Adaptation of Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3 to Temperature Change in Methanol Synthesis from CO_2 Hydrogenation

The induction behavior in CO2 hydrogenation was studied by varying the reaction temperature to investigate the adaptation of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst to the temperature change. The results indicated that a used catalyst had a tendency to keep the last running state in new reaction conditions for MeOH formation, and that this tendency was related to the difference in Cu/Cun+ ratio caused by CO2 and CO produced at different reaction temperatures. However, the reverse water-gas shift reaction (RWGS) induced at four temperatures was completely different from that of methanol synthesis. It implied that the two so-called competitive reactions in CO2+H2, RWGS and methanol synthesis, have different active centers.     

Adaptation o Cu／ZnO／Al2O3 to Temperature Change in Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation

The induction behavior in CO2 hydrogenation was studied by varying the reaction temperature to investigate the adaptation of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst to the temperature change,The results indicated that a used catalyst had a tendency to keep the last running state in new reaction conditions for MeOH formation,and that this tendency was related to the difference in Cu/Cu^n ration caused by CO2 and CO produced at different reaction temperatures,However,the reverse water-gas shift reaction (BWGS) induced at four temperatures was completely different from that of methanol synthesis,It implied that the two so-called competitive reactions in CO2 H2,RWGS and methanol synthesis,have different, active centers.     

Influence of Reaction Conditions on Methanol Synthesis and WGS Reaction in the Syngas-to-DME Process

A series of CuO-ZnO catalysts (with different Cu/Zn molar ratios) were prepared, and evaluated under the reaction conditions of syngas-to-dimethyl ether (DME) with three sorts of feed gas and different space velocity. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The experiment results showed that the reaction conditions of syngas-to-DME process greatly affected the methanol synthesis and WGS reaction. The influence caused by Cu/Zn molar ratio was quite different on the two reactions; increasing of percentage of CO2 in feed gas was unfavorable for catalyst activity, and also inhibited both reactions: enhancement of reaction space velocity heavily influenced the performance of the catalyst, and the benefits were relatively less for methanol synthesis than for the WGS reaction.     

Characterization and performance of Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3 catalysts prepared via decomposition of M(Cu,Zn)-ammonia complexes under sub-atmospheric pressure for methanol synthesis from H_2 and CO_2

Methanol synthesis from hydrogenation of CO2 is investigated over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by decomposition of M(Cu,Zn)-ammonia complexes (DMAC) at various temperatures.The catalysts were characterized in detail,including X-ray diffraction,N2 adsorption-desorption,N2O chemisorption,temperature-programmed reduction and evolved gas analyses.The influences of DMAC temperature,reaction temperature and specific Cu surface area on catalytic performance are investigated.It is considered that the aurichalcite phase in the precursor plays a key role in improving the physiochemical properties and activities of the final catalysts.The catalyst from rich-aurichalcite precursor exhibits large specific Cu surface area and high space time yield of methanol (212 g/(Lcat·h);T=513 K,p=3MPa,SV=12000 h-1).     

Stabilization of Cu/ZnO Based Catalysts by Nickel Additive in Methanol Decomposition

A series of Cu/Zn based catalysts with and without Ni, prepared by the co-precipitation method, has been studied for methanol decomposition. CO and H2 are the major products. The Cu/Zn catalysts show a low initial activity and a poor stability. The formation of the CuZn alloys was observed in the deactivated Cu/Zn catalysts which were used for methanol decomposition at 250 . When small amounts of Ni were added in the catalyst, the Cu/Zn/Ni(molar ratio 5/4/ x) catalysts showed a high activity at a low temperature. The activity and the stability of the catalyst depend on the nickel content. The activity of the Cu/Zn/Ni catalysts was maintained at a. relatively stable value of 78% conversion of methanol with 95% selectivity of H2, 93% selectivity of CO, and a more than 70% yield of hydrogen was obtained at 250 C when x >1. The stability of the Cu/Zn/Ni (molar ratio 5/4/x) catalysts showed the maximum (ca 88%) when x=1. The stabilization effect of nickel on the Cu/Zn based catalysts may lead to the increasin     

New process of low-temperature methanol synthesis from CO/CO_2/H_2 based on dual-catalysis

A new process of low-temperature methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 based on dual-catalysis has been developed. Some alcohols, especially 2-alcohol, were found to have high catalytic promoting effect on the synthesis of methanol from CO hydrogenation. At 443 K and 5 MPa, the synthesis of methanol could process high effectively, resulting from the synergic catalysis of Cu/ZnO solid catalyst and 2-alcohol solvent catalyst. The primary results showed that when 2-butanol was used as reaction solvent, the one-pass average yield and the selectivity of methanol, in 40 h continuous reaction at temperature as low as 443 K and 5 MPa, were high up to 46.51% and 98.94% respectively. The catalytic activity was stable and the reaction temperature was 80 K or so lower than that in current industry synthesis process. This new process hopefully will become a practical method for methanol synthesis at low temperature.     

NaA分子筛膜催化剂上CO和C2H4混合气的选择性氧化反应

Defect-free zeolite NaA membranes were coated onto the surface of spherical Pt/Al2O3 particles using a two-step hydrothermal method. The structure and morphology of the synthesized composite catalysts were characterized using XRD and SEM techniques, respectively. The results indicated a layer of compact and uniform NaA molecular sieve membrane with a thickness of about 20 滋m was coated on the spherical Pt/Al2O3 particles after the two-step hydrothermal synthesis. The prepared NaA membrane coated catalysts were used in the oxidation of a mixture of CO and C2H4 to study the reactant selectivity over the coated zeolite NaA membranes. Under the optimized conditions, the oxidation selectivity for CO over C2H4 on the composite catalyst was as high as 96%. The feasible application of this composite membrane coated catalyst to the selective removal of CO in the presence of C2H4 was anticipated.     

A Novel Sul ded Mo/C Catalyst for Direct Vapor Phase Carbonylation of Methanol at Atmospheric Pressure

The direct carbonylation of methanol, without any halide in the feed as a promoter, is presented. A series of Mo catalysts supported on activated carbon, y-Al2O3 and SiO2 were prepared. The results show that the support greatly affects the Mo catalyst in the direct vapor-phase carbonylation of methanol, and activated carbon is the best supports of the investigated supports. In addition, the relationships between adsorptions of NH3 and CO and carbonylation of methanol were investigated. A novel sulfided Mo/C catalyst had high activity and selectivity for the vapor phase carbonylation of methanol to methyl acetate without the addition of a CH3I promoter to the feed. The reaction conditions were optimized at a reaction temperature of 573 K, a methanol concentration of 23 mol% and a carbon monoxide space velocity of 3,000 L/(kg-h). Under these optimal conditions a methanol conversion of 50%, carbonylation selectivity of 80 mol%, and space-time yield of 8.0 mol/(kg-h) were obtained. The active phase of this     

EFFECT OF La AND Zr ON THE CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF SUPPORTED COPPER CATALYST FOR DEHYDROGENATION OF METHANOL TO METHYL FORMATE

The catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol over supported Cu/SiO_2and Cu/Al_2O_3 prepared by impregnation and by ion-exchange (Cu/SiO_2(im),Cu/Al_2_3(im) and Cu/SiO_2(ex)), La_2O_3 and ZrO_2 promoted Cu/SiO_2 or Cu/Al_2O_3 catalyst has been studied in a fixed bed microreactor at 250℃ and atmo-spheric pressure. The Cu/SiO_2 (ex) catalyst was found to be very active and se-lective toward methyl formate (MF). However, Cu/SiO_2(im) catalyst wasless active and selective among the studied catalysts. The catalytic activity, MFselectivity and MF yield over Cu/SiO_2 And Cu/Al_2O_3 are greatly improved byLa and Zr. XPS and XRD results suggest that the crystallite size of copper wasreduced by coating La and Zr, the surface Cu/Si or Cu/Al atomic ratio in-creased. TPR results show when the support was coated with La and Zr thepeak temperatures of catalysts significantly decreased.     

Effect of CeO2 addition on Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for methanation of carbon dioxide with hydrogen

The Ni-CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts with a nickel content of 15 wt% prepared via impregnating boehmite were found to be highly active and stable for methanation of carbon dioxide with hydrogen at a H2/CO2 molar ratio of 4.The effects of CeO2 content and reaction temperature on the performance of the Ni-CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts were studied in detail.The results showed that the catalytic performance was strongly dependent on the CeO2 content in Ni-CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts and that the catalysts with 2 wt%CeO2 had the highest catalytic activity among the tested ones at 350℃.The XRD and H2-TPR characterizations revealed that the addition of CeO2 decreased the reduction temperature by altering the interaction between Ni and Al2O3,and improved the reducibility of the catalyst.Preliminary stability test of 120 h on stream over the Ni-2CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst at 350℃ revealed that the catalyst was much better than the unpromoted one.     

AHTD法铜基催化剂合成甲醇的研究——Ⅰ.催化剂的催化性能

自从ICI低压、低温甲醇合成过程取代高压过程以来,人们对该过程所使用的Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3或Cu/ZnO/Cr_2O_3催化剂有极大的兴趣。Herman、Klier等人已证明这种低压、低温下的活性应归属于Cu-ZnO间的相互作用,在相同的条件下,单纯的铜或氧化锌的活性几乎可以忽略不计,而氧化铝或氧化铬主要起结构助剂的作用。由此可见,控制适宜的Cu-ZnO间的相互作用是提高甲醇合成活性的关键,因此,如何才能产生这种适宜的相互作用就成了人们极为重视的研究课题。到目前为止,人们普遍采用沉淀法制备铜基甲醇合成催化剂,试图通过改变各种制备条件来开发更好的     

AHTD法铜基催化剂中氧化铝的作用

由合成气催化合成甲醇是重要的工业过程,其中使用的Cu/Zn/Al催化剂一直是人们广泛研究的对象,这种催化剂常由金属硝酸盐用NaHCO_3(或Na_2CO_3)在一定的pH值下沉淀生成金属复合碳酸盐,再加热分解成氧化物制得。该法步骤繁琐,耗时多。本文采用雾化高温分解法(Aerosol High Temperature Decomposition,简称AHTD法)扶金属硝酸盐一步制得催化剂氧化物,并研究了Cu/Zn/Al催化剂中Al_2O_3对催化活性、表面性质的影响。     

沉淀还原法制备高性能CO2加氢合成甲醇Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂

由铜基催化剂催化CO2+H2合成甲醇是有效利用CO2的潜在途径[1～5]. 但传统的催化剂对该反应的催化活性及选择性均很低[3～5], 因而寻求具有高活性及高选择性的新型催化剂已成为重要研究课题[4,6]. Cu/ZnO系列催化剂的制备方法和助剂对催化剂的性质及CO2加氢合成甲醇的反应性能有显著影响[6～10], 传统的气相还原活化铜基催化剂的过程常伴随强烈的热效应, 导致催化剂活化过程存在耗时长及还原条件难以控制等问题[11]. 本文采用沉淀-还原法, 用KBH4溶液对新鲜制备的碳酸盐共沉淀进行液相化学还原处理, 直接得到高活性及高选择性的还原态Cu/ZnO/Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂, 并可通过改变催化剂表面Cu+/Cu0活性物种的相对比例来改善催化剂的活性及选择性.     

并流淤浆混合法制备铜基甲醇合成催化剂及助剂Al2O3的作用研究

采用并流淤浆混合法制备了一系列具有不同铜锌铝比的铜基甲醇合成催化剂CuO/ZnO/Al2O3,测试了其催化性能(甲醇收率和CO转化率)及物相结构,并对该制备方法进行评价。Cu∶Zn∶Al摩尔比为4∶5∶1 的铜基催化剂显示了最好的催化活性。通过对催化剂前驱物煅烧过程进行DTA分析及对前驱物进行XRD分析表明, 催化剂前驱物的物相与Al2O3的量有关。当Al2O3的量较低时,前驱物的物相以(Cu0.3 Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6为主;当Al2O3的量较高时,前驱物中物相(Cu0.3Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6的量下降,而物相Cu2CO3(OH)2的量增加。物相(Cu0.3 Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6对终态催化剂的活性是十分有利的 。     

沉淀及老化温度对浆态床合成甲醇CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂活性及稳定性的影响

利用浆态床反应器,考察了沉淀及老化温度对CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂催化合成甲醇的活性及稳定性的影响,并用XRD、BET、FT-IR以及XPS等技术对前驱体及催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,前驱体物相主要以孔雀石(Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂)和类孔雀石((Cu,Zn)₂(CO₃)(OH)₂)为主,其中,70 ℃沉淀和80 ℃老化条件下制备的前驱体具有适当的结晶度,焙烧后的催化剂中CuO分布均匀,Cu元素的电子结合能位移最大,CuO与ZnO之间作用较强,催化剂的性能最佳,时空收率和失活率分别达到了153.3 g/(kg_cat·h)和1.44%/d。     

溶胶-凝胶自燃烧法制备的CuO-ZnO/Al2O3及催化二氧化碳加氢制甲醇的性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶自燃烧法,以柠檬酸为燃料制备了多种CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂.利用N2静态吸附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等方法研究了柠檬酸与硝酸盐比例关系对催化剂物化性质,形貌和还原性能的影响.并将其用于二氧化碳加氢制甲醇反应,考察催化剂的CO2转化率,甲醇选择性以及甲醇时空收率等催化性能.实验结果表明,当柠檬酸用量等于化学计量比时,CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的催化性能最好,当柠檬酸用量大于化学计量比时,催化性能次之,且变化不大,但当柠檬酸用量小于化学计量比时,催化性能明显降低.这一结果与其物化性质和还原性能有关,当柠檬酸用量等于或大于化学计量比时,催化剂中CuO颗粒较小,分散均匀,且分散度高.     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的研究

燃料电池作为一种无污染、高效率的能源引起世界各大汽车公司的广泛关注[1,2]。用于燃料电池的燃料目前研究较多的是氢气,用氢气作燃料存在储存、安全、运输等问题,寻求合适贮氢方法或替代燃料,实现车载制氢是解决问题的办法。甲醇作为液体燃料,因具有高能量密度,低碳含量,以及运输和贮存等优势成为车载制氢的理想燃料,甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应也成为研究的热点[3～10]。车载制氢对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应体系中的产氢速率,氢气和CO的含量都有一定的要求。尤其对CO含量要求更为苛刻,因CO易引起燃料电池阳极催化剂中毒[11,12]。因此,开…     

Efficient Synthesis of p-Hydroxyphenyl Ethanol from Hydrogenation of Methyl p-Hydroxyphenylacetate with CNTs-promoted Cu-Zr Catalyst

Hydrogenation of methyl p-hydroxyphenylacetate has been used for the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol. The reaction was catalyzed by Cu_iZr_j-x%(mass fraction) carbon nanotubes(CNTs) catalysts. Incorporation of a minor amount of CNTs into Cu_iZr_j oxide can visibly increase the catalytic activity for the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol. The yield of p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol reaches 94.2% over a co-precipitated catalyst of Cu₃Zr₁ oxide with 11.0%CNTs. Its catalytic activity shows no obvious decrease after three cycles. This is much better than the CNT-free co-precipitated catalyst with a good yield of 81.1%, Cu₃Zr₁-0%CNTs.     

液相还原法制备Cu/Zn/Al/Zr催化剂用于CO2加氢合成甲醇

近年来,由于大气CO2浓度增加引起的温室效应正日益威胁着人类的生存与发展,CO2的捕获与利用是有望解决温室效应和能源危机的有效途径.CO2催化转化为甲醇成为众多研究者关注的焦点,这是因为甲醇不仅是一种重要的基本化工原料,也是一种洁净的绿色燃料和能源载体.Cu基催化剂广泛应用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应,并表现出良好的催化性能.通常,金属催化剂的制备是采用H2对金属氧化物进行还原.然而,传统的气相还原过程伴随着强烈的热效应,且需要在高温(473-573 K)下进行,会引起表面铜颗粒长大并加速其聚集烧结,使得活性组分利用率下降.近年来,以NaBH4为还原剂的液相还原法逐渐受到人们的重视,该方法操作简单、快捷且条件可控,反应在低温下进行,放出的热量可在液相环境中迅速得到转移,大大抑制了铜颗粒的聚集.因此,液相还原法可制备出高铜分散度、高活性的催化剂.焙烧温度对铜基催化剂结构和催化性能的影响已得到广泛探究,但这仅限于含二价铜物种催化剂,焙烧温度对含多种铜价态催化剂的影响未见报道.由于液相还原法制备的催化剂含有还原态的铜物种(Cu0和Cu+),它们比Cu2+具有更强的流动性,因此在后续的焙烧过程中催化剂更容易发生烧结和聚集.本文采用液相还原法合成了Cu/Zn/Al/Zr催化剂,分别于423,573,723和873 K焙烧后用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应,考察了焙烧温度对制备的铜基催化剂结构性质和催化性能的影响,并与传统共沉淀法制备的催化剂进行了对比.结果显示,随着焙烧温度升高,铜物种聚集作用增强,金属铜颗粒尺寸增大,873 K时烧结出现显著增强.由于比表面积随焙烧温度升高而减小,高温度焙烧的催化剂具有小的表面碱性位数目.焙烧温度会影响催化剂中铜物种与其它组分的相互作用,进而影响催化剂的还原.随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的还原温度逐渐降低,表面Cu+/Cu0的比例先增后减.CO2加氢活性评价显示,液相还原法制备的催化剂具有更高的催化活性,尤其是甲醇选择性;随着焙烧温度升高,催化剂的CO2转化率和甲醇选择性先增后减,CZAZ-573催化剂具有最高活性,且在1000 h长周期活性测试中表现稳定.CO2转化率与催化剂暴露金属铜的比表面积密切相关.相比Cu0,产物甲醇更容易在Cu+表面催化生成,催化剂表面的Cu+/Cu0比与甲醇选择性的变化规律一致.通过调控焙烧温度可得到高Cu比表面积以及高Cu+/Cu0比的催化剂,有利于CO2加氢生成甲醇.     

凝胶网格共沉淀法制备Cu/ZnO/Al2O3合成甲醇催化剂

随着工业污染和温室效应等环境问题及能源危机和资源危机的日益严重,以二氧化碳为原料催化合成甲醇等化学品已成为C;化工研究中最重要的前沿课题之一[‘－’j．CO。加氢合成甲醇的研究虽已有