Simultaneous Removal of COS and H2S at Low Temperatures over Nanoparticle α-FeOOH Based Catalysts

Catalysts using α-FeOOH nanoparticles as the active ingredient were tested by a microreactorchromatography assessing apparatus at atmospheric pressure between 25 and 60℃ with a gas hourly space velocity of 10,000h^-1,while the removal performance of H2S with catalysts was investigated using the thermal gravimetric method.The results show that the catalysts are highly active for COS hydrolysis at low temperatures(≤℃）and high gas hourly space velocity,and the highest activity can reach 100%.The catalyst is particularly stable for 12h,and no deactivation is observed.Nanoparticle α-FeOOH prepared using hydrated iron sulfate shows higher COS hydrolysis activity,and the optimum calcination temperature for the catalyst is 260℃.In addition,the catalysts can remove COS and H2S simultaneously,and 60℃ is favorable for the removal of H2S.The compensation effect exists in nanoparticle-based catalysts.     

纳米α-FeOOH催化剂一段法脱除COS和H2S性能的研究

利用均相沉淀法、氨水滴定法制备纳米α-FeOOH粒子，以该粒子为活性组分制备催化剂，利用微反－色谱联用活性评价技术，在常压、空速10 000 h－1、25 ℃～60 ℃温度范围内考察了纳米α-FeOOH催化剂对COS催化水解的活性。采用热重法对纳米α-FeOOH催化剂脱除H2S的性能进行了研究。结果表明：纳米α-FeOOH催化剂对COS水解在低温度、大空速下具有高的活性，系列Ⅰ和系列Ⅱ催化剂分别在60 ℃和40 ℃～45 ℃时COS转化率达到100%。在60 ℃时各种催化剂吸附H2S的能力最强，最高饱和硫容可达到21.72w%。催化剂表面能量分布不均匀，COS催化水解在低温时存在补偿效应。     

Simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide over Al2O3-K/CAC catalyst at low temperature

In this work, a series of coal-based active carbon(CAC) catalysts loaded by Al2O3were prepared by sol-gel method and used for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide(COS) and carbon disulfide(CS2) at relatively low temperatures of 30-70 ℃. The influences of calcinations temperatures and operation conditions such as: reaction temperature, O2concentration, gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) and relative humidity(RH) were also discussed respectively. The results showed that catalysts with 5.0 wt% Al2O3calcined at 300 ℃ had superior activity for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of COS and CS2. When the reaction temperature was above 50 ℃, catalytic hydrolysis activity of COS could be enhanced but that of CS2was inhibited. Too high RH could make the catalytic hydrolysis activities of COS and CS2decrease. A small amount of O2introduction could enhance the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis activities of COS and CS2.     

Fe/MCSAC catalysts surface modified with nitrogen DBD non‐thermal plasma for carbonyl sulfide catalytic hydrolysis activity enhancement

The removal of carbonyl sulfide (COS or S=C=O) from gas streams over Fe/microwave coconut‐shell activated carbon (MCSAC) catalysts modified by dielectric barrier discharge non‐thermal plasma (NTP) were investigated. The properties of Fe/MCSAC catalysts modified by NTP in different conditions, included kinds of reactors, treatment times and input voltages. The surface properties were evaluated by means of energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, Brunauer Emmett Teller, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods and theoretical calculation, which could help us understand the effects of the plasma treatment. The experiments results showed that the COS hydrolysis activities of Fe/MCSAC catalysts were largely enhanced after NTP modification. And the optimal reactor type, treatment time and input voltage were plate‐plate type, 10 min and 35 V, respectively. The catalytic activity enhanced effectually due to the improvement of active component's dispersion after NTP modification. In addition, the extended oxygen functional groups on NTP‐modified catalyst's surface could contribute to a higher activity for COS catalytic hydrolysis at low temperature. The investigation results indicate that non‐thermal plasma treatment is an effective way to manipulate catalyst surface properties for COS catalytic hydrolysis reaction. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

STUDY ON ACTIVITY OF CATALYSTS FOR HYDROLYSIS OF CARBON DISULFIDE AT LOW TEMPERATURE

lntroductionCS2,oneoforganicsulfurcompounds,existsinClauseeffiuent,petroleum,nauralgas,andvariousrawgasesmadefromcoal.TraceofCS2cangreatlyreducethecatalghcactivityardlifetimeofsomecatalystsaPpliedindownstreamprocesses,suchasthesynthesesofmethanol,arYunoniaandurea.TherearemmpsmallandmediumsizechemicalplantsinChina.Usingcoalasthcmainrawmaterialtoproducesynthesisgashasbecomeabasicpointoflong4ermpolicyforthoseplants.TheelednationofsulfurcomPoundsfromthesynthesisgas,however,isoneofthemainproble…     

尿素水解法制备降解地表臭氧的Pd-Mnox/Al2O3催化剂

采用尿素水解法制备了Pd-MnOx/Al2O3催化剂,运用低温N2吸附-脱附和X射线衍射对其进行了表征,并评价了其催化降解地表O3反应活性,考察了Pd,MnOx焙烧时间和MnOx含量刘催化剂活性的影响.结果表明,在高空速(660000h-1)、高相对湿度(85%～90%)条件下,MnOx焙烧时间为6h且.MnOx含量为...     

Performance and characterization of iron-nickel catalysts for light olefin production

A series of x (Fe, Ni)/Al2O3 catalysts (x = 2--12 wt%) were prepared using incipient wetness method and studied for the conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins. 6 wt%(Fe, Ni)/Al2O3 catalyst was found to be the optimal catalyst for the production of C2--C4 olefins. The effects of calcination behaviors and operational conditions on the catalytic performance of the optimal catalyst were investigated. The best operational conditions were molar feed ratio H2/CO = 2/1, T = 260 ℃, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) = 2600 h-1 and the pressure of 3 bar. Characterizations of both precursors and catalysts were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2-adsorption-desorption measurement, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).     

Al_(2)O_(3)-Zn-K催化水解COS和CS_(2)的研究北大核心CSCD

以活性氧化铝为载体,浸渍负载Zn、K活性组分,制备优选Al_(2)O_(3)-Zn-K催化剂.考察了反应工艺条件对COS、CS_(2)脱除精度的影响,并对失活的催化剂进行表征,分析催化剂的失活原因.结果表明,负载Zn、K活性组分后,催化剂的弱碱性中心显著提高,负载量为4%时催化剂具有最优的水解活性.在180℃催化水解过程中,工艺条件对CS_(2)脱除精度的影响较COS更为明显.无氧条件下,反应过程中生成的硫酸盐和表面活性物质发生迁移导致催化剂碱性中心减少是催化剂失活的主要原因.     

Dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over modified vermiculites

Vermiculite materials pillared with alumina and modified with titanium were tested as catalysts for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether. The different samples were characterized by powder XRD, TG, nitrogen adsorption, and pyridine adsorption followed by FTIR. Catalytic activity was evaluated in the temperature range 250–450 °C using different hourly space velocities, in the absence and in the presence of water in the feed. Modified vermiculites were shown to be active and selective in methanol dehydration. Al pillaring was found to result in more active catalysts than in the case of the modification with TiO₂. The influence of methanol hourly space velocity did not have a significant effect on methanol conversion, but it changed drastically selectivity to dimethyl ether at the beginning of the reaction. The addition of water had a negative effect on the catalysts’ activity and led to a faster catalyst deactivation.     

钾改性氧化铝基羰基硫水解催化剂及其失活机理

天然气、油田伴生气、高炉煤气等化工生产过程中伴生COS气体,不仅会腐蚀管道和毒害催化剂,还会严重污染环境并危害人类健康。COS催化水解反应可在温和条件下高效的将COS脱除,是最具应用前景的COS脱除技术之一。碱金属元素因其具有独特的电子供体性质、表面碱性和静电吸附等特性,常被用作助催化剂以提高Al₂O₃的COS催化水解性能。近年来,以钾为助剂改性的Al₂O₃催化剂(K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃)在COS催化水解反应中得到广泛的应用,但由于负载在Al₂O₃上的K物种的组成复杂,目前研究者对K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂上COS水解机理的理解仍存在一定的困惑和争议。本论文通过湿法浸渍法合成出一系列钾盐和钠盐改性的Al₂O₃催化剂,并利用各类先进的表征技术对这些催化剂进行分析。活性测试表明,以K₂CO₃、K₂C₂O₄、NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃和NaC₂O₄改性Al₂O₃催化剂均有助于COS的水解。其中K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃拥有最佳的COS水解性能,连续运行20 h后其COS转化率仍高于~93%,远远优于未改性的Al₂O₃ (~58%)。我们利用原位红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱探明了反应过程中催化剂的化学结构特征,阐明了H₂O分子在K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃上的水解作用机制。原位红外表明COS在K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃上的水解过程中形成了硫代碳酸氢盐中间产物。X射线光电子能谱表征证明催化剂的失活主要是因为催化剂表面积累了硫酸盐和单质硫。此外,我们还研究了水蒸气含量对COS水解性能的影响,研究发现,由于H₂O和COS分子在催化剂表面存在竞争吸附,过量的H₂O会引起催化活性的下降。上述研究表明,K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂上COS水解性能的提高主要是形成了HO-Al-O-K界面活性位。更为重要的是,所制备的催化剂都是在模拟工业工况条件下进行的,这为后续的工业应用提供了宝贵理论指导。本工作为理解助剂钾在Al₂O₃催化剂上COS水解活性的增强提供了新的见解,这为未来设计稳定高效的COS水解催化剂打开了新的发展方向。     

NiO/LaMnO3催化剂用于乙醇水蒸气重整反应

采用柠檬酸络合-浸渍法制备了NiO/LaMnO3钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂并将其应用于乙醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应, 考察了NiO含量、焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响, 采用XRD、TPR和热分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 该催化剂具有高活性、高选择性和良好的稳定性. 催化剂中的NiO含量和焙烧温度对催化性能有显著影响. 在原料气体积组成为20%(体积分数, φ) C2H5OH 和水以及80%(φ)N2, 其中水醇摩尔比为3:1, 空速为80000 mL·h-1·g-1 cat, 反应温度为400 ℃时, 15%(质量分数, w)的NiO/LaMnO3上, 乙醇转化率接近100%. 关联催化剂活性和TPR及XRD实验结果, 发现催化剂的高活性源于由催化剂前驱体中进入钙钛矿型复合氧化物晶格中的镍离子被还原所得的金属镍.     

氧化铝基COS、CS_2水解催化剂表面碱性和催化作用

进行了３种氧化铝基催化剂上ＣＯ２的ＴＰＤ和ＣＯＳ、ＣＳ２的水解活性研究．结果表明，催化剂表面碱性中心类型、强度和数目是不相同的；Ｋ２Ｏ和Ｐｔ的负载能提高弱碱性中心的数目和强度，同时能显著提高ＣＯＳ、ＣＳ２的水解转化率．关联第一类ＣＯ２脱附活化能和峰面积与ＣＯＳ水解反应活化能和速率常数，发现呈线性关系，说明弱碱性中心是ＣＯＳ催化水解的活性中心．关联第一、二两类ＣＯ２脱附峰面积与ＣＳ２水解速率常数，指出弱、次弱两类碱性中心均参与了ＣＳ２催化水解．催化剂表面上能量的分布是不均匀的．     

红外光谱法对COS水解催化剂氧中毒行为的研究

采用一套玻璃真空系统，对COS、H2S、O2各自的吸附行为进行了研究，通过红外谱图发现COS是解离吸附，由H2S＋O2的共吸附与H2S＋O2＋COS的共吸附结果可以看出，只有H2S与O2共存时，才会导致催化剂的失活，且导致COS水解催化剂失活的主要原因是单质硫和微量的硫酸盐沉积于催化剂的表面，温度越高，失活越严重，红外光谱得出的结果与微反得出的结果一致，并提出了失活机理。     

Kinetics of hydrogen production of methanol reformation using Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst

The catalytic performance of methanol reformation using Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 was investigated at low temperature. The operation conditions, such as composition of Cu, Zn, and Al, temperature, molar ratio of H2O/CH3OH, weight hourly space velocity, catalyst weight, and kind and flow rate of carrier gas (helium and air), were evaluated to obtain the optimum reaction condition. The catalysts were prepared by oxalic coprecipitation, coprecipitation, and polyol method. The weight composition of Cu, Zn, and Al prepared by oxalic coprecipitation was 15:15:5 by high-throughput screening of combinatorial chemistry method, which was the best Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst. The prepared catalysts showed high activity and selectivity towards hydrogen formation. The methanol conversion, production rate, and volumetric percentage of hydrogen using this best catalyst were larger than 95%, 0.65 mol/h x g and 59%, respectively, and the CO volumetric percentage was smaller than 0.22% when the reaction temperature was 240 degrees C. The size and dispersity of copper, and the activity and turnover frequency of the catalyst were calculated as well.     

CH4-CO2 reforming to syngas over Pt-CeO2-ZrO2/MgO catalysts: Modification of support using ion exchange resin method

Pt-CeO2-ZrO2/MgO (Pt-CZ/MgO) catalysts with 0.8 wt% Pt, 3.0 wt% CeO2 and 3.0 wt% ZrO2 were prepared by wet impregnation method. Support MgO was obtained using ion exchange resin method or using commercial MgO. XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, DTA-TG and CO2-TPD were used to characterize the catalysts. CH4-CO2 reforming to synthesis gas (syngas) was performed to test the catalytic behavior of the catalysts. The catalyst Pt-CZ/MgO-IE(D) prepared using ion exchange resin exhibits more regular structure, smaller and more unique particle sizes, and stronger basicity than the catalyst Pt-CZ/MgO prepared from commercial MgO. At 1073 K and atmospheric pressure, Pt-CZ/MgO-IE(D) catalyst has a higher activity and greater stability than Pt-CZ/MgO catalyst for CH4-CO2 reforming reaction at high gas hourly space velocity of 36000 mL/(g·h) with a stoichiometric feed of CH4 and CO2. Activity measurement and characterization results demonstrate that modification of the support using ion exchange resin method can promote the surface structural property and stability, therefore enhancing the activity and stability for CH4-CO2 reforming reaction.     

Catalytic oxidation of NO over Mn–Co–Ce–Ox catalysts: effect of reaction conditions

Manganese–cobalt–cerium oxide (Mn–Co–Ce–Ox) catalysts were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and tested for activity in low-temperature catalytic oxidation of NO in the presence of excess O₂. With the best Mn–Co–Ce mixed-oxide catalyst, approximately 80 % NO conversion was achieved at 150 °C and a space velocity of 35,000 h^?1. The effect of reaction conditions (reaction temperature, volume fractions of NO and O₂, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), and catalyst stability) was investigated. The optimum reaction temperature was 150 °C. Increasing the O₂ content above 3 % results in almost no improvement of NO oxidation. This catalyst enables highly effective removal of NO within a wide range of GHSV. Furthermore, the stability of the Me–Co–Ce–Ox catalyst was excellent; no noticeable decrease of NO conversion was observed in 40 h.     

廉价铁基催化剂Ｆ-Ｔ合成反应性能初探

以四个廉价的FeSO4工业原料为铁源,采用连续共沉淀法制得含铁浆料,再用喷雾干燥法制得微米级球状Fe-Cu-Ｋ-SiO2催化剂。在Ｈ2/ＣＯ=2、526Ｋ、2 0MPa、2000ｈ-1条件下于固定床反应器上考察了这四个铁基催化剂的Ｆ-Ｔ合成反应活性、选择性和稳定性,结果表明在240ｈ运行时间内,该四个催化剂均表现出良好的反应活性和选择性,而稳定性则有不同程度的下降,其中2#催化剂性能相对较优,初始ＣＯ转化率为77.89%,经历反应诱导期40ｈ时达到89 58%,其后ＣＯ转化率逐渐下降,失活速率为1 33%/ｄ;在整个运行期间ＣＨ4选择性维持在4%左右,Ｃ+5选择性在80%左右。     

碳纳米管封装铁纳米粒子催化剂上CO加氢制低碳烯烃

由于石油资源的逐步枯竭,近年来费托(F-T)反应因其可以高效将煤、天然气和生物质等转化成液体燃料和高值化学品而越来越受到人们的关注。相比于Co, Ni和Ru等F-T催化剂, Fe基催化剂因其价格低廉,产物分布广而被广泛研究。以合成气直接制备低碳烯烃的F-T过程为例,铁基催化剂通常会因积碳和烧结的问题,而导致失活。因此,人们通常使用一些氧化物载体,比如氧化硅,氧化铝或者分子筛来分散并稳定铁粒子。但是这类氧化物载体通常与铁有非常强的相互作用,特别是在铁粒子较小的情况下,容易生成一些难于还原的硅酸铁和铝酸铁。而活性炭、碳纤维等惰性载体与铁的相互作用较弱,不足以稳定小的铁粒子在而反应过程中聚集。近来,我们组提出了利用石墨烯碳层封装过渡金属粒子作为催化剂,利用“穿透”的金属电子来催化反应,从而可以使活性中心和反应介质隔离,有效地增强了非贵金属催化剂的活性和稳定性。在此基础上,我们组和其他课题组的研究表明,一系列石墨烯碳层封装的非贵金属催化剂在燃料电池阴极氧还原反应,电催化析氢反应,染料敏化太阳能电池中的I3–还原反应以及催化氧化还原反应中都有着广泛的应用前景。这种材料中碳层不仅能在氧化气氛、酸性介质中保护包覆的金属,防止其被氧化或者腐蚀,还与包覆的金属有着较强的相互作用,可以促进非贵金属的电子向碳层表面的转移,有望在一些苛刻的反应条件下实现对贵金属催化剂的替代。本文进一步拓展了其在高温反应中的应用,发现豆荚状碳纳米管封装的金属铁纳米粒子在合成气制备低碳烯烃中可以有效防止金属铁纳米粒子的烧结和聚集,因此表现出优异的低碳烯烃选择性和催化稳定性。我们利用一步化学反应法合成了豆荚状碳纳米管封装的铁纳米粒子催化剂(Pod-Fe),并通过酸洗除去碳管外面裸露的铁粒子。透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表明酸洗后铁粒子被包覆在碳管内,并且呈金属态,而酸洗前,则还有大量的氧化铁粒子分布于碳管外部(FeOx/Pod-Fe)。将酸洗前后的两个催化剂用于固定床气相F-T反应中。通过调节空速和温度考察了它们的催化反应性能,结果表明两个催化剂在不同的反应条件下都有着良好的低碳烯烃选择性。不同反应温度下,它们表现出不同的变化趋势：Pod-Fe活性随着温度的升高而缓慢增长,至380 oC都没有明显的失活现象;而对于FeOx/Pod-Fe催化剂,随着温度的升高, CO的转化率先升高,在300 oC时达最高,但随着温度进一步升高,活性迅速降低,呈现一个火山型曲线。 TEM结果发现,反应后FeOx/Pod-Fe催化剂粒子上产生了很多杂乱的碳丝,并且铁粒子有着明显的聚集长大。而Pod–Fe催化剂即使在380 oC反应后,其形貌仍然保持完好,没有积碳产生,粒子也没有发生聚集和长大。进一步在320 oC下120 h的寿命试验发现, Pod-Fe催化剂的初始活性较低,但经20 h的活化阶段,活性会先增加后略有下降,20 h后趋于稳定。而FeOx/Pod-Fe催化剂在反应初始虽然表现出较高的活性,但是随着时间进行,活性迅速下降一半以上,最后趋于稳定。同时结合反应后TEM和XRD的结果发现碳管外部裸露的铁粒子会在反应过程中形成碳化铁物种,并随着反应进行产生聚集,并伴有大量积碳,导致活性迅速下降;而碳层的包覆对于铁粒子有着很好的稳定作用,使得铁粒子能够在高温反应中保持稳定,并且没有积碳的产生。由此可见石墨烯碳层可以有效保护其包覆的金属粒子,并且能够提高其在高温反应下的低碳烯烃选择性和稳定性。此类催化剂有望在一些苛刻条件下的多相催化反应中得到广泛应用。     

SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2催化剂上正丁烷异构化反应

考察了活化温度、反应温度、空速、Ｈ２／Ｃ４比和载Ｐｔ对ＳＯ２－４／ＺｒＯ２催化剂的正丁烷异构化反应活性和稳定性的影响．较高的Ｈ２／Ｃ４比可提高ＳＯ２－４／ＺｒＯ２催化剂的稳定性和稳态活性．催化剂负载Ｐｔ后，可降低反应原料中的Ｈ２／Ｃ４比．积炭是造成反应初始阶段催化剂迅速失活的主要原因，经烧炭再生以后这部分失活可以完全恢复     

Propylene Epoxidation by Dioxygen over Catalyst Copper-loaded TiO2

A copper-TiO2 based catalyst(Cu-OH-Cl-TiO2) was prepared through a slurry impregnation approach and the catalyst was found to be active and selective for the epoxidation of propylene by dioxygen. With a feed gas of 10% C3H6, 10% O2 and 80% N2 at a gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) of 4000 h–1, a propylene conversion of 4.8% and a propylene oxide(PO) selectivity of 38.9% were achieved over the obtained Cu-OH-Cl-TiO2 catalyst at a reaction temperature of 500 K. It revealed that Cu2+ provided by crystalline Cu2(OH)3Cl plays a key role in catalytic conversion of propylene to PO.