On the possible role of the bootstrap effect in the RF current drive experiments

Simple analytical relations are derived for the radial profile of the bootstrap current in a tokamak. Estimates are given for the case of both neoclassical and anomalous diffusion. The dependence of the plasma resistivity on the radial profile of the electron temperature is taken into account. The possibility of experimental revealing the bootstrap current is discussed.     

On the bootstrap effect in large tokamaks with lower hybrid driven current

The amplification of lower hybrid (LH) driven current of various profiles has been found. The results strongly depend on the plasma temperature profile, on the LH current profile, and on the magnitude of the particle diffusion flux.This work was started during the visit of the author in the I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, Moscow. The author thanks IAE for hospitality, and V. Parail, G. V. Pereverzev, A. Smoljakov and R. Klíma for many useful and critical discussions.     

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The synergy current drive by combining electron cyclotron wave (ECW) with lower hybrid wave (LHW) can be used to either increase the noninductive current drive efficiency or shape the plasma current profile. In this paper, the synergy current drive by ECW and LHW is studied with numerical simulation. The nonlinear relationship between the wave powers and the synergy current of ECW and LHW is revealed. When the LHW power is small, the synergy current reduces as the ECW power increases, and the synergy current is even reduced to lower than zero, which is referred as negative synergy in the this context. Research shows that the mechanism of the negative synergy is the peaking effect of LHW power profile and the trapped electrons effect. The present research is helpful for understanding the physics of synergy between electron cyclotron current drive and lower hybrid current drive, it can also instruct the design of experiments.     

On the possible linear term in light coincidence experiments

An attempt is made to clarify the confusion about the interpretation of an early experiment aiming to demonstrate the dual nature of light. While interferometer experiments show that photons interact with both mirrors of a Michelson interferometer, it was verified that a photon interacts with one of the detectors put in place of the mirrors. Any deviation from the effect predicted by QED would lead to a term in the coincidence rate linearly proportional to the number of photons; the absence of this term—for the light source used—is in accordance with QED. It is shown that by appropriate preparation of the light source a linear term can be obtained, but this is not in contradiction with QED.     

Quasisteady high-confinement reversed shear plasma with large bootstrap current fraction under full noninductive current drive condition in JT-60U

A quasisteady reversed shear plasma with a large bootstrap current fraction ( approximately 80%) has been obtained for the first time in the JT-60U tokamak. The shrinkage of reversed shear region was suppressed by the bootstrap current peaked at the internal transport barrier (ITB) layer and the ITBs at a large radius were sustained, which, by combination with an H-mode edge pedestal, resulted in a high confinement or 2.2 times the H-mode scaling for 6 times energy confinement time or 2.7 s. Furthermore, a full noninductive current drive was obtained by the bootstrap current and the beam driven current.     

Lower hybrid current drive experiments with graphite limiters in the HT-7 superconducting tokamak

Recent progress of lower hybrid (LH) experiments with new graphite limiters configuration in the HT-7 tokamak is presented. The lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) efficiency can be determined by fitting based on experimental data. Improved particle confinement was observed via LHCD (P_LHW>300 kW) characterized by the particle confinement time τ_p increased about 1.56 times. It is found that runaways are suppressed during loop voltage is decreasing at the flat-top phase of LH discharges. The main limitations of pulse length are presented in long-pulse experiments with new limiter configuration.     

On the role of substrate in light-harvesting experiments

An analysis of the emitted light distribution for a single emitter located at the planar interface of two optical media was performed. The interface of a varying refractive index substrate with air was considered, which is a common case in luminescence microscopy (spectroscopy) experiments. A modification of the radiative recombination rate induced by the variation of the substrate together with the emitted radiation spatial redistribution were taken into account. Simulation results show that the collection efficiency of the emitted light can vary several times depending on the substrate choice and the emitter intrinsic quantum efficiency.     

Tokamak中自举电流的剖面准直性

利用Harris模型,通过求解等离子体平衡方程,计算俘获粒子份额,分别对常规剪切和中心负剪切下tokamak中的自举电流的大小和剖面准直性进行了计算和分析.自举电流分布与等离子体平衡电流分布之间的剖面准直性可以通过调整等离子体的密度、温度和电流分布参数,以及描述等离子体形状的拉长度k和三角变形因子d来获得.中心负剪切位形有利于自举电流产生,并有好的剖面准直性.通过计算比较,分别在常规剪切位形下和中心负剪切位形下获得了一组优化的等离子体参数,在这组参数下,自举电流有较大的份额和好的剖面准直性 关键词： tokamak 自举电流 剖面准直性     

低杂波电流驱动中径向扩散效应的数值模拟

应用改进后的程序详细计算了不同径向扩散系数对低杂波电流驱动剖面分布的影响。通过计算发现:考虑径向扩散效应后，驱动电流分布变平展宽，电流驱动的分布随着扩散系数的增大逐渐向外层移动，由局域性分布演化成非局域性分布；驱动电流的大小和效率随着扩散系数的增大而降低。     

低杂波电流驱动中径向扩散效应的数值模拟

应用改进后的程序详细计算了不同径向扩散系数对低杂波电流驱动剖面分布的影响。通过计算发现:考虑径向扩散效应后,驱动电流分布变平展宽,电流驱动的分布随着扩散系数的增大逐渐向外层移动,由局域性分布演化成非局域性分布;驱动电流的大小和效率随着扩散系数的增大而降低。     

捕获电子效应对电流驱动影响的数值研究

在考虑到捕获电子效应的情况下,对求解二维Fokker-Planck方程的编程进行了反弹平均的修改,使用了交替方向隐式法来求解方程。分析和计算了在不同扩散系数和不同共振区间的情况下,捕获电子效应对驱动电流的影响。结果显示：随着逆纵横比的增加驱动电流密度有明显的下降,在磁轴附近捕获电子效应对电流驱动影响很小;提高波功率并不能很好的改善捕获电子效应对电流驱动的影响;右移共振区间提高共振电子的速度,也不能很好的改善捕获电子效应对电流驱动的影响。所得结果与理论分析基本一致。     

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在考虑到捕获电子效应的情况下,对求解二维Fokker-Planck方程的编程进行了反弹平均的修改,使用了交替方向隐式法来求解方程。分析和计算了在不同扩散系数和不同共振区间的情况下,捕获电子效应对驱动电流的影响。结果显示：随着逆纵横比的增加驱动电流密度有明显的下降,在磁轴附近捕获电子效应对电流驱动影响很小;提高波功率并不能很好的改善捕获电子效应对电流驱动的影响;右移共振区间提高共振电子的速度,也不能很好的改善捕获电子效应对电流驱动的影响。所得结果与理论分析基本一致。     

On experiments to detect possible failures of relativity theory

Two recently proposed experiments by Kolen and Torr (K-T), designed to detect possible failures of Einstein's special relativity (SR) are analyzed. Imprecisions in these papers are pointed out. Computation in Lorentz aether theory (LAT), with the K-T violation of SR, of the theoretical prediction for the proposed K-T clock experiment prove their results to be incorrect. Analytical computation of the proposed K-T rotor Doppler experiment using LAT confirms the order of magnitude of their prediction by numerical computation. For LAT in the K-T form, this experiment, using a turntable, is shown to give results which could be detected with the technology of 20 years ago. Another LAT model is considered which leads to deviations of SR smaller than in the K-T model. The central point of the approach adopted in this paper is the use of Einstein's coordinates in the comoving frame, even when SR is violated, leading always to isotropic propagation of light in vacuum; the anisotropy usually obtained in LAT is only a coordinate effect.     

Complete stabilization of neoclassical tearing modes with lower hybrid current drive on COMPASS-D. RF teams

Lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) with modest powers ( approximately 10% of the total power input) has been used for the first time to completely stabilize performance limiting neoclassical tearing modes in many COMPASS-D tokamak discharges. The stabilizing effect in these experiments is consistent with a reduction in the free energy available in the current profile to drive tearing modes (i.e., the stability index, delta(')) resulting from favorable current gradients (from the LHCD driven current) around the rational surface.