境检测、工业生产过程在线检测中得到了广泛的应用。在实际测量系统中,由于可调谐半导体激光器中心波长受温度等因素的影响发生偏移,如不进行中心波长校正,将造成序列光谱数据重叠,处理后的光谱线型发生展宽,进而影响后续的光谱线型拟合,对气体浓度的反演精度产生影响。一般采用参考光谱吸收谱线寻峰方法进行序列光谱数据偏移的对齐,但光谱数据中的随机噪声、背景噪声、漂移噪声等因素影响峰线波长的精度。为了降低上述因素的影响,提出一种改进的时域相关光谱修正算法,首先对光谱信号进行自相关,在一定程度上提高光谱信号的信噪比,然后再进行时域互相关处理,能够准确的计算出激光器波长偏移量,减少由此造成的光谱线型展宽的影响,提高了浓度反演精度和测量稳定性。在激光吸收光谱气体浓度检测实验系统中进行了实验验证,评估结果中,原始数据标准差为1.482 8,谱线寻峰方法与时域相关方法修正后数据标准差分别为0.433 9和0.293 6,改进的时域相关修正方法修正后数据标准差为0.132 5,改进的时域相关修正方法相关系数均优于0.992,欧式距离的标准差为1.726 4。系统稳定性评估中改进方法波长漂移修正后标准偏差为0.144 3。     

The lever-coil: a simple, inexpensive sensor for respiratory and cardiac motion in MRI experiments

Thoracic and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging studies generally require some type of compensation for respiratory and cardiac motions in order to yield artifact-free images with good signal-to-noise ratio. Most techniques for respiratory compensation require the use of a non-NMR sensing device to monitor the subject's chest motion, while cardiac motion compensation generally requires the use of ECG leads within the magnet. An inductive pickup coil placed on the subject's chest is perhaps the simplest and least expensive means of monitoring respiration in a MR scanner. However, due to inductive coupling between the pickup coil, radio frequency resonator and gradient set, this arrangement often results in both NMR and respiratory signal artifacts and can also present a burn hazard to the subject depending on the placement and orientation of the pickup coil. Moreover, the presence of a pickup coil on the chest can degrade local magnetic field homogeneity and thus degrade image quality. Similar problems arise when ECG leads must be connected to the subject for cardiac monitoring and gating. To preserve the benefits of the simple pickup coil while circumventing these limitations, a "lever-coil" sensor is presented in which a pickup coil is mechanically coupled to the subject but is not located within the resonator or gradient coil. This results in much lower mutual inductance between the pickup coil and the resonator or gradients. The optimization of the geometry of the apparatus is discussed and lever-coil signal traces are shown which demonstrate the sensor's ability to simultaneously detect both respiratory and cardiac motion in mice. Finally, respiratory-gated and cardiac-triggered spin echo images of the rat abdomen and mouse heart are presented to demonstrate the utility of the lever-coil sensor.