Chiral dinuclear vanadium(v) catalysts for oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols

Preparation and structural analysis of chiral dinuclear vanadium(v) catalysts with high catalytic activity for the oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols are described.     

A novel type of catalysts for asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol

Stereochemically inert, positively charged chiral octahedral complexes of Co^III and Cr^III were used as catalysts for asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol. The reaction product 1,1´-bi-2-naphthol was produced with a yield of up to 74% and enantiomeric excess of up to 22%. The reduction and oxidation potentials of a series of Co^III and Cr^III cationic complexes were measured.     

The rational design of novel chiral oxovanadium(IV) complexes for highly enantioselective oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols

Several novel chiral oxovanadium(IV) complexes have been designed and prepared for the asymmetric catalytic oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols with high enantioselectivities of 83-98% ee.     

Gold-catalyzed chemoselective formal (3+2)-Annulation reaction between β-naphthols and methyl aryldiazoacetate

A chemoselective domino annulation reaction of β-naphthols with methyl aryldiazoacetate is described. The gold catalyst promoted C–H functionalization of β-naphthols, whereas a rhodium or copper complex led to O–H insertion reactions. Consecutive intramolecular lactonization occurred after site-selective alkylation at the 1-position of β-naphthol, providing functionalized naphthofuranone derivatives. The product was transformed into a chiral molecule bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center with high enantioselectivity.     

Enantioselective oxidative biaryl coupling reactions catalyzed by 1,5-diazadecalin metal complexes: efficient formation of chiral functionalized BINOL derivatives

Chiral 1,5-diaza-cis-decalins have been examined as ligands in the enantioselective oxidative biaryl coupling of substituted 2-naphthol derivatives. Under the optimal conditions employing 2.5-10 mol % of a 1,5-diaza-cis-decalin copper(II) catalyst with oxygen as the oxidant, enantioselective couplings (44-96% ee) could be achieved for a range of 3-substituted 2-naphthols including the ester, ketone, phosphonyl, and sulfonyl derivatives. The relationship between the substitution of the naphthalene starting materials and reactivity/selectivity is determined by several factors which act in concert: (1) the effect of substituents on the oxidation potential of the substrate, (2) the ability of the substrate to participate in a chelated copper complex which depends on (a) the inherent coordinating ability of the 3-substituent and (b) substituent steric interactions that affect chelation between the 2-hydroxyl and 3-substituent, (3) the effect of substituents on dissociation of the product from the copper catalyst.     

Chiral self-dimerization of vanadium complexes on a SiO2 surface: the first heterogeneous catalyst for asymmetric 2-naphthol coupling

The self-dimerized chiral assembly of vanadium-Schiff-base complexes was found to occur on a SiO2 surface and to be the first heterogeneous catalyst for the asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol with 100% selectivity and 90% enantioselectivity.     

Rh-catalyzed oxidative coupling between primary and secondary benzamides and alkynes: synthesis of polycyclic amides

A methodology for the high yield and facile synthesis of isoquinolones from benzamides and alkynes via the oxidative ortho C-H activation of benzamides has been developed. Ag(2)CO(3) proved to be an optimal oxidant when MeCN was used as a solvent, and [RhCp*Cl(2)](2) was utilized as an efficient catalyst. Both N-alkyl and N-aryl secondary benzamides can be applied as effective substrates. Furthermore, primary benzamides react with two alkyne units, leading to tricyclic products via double C-H activation and oxidative coupling. The reactivity of the structurally related 1-hydroxyisoquinoline was also demonstrated, where both N- and O-containing rhodacyclic intermediates can be generated, leading to the construction of different O- or N-containing heterocycles.     

Efficient alkyne homocoupling catalysed by copper immobilized on functionalized silica

Copper immobilized on a functionalized silica support is a good catalyst for the homocoupling of terminal alkynes. The so‐called Glaser–Hay coupling reaction can be run in air with catalytic amounts of base. The copper catalyst is active for multiple substituted alkynes, in both polar and non‐polar solvents, with good to excellent yields (75–95%). Depending on the alkyne, full conversion can be achieved within 3–24 h. The catalyst was characterized by TGA, inductively coupled plasma and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Leaching tests confirm that the catalyst is and remains heterogeneous. Importantly, the overall reaction requires only alkyne and oxygen (in this case, air) as reagents, making this a clean catalytic oxidative coupling reaction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rhodium- and iridium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of benzoic acids with alkynes via regioselective C-H bond cleavage

The oxidative coupling of benzoic acids with internal alkynes effectively proceeds in the presence of [Cp*RhCl2]2 and Cu(OAc)2 x H2O as catalyst and oxidant, respectively, to produce the corresponding isocoumarin derivatives. The copper salt can be reduced to a catalytic quantity under air. Interestingly, by using [Cp*IrCl2]2 in place of [Cp*RhCl2]2, the substrates undergo 1:2 coupling accompanied by decarboxylation to afford naphthalene derivatives exclusively. In this case, Ag2CO3 acts as an effective oxidant.     

Synthesis of binaphthols over mesoporous molecular sieves

Mesoporous aluminosilicates (Al-containing NaMCM-41) were applied as catalyst supports for oxidative coupling of β-naphthol and substituted β-naphthols due to their remarkable features such as surface area, ordered mesopores and high thermal stability. The NaMCM-41 supported copper catalysts prepared by impregnation method, and Cu-NaMCM-41 was prepared by incorporating copper during synthesis. Oxidative coupling of β-naphthol reaction was studied using molecular oxygen as oxidant. The copper supported NaMCM-41 catalysts were prepared with different Si/Al ratios and calcined from 120 to 420 °C were observed to show varied product selectivity. The NaMCM-41 supported copper catalysts and Cu-NaMCM-41 were more active than the corresponding Cu/Fe supported on NaY zeolite. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), UV–DRS, ICPMS and BET surface area techniques and the reaction products were confirmed by ¹H-NMR, FTIR and HRMS. An attempt has been made to explain the product selectivity of the catalysts discussed with the above techniques. The high dispersion of Cu⁺² species observed in the catalysts having high Si/Al ratios in NaMCM-41 support and catalysts that are calcined at low temperatures, i.e. less than 420 °C, yielded an unexpected product perylene diol. A comparatively low dispersion of Cu⁺² species, noticed in catalysts having low Si/Al ratios and calcined at high temperatures, yielded binapthol as the coupled product. The effect of the variation of catalyst and the solvent are also studied.     

General approach for the synthesis of chiral perylenequinones via catalytic enantioselective oxidative biaryl coupling

By using oxygen as the terminal oxidant, copper complexes derived from chiral 1,5-diaza-cis-decalin catalyze the enantioselective oxidative biaryl coupling of highly functionalized naphthols to provide octa- and decasubstituted binaphthalenes with high selectivity (86-90% ee). Products containing very electron-rich naphthalenes were prone to epimerization under the reaction conditions. This epimerization could be suppressed by employing naphthol starting materials with phenol protecting groups that attenuated the electron-rich nature of the naphthalenes. Direct oxidation of the resultant chiral 1,1'-binaphthol framework completed the first asymmetric synthesis of a perylenequinone containing only an axial chirality element.     

Ligand-free Ag(I)-catalyzed carboxylative coupling of terminal alkynes,chloride compounds,and CO2

Simple silver(I) slats were found to be highly efficient and selective catalyst for carboxylative coupling of aryl- or alkyl-substituted terminal alkynes, CO₂, and various allylic, propargylic or benzylic chlorides to exclusively yield functionalized 2-alkynoates. The activity is about 300 times that of the previously reported N-heterocyclic carbene copper(I) catalytic system. The ligand-free silver(I) catalytic system showed the wide generality of substrates involving both functionalized terminal alkynes and chloride compounds.     

Dinuclear chiral vanadium catalysts for oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols via a dual activation mechanism

This review describes our recent efforts in the development of chiral dinuclear vanadium complexes that work as dual activation catalysts for the oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols. The dinuclear vanadium(iv) complex (R(a),S,S)- was prepared by complexation of VOSO(4) with the Schiff base derived from (R)-3,3'-diformyl-2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl () and (S)-tert-leucine. Since the dinuclear vanadium(iv) complex was found to be readily oxidized to afford a corresponding vanadium(v) species during preparation in air, a new synthetic procedure using VOCl(3) has been applied towards dinuclear vanadium(v) complexes (R(a),S,S)- and (R(a),S,S)-. To the best of our knowledge, (R(a),S,S)-, and show considerably higher catalytic activity than previously reported vanadium complexes for the oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols.     

Highly Regioselective Sequential 1,1‐Dihydrosilylation of Terminal Aliphatic Alkynes with Primary Silanes

A regioselective double 1,1‐hydrosilylation of terminal aliphatic alkynes with primary silanes catalyzed by one cobalt catalyst has been developed. gem‐Bis(dihydrosilyl)alkanes containing four silicon‐hydrogen bonds are efficiently constructed in an atom‐economical manner. Tolerated substrates include simplest alkyne‐ethyne, a complicated drug derivative and various functionalized terminal aliphatic alkynes. Asymmetric approach using two catalysts is achieved with excellent enantioselectivities to access corresponding chiral products. The transformations of Si—H bonds into Si—C, Si—O, and Si—F bonds and the synthesis of enantioriched α‐hydroxysilane show synthetic utility.     

Novel Oxidative Coupling of 2-Naphthols to 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthols Catalysed by Solid Lewis Acids Using Atmospheric Oxygen as Oxidant

l,l'-Bi-2-naphthol derivatives have wide applications as chiral inducing agents for asymmetric synthesis.¹ There are many good methods for resolution of racemic binaphthols to give enantiomeric binaphthols.² Therefore, it is essential to established simple, convenient, economically and environmental-friendly methods for preparation of racemic l,l'-binaphthol derivatives. A number of methods have been developed for the oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols usually by using Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺ or Mn³⁺ as oxidants. The reaction were carried out in organic solvent,^3a in solid state^3b and in aqueous Fe³⁺ solution.^3c However, all those cases by employing excess, usually 2 equivalents of oxidant. The excess Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺ and the resulted Fe²⁺, Cu⁺ and HCl were not acceptable from a view point of environmental protection. Recently, Sakamoto et at⁴ and Kantam et at⁵ independently reported two catalytic oxidative coupling procedure for preparation of l,l'-binaphthols using aerial oxygen as oxidant and Cu²⁺-exchanged montmorillonite as catalysts. However, both procedures were by using some toxic chlorobenzene as solvent and long reaction time (>2 h) and high temperature(>140℃) were needed. Consquently, there is still a great demand for catalytic oxidative coupling 2-naphthols to generate binaphthols under mild conditions, environmentally friendly procedure and rapid process. Herein we report novel oxidative coupling of to 1,1-bi-2-naphthols (2a, 2b) catalysed by a number of supported reagents using aerial oxygen as oxidant. The results are listed in Table 1.     

Dual activation in oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols catalyzed by chiral dinuclear vanadium complexes

An efficient enantioselective oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol derivatives based on a concept of dual activation catalysis is realized. A chiral dinuclear vanadium(IV) complex (R_a,S,S)-1e possessing (S)-tert-leucine moieties at the 3,3′-positions of the (R)-binaphthyl skeleton was developed, which was found to promote the oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol to afford (S)-BINOL with 91% ee. To verify the dual activation mechanism, mononuclear vanadium(IV) complex (S)-8 was also prepared. Kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction rate of oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol promoted by (R_a,S,S)-1e is 48.3 times faster than that of (S)-8. The two vanadium metals in the chiral complex activate two molecules of 2-naphthol simultaneously in an intramolecular manner coupling reaction, achieving a high reaction rate with high enantiocontrol. Reaction mechanisms of the oxidative coupling reaction promoted by either vanadium(IV) or vanadium(V) complexes are also described.     

Cu(I)-catalyzed asymmetric oxidative cross-coupling of 2-naphthol derivatives

The asymmetric oxidative coupling reaction between 2-naphthol or binaphthol derivatives and 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate derivatives with the copper(I)-(S)-(−)-isopropylidenebis(4-phenyl-2-oxazoline) catalyst was carried out. The reaction proceeded in a highly cross-coupling selective manner (≤99.7%) to produce the binaphthyl or quaternaphthyl derivative in good yield (≤92%) with enantioselectivity of up to 74%.     

Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Ynamide Cyclization to Generate α-Imino Copper Carbenes: Divergent and Enantioselective Access to Polycyclic N-Heterocycles

Here an efficient copper-catalyzed cascade cyclization of azide-ynamides via α-imino copper carbene intermediates is reported, representing the first generation of α-imino copper carbenes from alkynes. This protocol enables the practical and divergent synthesis of an array of polycyclic N-heterocycles in generally good to excellent yields with broad substrate scope and excellent diastereoselectivities. Moreover, an asymmetric azide–ynamide cyclization has been achieved with high enantioselectivities (up to 98:2 e.r.) by employing BOX-Cu complexes as chiral catalysts. Thus, this protocol constitutes the first example of an asymmetric azide–alkyne cyclization. The proposed mechanistic rationale for this cascade cyclization is further supported by theoretical calculations.     

Copper‐Catalyzed Azide–Ynamide Cyclization to Generate α‐Imino Copper Carbenes: Divergent and Enantioselective Access to Polycyclic N‐Heterocycles

Here an efficient copper‐catalyzed cascade cyclization of azide‐ynamides via α‐imino copper carbene intermediates is reported, representing the first generation of α‐imino copper carbenes from alkynes. This protocol enables the practical and divergent synthesis of an array of polycyclic N‐heterocycles in generally good to excellent yields with broad substrate scope and excellent diastereoselectivities. Moreover, an asymmetric azide–ynamide cyclization has been achieved with high enantioselectivities (up to 98:2 e.r.) by employing BOX‐Cu complexes as chiral catalysts. Thus, this protocol constitutes the first example of an asymmetric azide–alkyne cyclization. The proposed mechanistic rationale for this cascade cyclization is further supported by theoretical calculations.     

Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylative Alkynylation with Terminal Alkynes

We describe a photoinduced copper‐catalyzed asymmetric radical decarboxylative alkynylation of bench‐stable N‐hydroxyphthalimide(NHP)‐type esters of racemic alkyl carboxylic acids with terminal alkynes, which provides a flexible platform for the construction of chiral C(sp³)?C(sp) bonds. Critical to the success of this process are not only the use of the copper catalyst as a dual photo‐ and cross‐coupling catalyst but also tuning of the NHP‐type esters to inhibit the facile homodimerization of the alkyl radical and terminal alkyne, respectively. Owing to the use of stable and easily available NHP‐type esters, the reaction features a broader substrate scope compared with reactions using the alkyl halide counterparts, covering (hetero)benzyl‐, allyl‐, and aminocarbonyl‐substituted carboxylic acid derivatives, and (hetero)aryl and alkyl as well as silyl alkynes, thus providing a vital complementary approach to the previously reported method.