Studies on the Performance and Structure of Supported Catalysts for the Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas

The catalytic properties of several supported metal catalysts on different carriers were studied in the partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas. In our experiment, supported noble metal catalysts exhibited better performance than the other supported transition metal catalysts. The catalyst performances were significantly influenced by the d-electron configuration of the active metal components and the dispersion of active metal components on the support. A catalyst with a moderate number of unpaired electrons in the d-orbital of the active metal support without obvious acidity or redox activity (e.g. MgO) was suitable for POM performance. The Rh/SiO2 catalyst was the best in the POM reaction, among those investigated. Reaction conditions apparently also affected the POM performance of the catalyst. The conversion of methane and the selectivity for CO increased with the reaction temperature, and a high CH4/O2 ratio was not beneficial for POM performance.     

Studies on the Performance and Structure of Supported Catalysts for the Partial

The catalytic properties of several supported metal catalysts on different carriers were studied in the partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas. In our experiment, supported noble metal catalysts exhibited better performance than the other supported transition metal catalysts. The catalyst performances were significantly influenced by the d-electron configuration of the active metal components and the dispersion of active metal components on the support. A catalyst with a moderate number of unpaired electrons in the d-orbital of the active metal support without obvious acidity or redox activity (e.g. MgO) was suitable for POM performance. The Rh/SiO2 catalyst was the best in the POM reaction, among those investigated. Reaction conditions apparently also affected the POM performance of the catalyst. The conversion of methane and the selectivity for CO increased with the reaction temperature, and a high CH4/O2 ratio was not beneficial for POM performance.     

在改进的Ni基催化剂上的甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应

 本文采用高温分解和焙烧硝酸盐的方法合成了一系列Ni基六铝酸盐催化剂BaNiyAl12-yO19-δ (y=0.1、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.0)，并对它们在甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中的催化性能、催化剂表面积碳及活性组分Ni流失等情况进行了考察。结果表明，该催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的催化活性，在850 ℃，甲烷转化率和CO选择性分别可达92%和95%。并且催化剂BaNiyAl12-yO19-δ (y=0.3)在100小时的POM反应后，催化剂表面积碳很少，积碳量仅为样品净重的0.8%，特别是100小时反应后，催化剂表面活性组分Ni没有发生流失。这种低积碳量和无活性组分Ni流失与催化剂结构中Ni与相邻原子间的强相互作用有关。     

自放热条件下甲烷部分氧化制合成气

天然气组成的９０％以上是甲烷．目前由天然气制合成气的主要方法是水蒸汽重整法,这种方法投资大、设备复杂、能耗高、生产的合成气不适于直接用来合成甲醇和烃类等．甲烷部分氧化可直接制得Ｈ２与ＣＯ摩尔比为２的合成气,这是一个温和的放热过程、具有大空速和低温等优...     

Effect of Ni Loading and Reaction Conditions on Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas

The partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas is studied in this paper over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts under atmospheric pressure. The effects of Ni loading on the activity and stability of catalysts with 5 mm α-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3 pellets as supports were measured in a continuous fixed bed reactor. It is found that the optimum Ni loading is 10%. And the effect of reaction conditions on partial oxidation of methane is also studied. The methane conversion and CO selectivity increase with the increase of the reaction temperature and the space velocity on 10%Ni/α-Al2O3 catalysts. The best CH4/O2 mole ratio is 2 for CO selectivity, and the optimum space velocity is 5.4x105 h-1.     

甲烷和空气部分氧化制合成气

使用空气做氧化剂,可减轻甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中催化剂床层的“热点”问题,而且可大大降低加压反应条件下反应爆炸的危险性,因此易于工业化,对国内外在这一领域的研究总结表明,以空气与甲烷部分氧化制合成气在理论和反应条件上都是可行的,但忖用于空气来转化CH4的抗高温烧结和抗结炭性能好的催化剂有待进一步研究和开发,参考文献10篇。     

流化床反应器中甲烷部分氧化制合成气

Most previous studies on the partial oxidation of methane (POM) have used either fixed beds or monolith catalysts[1].     

Pt/MgO 催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应

用浸渍法制备了Pt/MgO催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜和程序升温表面反应等技术对催化剂进行了表征.考察了催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的催化性能.结果表明,Pt/MgO催化剂具有较高的催化活性和选择性,甲烷转化率与合成气选择性在120 h内保持稳定.以金属状态存在的Pt对甲烷分解具有较高的活性,从而使催化剂对甲烷部分氧化反应具有较高的催化活性.活性组分Pt的存在状态和分散状态非常稳定,而Pt/MgO催化剂具有较强的抗积碳能力,使得催化剂在甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中具有较高的稳定性.     

焙烧气氛对Ru/Al2O3催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应性能的影响

采用气相色谱、质谱和原位时间分辨红外光谱等技术对空气和Ar气氛中焙烧的Ru/Al2O3催化剂样品上甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气反应进行了跟踪,并采用化学吸附、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和H2-程序升温还原等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在Ru/Al2O3-Air上POM反应出现振荡现象,而在Ru/Al2O3-Ar上则可...     

Microreactor for the Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methane

Fixed-bed reactors for the partial oxidation of methane to produce synthetic gas still pose hot-spot problems. An alternative reactor, which is known as the shell-and-tube-typed microreactor, has been developed to resolve these problems. The microreactor consists of a 1 cm outside-diameter, 0.8 cm inside-diameter and 11 cm length tube, and a 1.8 cm inside-diameter shell. The tube is made of dense alumina and the shell is made of quartz. Two different methods dip and spray coating were performed to line the tube side with the LaNixOy catalyst. Combustion and reforming reactions take place simultaneously in this reactor. Methane is oxidized in the tube side to produce flue gases (CO2 and H2O) which flow counter-currently and react with the remaining methane in the shell side to yield synthesis gas. The methane conversion using the higher-loading catalyst spray-coated tube reaches 97% at 700℃, whereas that using the lower-loading catalyst dip-coated tube reaches only 7.78% because of poor adhesion between the catalyst film and the alumina support. The turnover frequencies (TOFs) using the catalyst spray-and dip-coated tubes are 5.75×10-5 and 2.24×10-5 mol/gcat·s, respectively. The catalyst spray-coated at 900℃provides better performance than that at 1250℃because sintering reduces the surface-area. The hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio produced by the spray-coated catalyst is greater than the stoichiometric ratio, which is caused by carbon deposition through methane cracking or the Boudouard reaction.     

Rh／SiO2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应

 利用程序升温脱附、程序升温还原、程序升温表面反应、程序升温反应和化学捕获反应等手段，对Rh／SiO2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应进行了研究．结果表明，Rh／SiO2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气机理属于热解－氧化反应机理．甲烷首先在催化剂上发生解离吸附，产生具有不同H／C比的化学吸附物种CHx（x＝1～3）．其中，具有较高H／C比的CHx可能是甲烷部分氧化反应的活性物种，而具有较低H／C比的CHx可能是催化剂上积碳并导致催化剂失活的来源．活性物种CHx在活性氧物种的作用下，生成含氧中间体物种CHxO或继续脱氢．含氧中间体物种进一步分解，即生成CO和H2；CO2也可由CHx或CHxO物种进一步氧 化生成．     

用于部分氧化甲烷制合成气铈基氧载体的性能分析

对铈基氧载体在熔融盐中利用其品格氧直接部分氧化甲烷制合成气的反应性能进行了研究；分别制备了在650，750，850和950℃焙烧下的铈基氧载体，在不同的反应温度下，利用制备的铈基氧载体对甲烷转化率、H2及CO的选择性进行了试验研究，结果表明：750℃下焙烧的铈基氧载体具有最高的活性，反应温度为825℃时，甲烷的转化率达到了96．5％，同时H2的选择性也比其他温度制备的氧载体高；对750℃焙烧下的氧载体分别添加1％MgO和1％TiO2，考察助剂对氧载体反应性能的影响，结果表明：添加1％MgO和1％TiO2能较好的改善氧载体的性能，且添加1％MgO时氧载体的性能最好。     

Methane Activation by Diatomic Molybdenum Carbide Cations

Metal carbide species have been proposed as a new type of chemical entity to activate methane in both gas‐phase and condensed‐phase studies. Herein, methane activation by the diatomic cation MoC⁺ is presented. MoC⁺ ions have been prepared and mass‐selected by a quadrupole mass filter and then allowed to interact with methane in a hexapole reaction cell. The reactant and product ions have been detected by a reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Bare metal Mo⁺ and MoC₂H₂⁺ ions have been observed as products, suggesting the occurrence of ethylene elimination and dehydrogenation reactions. The branching ratio of the C₂H₄ elimination channel is much larger than that of the dehydrogenation channel. Density functional theory calculations have been performed to explore in detail the mechanism of the reaction of MoC⁺ with CH₄. The computed results indicate that the ethylene elimination process involves the occurrence of spin conversions in the C?C coupling (doublet→quartet) and hydrogen atom transfer (quartet→sextet) steps. The carbon atom in MoC⁺ plays a key role in methane activation because it becomes sp³ hybridized in the initial stages of the ethylene elimination reaction, which leads to much lower energy barriers and more stable intermediates. This study provides insights into the C?H bond activation and C?C coupling involved in methane transformation over molybdenum carbide‐based catalysts.     

Comparative Effectiveness of Oxygen and Nitrous Oxide in the Partial Oxidation of Methane on V2O5/SiO2

It is shown that at relatively low temperatures the rate of oxidation of methane by nitrous oxide over the catalyst V₂O₅/SiO₂ exceeds the rate of oxidation of methane by oxygen, whereas at higher temperatures the opposite relation is observed between the comparative rates of the reactions. This effect is explained on the basis of a heterogeneous chain mechanism for the oxidation of methane.     

SBA-15负载钒氧化物催化剂上甲烷选择氧化反应

对SBA-15负载的钒、钼、钨氧化物催化的甲烷选择氧化反应性能进行了比较,发现VO_x/SBA-15催化剂优于MoOx/SBA-15和WOx/SBA-15催化剂.针对钒氧化物催化剂,考察了不同钒源、不同载体以及少量P元素的添加对催化性能的影响,结果表明以SBA-15为载体的催化剂的性能好于MCM-41和Cab-O-Sil为载体的催化剂;与V₂O₅,VO(C₂O₄)相比,NH₄VO₃是制备性能良好的VO_x/SBA-15的钒源;在VO_x/SBA-15中,添加少量P元素后,HCHO的选择性有一定程度的提高.XRD,N₂物理吸附、UN-Raman和H₂-TPR表征结果表明,负载量低于3 wt%时,钒组分可能主要以高分散的单核的VO_x物种存在,我们推测该物种对甲烷选择氧化制甲醛起关键作用.     

CeO2 as the Oxygen Carrier for Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas in Molten Salts： Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Investigation

A new technique -- the direct partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas using lattice oxygen in molten salts medium has been introduced. Using CeO2 as the oxygen carrier, thermodynamic data were calculated in the reaction process, and the results indicated that direct partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas using lattice oxygen of cerium oxide is feasible in theory. In a stainless steel reactor, the effects of temperature and varying amounts of γ-Al2O3 supported CeO2 on cn4 conversion, H2 and CO selectivity, were investigated, respectively. The results show that 10% CeO2/γ-Al2O3 has the maximal reaction activity at a temperature of 865 ℃ and above, the H2/CO ratio in the gas that has been produced reaches 2 and the CH4 conversion, H2 and CO selectivity reached the following percentages： i.e. 61%, 89%, and 91% at 870 ℃, respectively. In addition, increase of reaction temperature is favorable for the partial oxidation of methane.     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气:载体及助剂对Ni系催化剂活性的影响

 采用浸渍法制备了Ni系催化剂,并用程序升温还原和X射线衍射技术对催化剂进行了表征,用固定床微反装置考察了催化剂的催化活性．活性考察结果表明,在Ni担载量为8％的Ni／γ－Al2O3,Ni／δ－Al2O3,Ni／θ－Al2O3和Ni／α－Al2O3四种催化剂上,甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的活性及产物选择性存在着明显的差异．在770℃下,甲烷转化率及CO和H2的选择性按Ni／γ－Al2O3＜Ni／δ－Al2O3＜Ni／θ－Al2O3≈Ni／α－Al2O3顺序排列．在相同的条件下,加入适量的CeO2助剂后,Ni／γ－Al2O3和Ni／δ－Al2O3上的反应活性和选择性显著提高,而Ni／θ－Al2O3和Ni／α－Al2O3上的活性和选择性却变化不大．同时,表征结果显示,Ni易与γ－Al2O3形成镍铝尖晶石NiAl2O4,加入CeO2助剂能有效地抑制该组分的生成,而Ni／α－Al2O3样品中未发现NiAl2O4．因此,不同Ni／Al2O3催化剂体系上的反应活性及选择性的差异可归结为不同结构Al2O3载体的性质不同,及CeO2对抑制镍铝尖晶石生成的效果不同．     

In-Situ FT-IR Investigation Methane to Syngas over of Partial Oxidation of Rh/SiO2 Catalyst

Partial oxidation of methane to syngas （POM） over Rh/SiO2 catalyst was investigated using in-situ FT-IR. When methane interacted with 1.0wt%Rh/SiO2 catalyst, it was dissociated to adsorbed hydrogen and CHx species. The adsorbed hydrogen atoms were transferred to SiO2 surface by ＂spill-over＂ and reacted with lattice oxygen to form surface -OH species. POM mechanism was investigated over Rh/SiO2 catalyst using in-situ FT-IR. It was found that CO2 was formed before CO could be detected when CH4 and O2 were introduced over the preoxidized Rh/SiO2 catalyst, whereas CO was detected before CO2 was formed over the prereduced Rh/SiO2 catalyst.     

In-Situ FT-IR Investigation of Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas over Rh/SiO_2 Catalyst

Partial oxidation of methane to syngas(POM)over Rh/SiO_2 catalyst was investigated using in-situ FT-IR.When methane interacted with 1.0wt%Rh/SiO_2 catalyst,it was dissociated to adsorbed hydrogen and CH_x species.The adsorbed hydrogen atoms were transferred to SiO_2 surface by"spill-over"and reacted with lattice oxygen to form surface -OH species. POM mechanism was investigated over Rh/SiO_2 catalyst using in-situ FT-IR.It was found that CO_2 was formed before CO could be detected when CH_4 and O_2 were introduced over the preoxidized Rh/SiO_2 catalyst,whereas CO was detected before CO_2 was formed over the prereduced Rh/SiO_2 catalyst.     

Advances in the Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas

The conversion and utilization of natural gas is of significant meaning to the national economy,even to the everyday life of people. However, it has not become a popular industrial process as expected due to the technical obstacles. In the past decades, much investigation into the conversion of methane,predominant component of natural gas, has been carried out. Among the possible routes of methane conversion, the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas is considered as an effective and economically feasible one. In this article, a brief review of recent studies on the mechanism of the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas together with catalyst development is wherein presented.