Variable viscosity in peristalsis of Sisko fluid

This paper aims to examine variable viscosity effects on peristalsis of Sisko fluids in a curved channel with compliant characteristics. Viscous dissipation in a heat transfer is studied. The resulting problems are solved using perturbation and numerical schemes to show qualitatively similar responses for velocity and temperature. A streamline phenomenon is also considered.     

Extensional viscosity from entrance pressure drop measurements

Extensional rheological properties are important in characterization and processing of polymeric liquids. The use of entrance pressure drop to obtain extensional viscosity is particularly attractive because it can be applied to both low and high viscosity liquids using the Bagley correction obtained from a conventional capillary rheometer.Low density polyethylene of three different melt index values, including IUPAC-X (a different batch of IUPAC-A), and a high density polyethylene were tested using a commercial capillary rheometer. The entrance pressure drop (P _en ) was obtained with a zero-length orifice die with an abrupt contraction. The contraction ratio was 12:1. Predictions from several approximate analyses to calculate the uniaxial extensional viscosity _u (using an axisymmetric contraction) from P _en were compared. These comparisons are summarized in the appendices.Due to the transient nature of contraction flows, _u is also a function of the strain (). This was examined by comparing _u from P _en (Cogswell's analysis was chosen for convenience) with transient extensional viscosity ( _u ⁺) at different magnitudes of from fiber-windup technique (Padmanabhan et al., 1996). _u ⁺ at 3 was found to be close to _u from P _en (using Cogswell's analysis) for two LDPE samples that had fiber-windup data available. The magnitude of the strain in the contraction did not vary with strain rate.Dedicated to the memory of Tasos Papanastasiou     

Application of interconversions to viscosity measurements of polystyrene

Empirical and theoretically based numerical interconversions between viscoelastic material functions are used to compare results of two different measuring techniques for polymer melts. The methods compared are the magnetoviscometer and a dynamic-mechanical apparatus. For the case of two technical polystyrenes results are given which show the possibility of determining the zero shear viscosity and, using an empirical conversion, more of the flow curve from results of the magnetoviscometer. In general, the results of both techniques are in good accordance.     

Determination of the steady-state shear viscosity from measurements of the apparent viscosity for some common types of viscometers

Considering a number of model fluids, the relation between the (measurable) apparent viscosity _a and the (true) shear viscosity is studied for some commonly used viscometers, like capillary, slit, plate-plate and concentric cylinders (including the influence of the bottom of the cylinder), as well as for one laboratory type of viscometer. As long as is a purely monotonic function, a shift factor < 1 allows one to deduce from _a . Though in general variable, it frequently suffices for practical purposes to use a constant shift factor (the constant being characteristic of the type of viscometer used). This does not apply to dilute solutions or any fluids with two plateau values for . For plastic fluids, it is shown that Casson or Bingham behavior can — if valid at all — only describe the high shear stress limit of _a .     

A model for the bulk viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid

A model for the bulk viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid is presented. An elementary two-phase cell containing an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid and a gas bubble is compared with a one-phase cell consisting of a corresponding compressible non-Newtonian fluid. The rates of work of both cells are set equal to one another. The deformation histories of both cells are represented by the density history. From the extra stress an expression for the bulk viscosity of the compressible non-Newtonian fluid is derived. The material data are expressed in terms of the known properties of the two-phase flow.     

The viscosity of a polar fluid with suspensions

Summary The apparent viscosity of a polar fluid with suspensions of rigid spherical particles undergoing a prescribed bulk motion is calculated. It is shown that the increased rate of dissipation in a polar fluid with suspensions is greater than that of a Newtonian fluid. It is found that the relationship between the viscosity and the concentration has a same form with that of a Newtonian fluid suspension of which ambient fluid has a shear viscosity multiplied by a factor which is greater than unity.

---

Zusammenfassung Die scheinbare Viskosität einer polaren Flüssigkeit mit suspendierten steifen, kugelförmigen Teilchen, die eine vorgeschriebene Bewegung ausführen, wird berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, daß die anwachsende Dissipationsgeschwindigkeit in einer polaren Flüssigkeit mit suspendierten Teilchen größer ist als die einerNewtonschen Flüssigkeit. Es zeigt sich, daß die Beziehung zwischen der Viskosität und der Konzentration die gleiche Form hat wie die einerNewtonschen Flüssigkeitssuspension, bei der die umgebende Flüssigkeit eine Scherviskosität besitzt, multipliziert mit einem Faktor größer als 1.

     

重玻璃高压声速精密测量与反向加载光分析技术研究

研究了重玻璃黑体窗光分析技术,提出采用无氧铜标准样品(Hugoniot参数和声速 压力曲线已知)进行反向加载,确定重玻璃窗中的波后卸载声速,分析了声速测量不确定度。获得了76～160GPa压力范围内重玻璃Hugoniot参数、冲击温度和卸载声速的实验数据,声速测量不确定度小于2%。分析比较了不同装配条件对波形质量和声速测量不确定度的影响,发展了反向加载光分析技术。     

Problems of non-uniqueness when interpreting the effect of fluid inertia on the complex viscosity function

A theoretical investigation is carried out into the interpretation of the effect of fluid inertia on the complex viscosity function as measured on a controlled stress rheometer. The problem of non-unique solutions to the governing equations is considered for the parallel plate geometry. The locations of these solutions are investigated by considering the critical points of the complex mapping associated with the linear viscoelastic equations of motion. It is shown that these critical points play an important role in determining where convergence problems are likely to occur when applying numerical methods of solution to the governing equations. Analytical approximations based on a series expansion about a critical point are developed as an alternative approach to a numerical solution in the neighbourhood of a critical point. In order to verify the theoretical predictions a numerical simulation of the behaviour of a single element Maxwell fluid on a controlled stress rheometer is carried out for a parallel plate geometry. Received: 27 July 1998 Accepted: 9 April 1999     

Variable viscosity effects on the peristaltic motion of a third‐order fluid

The effect of variable viscosity on the peristaltic motion of MHD third‐order fluid in a channel is studied using slip condition. The series solution for stream function, longitudinal velocity and pressure gradient are first derived and then discussed in detail. The pressure rise and frictional forces are monitored through numerical integration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纳米尺度通道内的界面流体粘性研究

含液微纳米孔隙在自然界中普遍存在,在发展 日趋精密化、微型化的工业中也有着广泛的应用,深刻理解流体在微纳米通道内的物性变化对于相关自然现象以及工业应用具有重要的指导意义.本文基于分子动力学方法,建立了由金属铂板构成的二维纳米尺度通道分子模型,分别考察了受限Lennard-Jones流体和水的物性变化.根据密度、剪切应力...     

X-ray Thomson scattering on shocked graphite

We present measurements of the changes in the microscopic structure of graphite in a laser-driven shock experiment with X-ray scattering. Laser radiation with intensities of ∼2 × 10¹³ W/cm² compressed the carbon samples by a factor of two reaching pressures of ∼90 GPa. Due to the change of the crystalline structure the scattered signals of the probe radiation were modified significantly in intensity and spectral composition compared to the scattering on cold samples. It is shown that the elastic scattering on tightly bound electrons increases strongly due to the phase transition whereas the inelastic scattering on weakly bound electrons remains nearly unchanged for the chosen geometry.     

Effect of the size and pressure on the modified viscosity of water in microchannels

The phenomenon that flow resistances are higher in micro scale flow than in normal flow is clarified through the liquid viscosity. Based on the experimental results of deionized water flow in fused silica microtubes with the inner radii of 2.5 μm, 5 μm, 7.5 μm, and 10 μm, respectively,the relationship between water flow velocity and pressure gradient along the axis of tube is analyzed, which gradually becomes nonlinear as the radius of the microtube decreases.From the correlation, a viscosity model of water flow derived from the radius of microtube and the pressure gradient is proposed. The flow results modified by the viscosity model are in accordance with those of experiments, which are verified by numerical simulation software and the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. The experimental water flow velocity in a fused silica microtube with diameter of 5.03 μm, which has not been used in the fitting and derivation of the viscosity model,is proved to be comsistent with the viscosity model, showing a rather good match with a relative difference of 5.56%.     

A comparison of extensional viscosity measurements from various RME rheometers

The transient uniaxial extensional viscosity η _e of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) has been measured using the commercial Rheometric Scientific RME and the Münstedt Tensile Rheometer in an effort to compare the performance of available extensional rheometers. The RME indicated a significant strain hardening of the LLDPE, especially at a strain rate of 1 s⁻¹. In contrast, the Münstedt rheometer showed the LLDPE to be only slightly strain hardening. This artificial strain hardening effect in the RME resulted from the strain rate applied to the sample, determined from the sample deformation, being up to 20% less than the set strain rate. These results initiated a round-robin experiment in which the same LLDPE was tested on several RMEs in various locations around the world. All but one of the RMEs indicated a deviation between set and applied strain rates of at least 10%, especially at strain rates above 0.1 s⁻¹. The strain rate deviation was found to depend strongly on the value of the basis length L ₀ , and may result from the upper pair of belts not properly gripping the sample during extension. Thus visual inspection of the sample deformation is necessary to determine the applied strain rate. The most accurate measurements of η _e with respect to the strain rate deviation were obtained when the correct L ₀ value and belt arrangement were used. A list of recommendations for running an RME test is provided. Future work focusing on the fluid mechanics during the test may identify fully the cause of the strain rate deviation, but from a practical point of view the problem can be corrected for in the determination of η _e . Received: 27 September 2000/Accepted: 5 February 2001     

On the viscosity of magnetic fluid with low and moderate solid fraction

The design of a pressurized capillary rheometer operating at prescribed temperature is described to measure the viscosity of magnetic fluids (MFs) containing Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The equipment constant of the rheometer was obtained using liquids with predetermined viscosities. Experimentally measured viscosities were used to evaluate different equations for suspension viscosities. Deviation of measured suspension viscosities from the Einstein equation was found to be basically due to the influence of spatial distribution and aggregation of Fe3O4 MNPs. By taking account of the coating layer on MNPs and the aggregation of MNPs in MFs, a modified Einstein equation was proposed to fit the experimental data. Moreover, the influence of external magnetic field on viscosity was also taken into account. Viscosities thus predicted are in good agreement with experimental data. Temperature effect on suspension viscosity was shown experimentally to be due to the shear-thinning behavior of the MFs.     

On the turbulent couette flow of an incompressible fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity

Summary Starting from energy and Navier-Stokes equations with temperature-dependent viscosity, we have obtained the Reynolds equations for the mean values of velocity, temperature and pressure. We have then applied these equations to the Couette flow; on the well-known hypothesis of mixing-length and Prandtl turbulent number, the above mentioned relations have been written in a more amenable form.Some general considerations concerning the reciprocal dependence between temperature and velocity gradients at wall have been deduced.Finally some solutions numerically obtained for several values of Reynolds number are given and discussed in some detail to point out the influence of the temperature-dependent viscosity.

---

Sommario Introducendo nelle equazioni dell'energia e di Navier-Stokes le parti medie e fluttuanti della velocità, temperatura, pressione e viscosità, vengono ricavate le cosiddette equazioni di Reynolds, ossia le equazioni che descrivono i campi di velocità e temperatura medi. Dal confronto di quest'ultime, in cui la viscosità è considerata dipendente dalla temperatura, con quelle originarie di Reynolds si deduce la forma che nel caso in esame assumono gli sforzi apparenti.Successivamente le equazioni ottenute vengono applicate al moto a Couette e discusse, dopo aver introdotto in esse le ipotesi della lunghezza di miscelamento e del numero di Prandtl turbolento; da questa analisi vengono tratte alcune conclusioni di carattere generale riguardanti i legami tra il campo dinamico e quello termico. Infine vengono date alcune soluzioni ottenute per via numerica, le quali illustrano l'influenza che sulle distribuzioni di temperatura e velocità viene esercitata dalla dipendenza della viscosità dalla temperatura.

---

     

On the viscosity of magnetic fluid with low and moderate solid fraction

The design of a pressurized capillary rheometer operating at prescribed temperature is described to measure the viscosity of magnetic fluids （MFs） containing Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles （MNPs）. The equipment constant of the rheometer was obtained using liquids with predetermined viscosities. Experimentally measured viscosities were used to evaluate different equations for suspension viscosities. Deviation of measured suspension viscosities from the Einstein equation was found to be basically due to the influence of spatial distribution and aggregation of Fe3O4 MNPs. By taking account of the coating layer on MNPs and the aggregation of MNPs in MFs, a modified Einstein equation was proposed to fit the experimental data. Moreover, the influence of external magnetic field on viscosity was also taken into account. Viscosities thus predicted are in good agreement with experimental data. Temperature effect on suspension viscosity was shown experimentally to be due to the shear-thinning behavior of the MFs.     

Non-Newtonian viscosity measurements in the intermediate shear rate range with the falling-ball viscometer

An attempt to use the falling-ball experiment to measure the non-Newtonian viscosity in the intermediate shear rate range was successfully accomplished by combining the direct experimental observations with a simple analytical model for the average shear and shear rate at the surface of a sphere. The viscosity data of aqueous solutions of Carbopol-960, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide and polyacrylamide obtained from the falling-ball viscometer gave good agreement with those from other viscometers, confirming the general applicability of the analytical approach.In the experiments with the highly viscoelastic polyacrylamide solutions the terminal velocity was observed to be dependent on the time interval between the dropping of successive balls. This time-dependent phenomenon was used to determine characteristic diffusion times of the concentrated solutions of polyacrylamide. These values were, in turn, compared with characteristics relaxation times determined by the Powell-Eyring model.The experimental program revealed that the falling-ball viscometer has very limited utility for the measurement of the steady shear viscosity of aqueous polymer solutions.