Experimental and numerical studies of weak blast waves in air

Effects of viscosity and vibrational nonequilibrium on the profile of a weak, spherical N-wave in air are experimentally and numerically studied. Weak blast waves were generated, in a quiescent air dome, by spark discharges and exploding wires and observed by high frequency response microphones over 40 meters. Some similarity relationships were obtained from the blast wave experiments. For observed N-waves having less than 100 Pa peak overpressure, the peak overpressure p _f and the duration of the positive phaset _d+ are found to vary with the radial distance from the sourcer as p _f r ^–1.38 andt _d + r ^0.19, whilst the rise time of the blast wave t _f linearly increases with distance. Similar trends were also found for the negative phase of the blast wave. Numerical simulations were carried out to compare with the blast wave data. The Navier-Stokes equations for spherical symmetric flows were solved by coupling with a relaxation equation for vibrational excitation of oxygen using the random choice method (RCM) adapted to supercomputing with an operator splitting technique. The resultant N-wave profiles are in good agreement with the experimental results. The numerical results clearly indicate that the wave-easing process due to the dispersive effect of vibrational relaxation plays a dominant role in determining the rise time of the N-wave.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1990.     

Numerical investigation of droplet pre-dispersion in a monodisperse droplet spray dryer

Monodisperse droplet spray dryers have great advantages in particle formation through spray drying because of their ability to produce uniform sized particles. Experimental analyses of this system have shown that droplets atomized through the piezoceramic nozzle need to be sufficiently well dispersed before entering the drying chamber to achieve sufficiently dried particles. However, the dispersion dynamics cannot be readily observed because of experimental limitations, and key factors influencing the dispersion state currently remain unclear. This study carried out numerical simulations for droplet dispersions in the dispersion chamber, which allow this important process to be visualized. The systematic and quantitative analyses on the dispersion states provide valuable data for improving the design of the dispersion chamber, and optimizing the spray drying operation.     

Experiments on the interaction of a pair of cylindrical weak blast waves in air

This paper reports the results of experiments and computations on the interaction of a pair of cylindrical blast waves in air. The waves were generated by exploding wires, and both symmetrical and unsymmetrical interactions were observed. The experimental data includes schlieren photographs of the wave interactions, their radii, shock Mach number and pressure versus time, as well as various cross plots and data on the shock regular/irregular interaction transition condition. The flow fields were computed with the help of the Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) method, and appear to represent the experimental results reasonably well. Some attention is also given to the blast scaling laws of the type discussed by Sakurai (1965) and Oshima (1960).This article was processed using Springer-Verlag TEX Shock Waves macro package 1990.     

Laser-induced shock waves from micro-scale volumina and in small tubes

Shock waves induced in a volume with a lateral dimension of the order of micrometers are investigated. In particular, shocks of spherical geometry are generated by means of weakly ionized laser produced plasmas. The plasmas are generated by intense pulsed laser radiation focused directly in atmospheric air. These measurements serve as tests for subsequent shocks launched from such laser plasmas into a narrow tube. The shock velocity as well as the density distribution are measured with a laser interferometer. Experimental results for shocks from nanosecond and femtosecond laser-generated plasmas are compared.     

煤油液滴直径对两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响

为探究煤油液滴不同初始直径对气液两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响,假设初始注入的煤油液滴具有均匀直径,考虑雾化破碎、蒸发等过程,建立了非定常两相爆轰的Eulerian-Lagrangian模型,进行了液态煤油/高温空气爆轰的非预混二维数值模拟。结果表明：在初始液滴直径为1～70μm的工况范围,燃烧室内均形成了单个稳定传播的旋转爆轰波;全局当量比为1时,爆轰波前的空气区域大于液滴煤油的蒸气区域,导致波前燃料空气混合不均匀,波前均存在富油区和贫油区,两相速度差导致分离出的空气形成低温条带;当煤油液滴的初始直径较小时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受蒸发的影响,爆轰波可稳定传播;当直径减小至1μm时,煤油液滴在入口处即蒸发,旋转爆轰波表现为气相传播的特性,爆轰波结构平整;当煤油液滴的初始直径较大时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受液滴破碎的影响;对于相同的燃料质量流量,在不同初始煤油液滴直径工况下,煤油液滴最大的停留时间均占爆轰波传播时间尺度的80%以上;爆轰波前燃料预蒸发为气相的占比越高,爆轰波的传播速度越高;初始液滴直径为10～70μm的工况范围内,爆轰波的速度随初始直径的增大先升高后降低。     

Experimental study on effect of relative humidity on heat transfer of an evaporating water droplet in air flow

Dispersed water droplets are often seen in environmental air flows in rain, cloud, mist, sea spray and so on. It is therefore of great importance to precisely estimate heat transfer between water droplets and atmospheric air in developing a reliable climate model. The purpose of this study is to fabricate the measurement system for the temperature of a small water droplet in air flow under the controlled relative humidity condition and to investigate the effect of relative humidity on heat transfer across the surface of an evaporating water droplet in air flow. The results show that the droplet temperature decreases in the low-relative-humidity condition, whereas it increases in the high-relative-humidity condition. Nusselt number on the droplet surface is not affected by the relative humidity.     

Specific features of incident and reflected blast waves

On the basis of numerical modeling specific features of shock wave reflections were analyzed. It was found, that after diaphragm rupture self-modeling pressure and velocity distributions nearby the shock front establish. But in some special cases the temperature behind the shock front can rise. This peculiarity should be taken into account when performing experiments with high reactive gaseous mixtures. The temperature on the shock front and the velocity gradient behind it are uniform in the case of strong blast wave reflections. This effect is observed in the zone with an elevated temperature profile behind the incident blast wave. The reflected triangular waves conserve a quasi-self-modeling character by pressure. Typical experiments were carried out to verify the theoretical predictions. The effects of reflected wave acceleration in the case of triangular waves and the self-similar character of the pressure profiles were observed.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Parameters of cylindrical blast waves in water-impregnated sandy loam

Experimental results are given on the parameters of cylindrical blast waves in water-impregnated sandy loam as a function of the charge depth, the distance from the charge, and the free porosity of the soil.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 88–93, July–August, 1974.     

On the interaction and coalescence of spherical blast waves

The scaling and similarity laws concerning the propagation of isolated spherical blast waves are briefly reviewed. Both point source explosions and high pressure gas explosions are considered. Test data on blast overpressure from the interaction and coalescence of spherical blast waves emanating from explosives in the form of shaped charges of different strength placed in the vicinity of a solid propellant stack are presented. These data are discussed with regard to the scaling laws concerning the decay of blast overpressure. The results point out the possibility of detecting source explosions from far-field pressure measurements.      

Interaction and coalescence of multiple simultaneous and non-simultaneous blast waves

Interaction of multiple blast waves can be used to direct energy toward a target while simultaneously reducing collateral damage away from the target area. In this paper, simulations of multiple point source explosives were performed and the resulting shock interaction and coalescence behavior were explored. Three to ten munitions were placed concentrically around the target, and conditions at the target area were monitored and compared to those obtained using a single munition. For each simulation, the energy summed over all munitions was kept constant, while the radial distances between target and munitions and the munition initiation times were varied. Each munition was modeled as a point source explosion. The resulting blast wave propagation and shock front coalescence were solved using the inviscid Euler equations of gas dynamics on overlapping grids employing a finite difference scheme. Results show that multiple munitions can be beneficial for creating extreme conditions at the intended target area; over 20 times higher peak pressure is obtained for ten simultaneous munitions compared to a single munition. Moreover, peak pressure at a point away from the target area is reduced by more than a factor of three.     

A numerical study of a hollow water droplet falling in air

Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics - We numerically study the dynamics of a hollow water droplet falling in the air under the action of gravity. The focus of our study is to investigate...     

高原环境爆炸冲击波传播特性的实验研究

在评估弹药在高原的爆炸威力时,需要考虑高海拔条件对炸药爆炸冲击波参数的影响。为研究高海拔低气压条件下的冲击波传播规律,开展了模拟海拔高度h=500, 2 500, 4 500 m等3种气压条件下的爆炸冲击波测试实验。结果表明,当环境气压每下降20%时,冲击波超压、比冲量和到达时间平均降低约9%、10%和6%。将使用Sachs因子修正后的计算结果与测试数据进行对比分析,发现该方法能较好地预测不同环境条件下的爆炸冲击波参数。进一步分析了环境温度的影响,发现初始温度升高会使到达时间提前,本文实验的温度条件对超压和比冲量的影响并不显著。该研究结果对战斗部在高海拔的爆炸威力评估具有参考意义。     

Production of periodically modulated laser-driven blast waves in a clustering gas

To study hydrodynamic behavior on thin shell high Mach number blast waves, experiments have been performed in which spatially tailored shock waves have been launched in a gas of clusters using an intense 35 fs laser pulse. The target medium was first modified by destroying clusters in specific locations using a spatially modulated laser focus. Under subsequent intense laser irradiation, the efficient absorption properties of the remaining clustered regions compared to those regions with no clusters led to a pattern of hot and cold plasma resulting in a cylindrical blast wave with a periodic modulation imprinted on the shock front. This technique may provide a method for studying thin shell instabilities in strongly radiative blast waves.     

Curvature effect on droplet impacting onto hydrophobic and superhydrophobic spheres

Droplet impact on hydrophobic and superhydrophobic solid surfaces finds numerous applications, while the wide range of the parameters affecting its outcome necessitate a thorough study to reveal the underlying physics. Specific applications are related to the drop impact upon curved surfaces, such as micro-encapsulation in fluidized beds. Three-dimensional numerical simulations by applying Level-Set Method have been performed to investigate the water droplet impact on curved and flat hydrophobic and superhydrophobic substrates. Parameters such as the impact Weber number, the surface curvature and the equilibrium contact angle have been varied in order to assess their effects on the dynamics of the impact process. After providing a strong validation, it is found that impact on spherical surfaces generally presents a higher area of liquid to be in contact with the substrate with respect to the case of flat surfaces, when all other impact conditions are the same.