有机相中固定化脂肪酶催化合成植物甾醇酯

酶法合成植物甾醇酯具有反应条件温和、产物纯度和产量高等优点,但非水相酶催化的活性和稳定性普遍较低.本文以大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶为催化剂,并在催化过程中添加乳糖的类似物,构建了有机相高效合成植物甾醇酯的工艺过程.以酯化率为考察指标,对脂肪酶和反应溶剂进行筛选,对酯化条件进行优化,同时考察了糖的种类及添加量对酶催化性能的影响.结果表明,大孔树脂NKA吸附固定化的褶皱假丝酵母(Candida rugosa)脂肪酶(NKA-CRL)为最适宜的催化剂,以正己烷为反应介质,在酸醇摩尔比为2和添加酶蛋白质量7.5%的海藻糖的条件下,40°C反应10 h,酯化率达到96.6%.连续6次催化后,植物甾醇的酯化率仍维持在85.0%以上.     

溶剂和酰基受体对α-氰基-3-苯氧基苄醇乙酯的酶促对映体选择性转酯化反应的影响

研究了在有机溶剂中固定化Alcaligenes sp.脂肪酶催化α-氰基-3-苯氧基苄醇乙酯的对映体选择性转酯化反应,考察了不同性质的溶剂和酰基受体对酶的催化活性和选择性以及对产物稳定性的影响.结果发现在弱极性溶剂如正己烷中酶具有较高的催化活性但产物e.e.%值低,而且容易分解;在四氢呋喃等溶剂中酶催化活性相对低,但产物e.e.%值高,也较为稳定;但反应时间太长,会导致产物分解及纯度下降;不同酰基受体对酶反应无显著影响,甲醇为最佳酰基受体,太多醇会导致反应速率下降;溶剂水含量大于2.0%时对酶活性和产物稳定性产生明显不利影响.在优化条件下,酶反应可得到(S)-α-氰基-3-苯氧基苄醇产率＞48%,纯度＞99%e.e.     

游离脂肪酶NS81006催化油脂醇解制备生物柴油的酶促反应动力学

探究了游离脂肪酶NS81006催化油脂甲(乙)醇解制备生物柴油的反应历程,并对该体系进行了酶促反应动力学研究.结果表明,催化过程中油脂同时存在酯交换及先水解再酯化两种反应历程.在以甲醇或乙醇作为酰基受体的反应过程中,酯交换反应速率明显大于水解反应速率.进一步研究表明,油脂甲醇解反应速率常数大于乙醇解,揭示了以甲醇或乙醇为不同酰基受体时反应速率存在差异的主要原因在于乙醇解反应的酯交换过程较慢.     

有机相中利用脂肪酶催化的醇解反应拆分炔丙醇酮乙酸酯

 研究了有机相中脂肪酶催化的炔丙醇酮乙酸酯的立体选择性醇解反应, 考察了碱的种类、酰基受体和溶剂等对反应的影响. 结果表明, 以四氢呋喃为溶剂, CH3OH 为酰基受体, Lipase PLG 脂肪酶为催化剂, Na2CO3 为碱性添加剂, 高底物浓度下 40 oC 反应 96 h 后, 底物转化率和产物 ee 值分别达到 49.5% 和 99.5%. 碱的添加极大地提高了反应速度.     

溶剂和酰基受体对α-氰基-3-苯氧基苄醇乙醇的酶促对映体选择性转酯化反应的影响

研究了在有机溶剂中固定化Alcaligenes sp.脂肪酶催化α-氰基-3-苯氧基苄醇乙酯的对映体选择性转酯化反应，考察了不同性质的溶剂和酰基受体对酶的催化活性和选择性以及对产物稳定性的影响．结果发现在弱极性溶剂如正己烷中酶具有较高的催化活性但产物e．e．％值低，而且容易分解；在四氢呋喃等溶剂中酶催化活性相对低，但产物e．e．％值高，也较为稳定；但反应时间太长，会导致产物分解及纯度下降；不同酰基受体对酶反应无显著影响，甲醇为最佳酰基受体，太多醇会导致反应速率下降；溶剂水含量大于2．0％时对酶活性和产物稳定性产生明显不利影响．在优化条件下，酶反应可得到（S）-α-氰基-3-苯氧基苄醇产率＞48％，纯度＞99％e．e．     

紫外分光光度法表征Lipozyme TL IM脂肪酶转酯化活性

建立了一种新的有机相脂肪酶转酯化活性测定方法. 以正己烷为溶剂,脂肪酶催化棕榈酸对硝基苯酯和正丁醇的转酯化反应为模型反应,通过测定反应液中310 nm下吸光值的变化计算反应转化率. 以气相色谱法对新建的紫外分光光度法进行验证,分别采用这两种方法测定了七种商品化脂肪酶的转酯化活性,两种方法所得实验结果基本一致. 利用紫外分光光度检测法考察了Lipozyme TL IM脂肪酶催化转酯化的时间进程及合成活性与酶量的关系,并对Lipozyme TL IM催化转酯化的性质（最适溶剂、酰基受体特异性、醇耐受性、最优反应温度和热力学稳定性）进行了表征.     

酶促水解法拆分布洛芬乙酯的工艺研究

以布洛芬乙酯为反应底物,探索了酶促水解法拆分布洛芬的工艺.以曲拉通X-100为表面活性剂,利用南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B(CAL-B)催化拆分外消旋布洛芬乙酯,并对表面活性剂含量、有机溶剂种类和添加量、酶量、缓冲溶液pH、温度及时间等反应条件进行了优化,得到的最佳反应条件为:在pH为9.0的缓冲溶液中,添加80 mg曲拉通X-100、 50μL二氯甲烷和15 mg CAL-B,于30℃下反应48 h,在该条件下,S-布洛芬乙酯的剩余率(C)为65%,布洛芬乙酯的对映体过量值(ee_s)为94%.     

微乳液中脂肪酶和含明胶的微乳液凝胶中固定化脂肪酶的催化特性

在双2-乙基己基琥珀酸酯磺酸钠(AOT)油包水微乳液中Calytical脂肪酶催化月桂酸和戊醇的酯化反应动力学研究表明,反应符合乒乓(BiBi)机制.表观速率常数k_m酸=0.13518mol/L,k_m醇=0.22423mol/L,最大反应速度v_max=1.3873×10^-5mol/(L·min·mg).将该脂肪酶固定于含明胶的微乳液凝胶(MBGs)中,制得固定化脂肪酶,含酶MBGs在非极性溶剂中可作为固相催化剂,并研究了其在辛烷中催化酯化的性能.所制得的含酶MBGs物理稳定性好,重复利用10次以上,其转化率仍达初始转化率的90%.     

离子液体中脂肪酶催化拆分外消旋烯丙酮醇反应

 以离子液体为溶剂,考察了溶剂类型、水活度、温度、 pH值和共溶剂等因素对脂肪酶催化拆分外消旋烯丙酮醇(R,S)-4-羟基-3-甲基-2-(2-丙烯基)-2-环戊烯-1-酮反应的影响,并与常用于外消旋烯丙酮醇拆分的有机溶剂乙酸乙烯酯进行了比较. 结果表明,在离子液体［bmim］PF6中脂肪酶的催化性能较好,酶初始反应速率为18.48 μmol/(g·min), 半衰期为74.53 h, 高于在乙酸乙烯酯中的相应值(9.18 μmol/(g·min)和64.29 h). 但离子液体中拆分反应的转化率低于在乙酸乙烯酯中的转化率,可以通过向离子液体中补加酰基供体来提高外消旋烯丙酮醇的转化率. 两种反应介质中最佳酶反应条件均为水活度0.17, 温度40 ℃和pH=7, 但加入共溶剂后,离子液体中脂肪酶催化拆分外消旋烯丙酮醇的效率降低,而在乙酸乙烯酯中则有所提高.     

基于聚多巴胺的磁性纳米生物催化剂高效催化二氢杨梅素酰化

脂肪酶是一种三酰基甘油水解酶,目前广泛用于油脂化学、食品、有机合成和生物医药等领域.但是,游离脂肪酶在有机反应体系中容易失活,难以从反应体系中回收,导致其循环利用困难和生产成本增加.因此,需要对游离脂肪酶进行固定化,提高酶的稳定性和重复使用性,使其能够大规模用于工业生产.
　　磁性四氧化三铁纳米粒子(MNPs)具有其超顺磁性和大比表面积等性质,但MNPs需表面修饰才能进一步应用.近年来,仿生矿化法制备的聚多巴胺纳米材料受到人们关注.在仿生矿化过程中,单体多巴胺经自聚合作用后形成聚多巴胺,该反应活性高,能对各类有机和无机纳米材料进行表面修饰.而且,聚多巴胺表层中的活性基团能与含有氨基和巯基的生物大分子发生迈克尔加成或席夫碱反应,从而将生物大分子固定在材料表面.
　　本文利用聚多巴胺表面修饰MNPs,对所得聚多巴胺表面修饰的四氧化三铁纳米粒子(PD-MNPs)进行了结构表征.结果表明, PD-MNPs尺寸在14 nm左右.同时,成功将黑曲霉脂肪酶(ANL)固定在PD-MNPs上,结果显示在pH=8、固定化时间为12 h条件下,酶负载量为138 mg/g,酶活回收率达到83.6%,而且固定化酶的pH稳定性及热稳定性、储藏稳定性都优于游离酶.动力学研究表明,固定化酶Km值(63.2 mmol/L)低于游离酶(74.5 mmol/L),固定化酶的底物亲和性增强.进一步研究了固定化酶和游离酶在乙腈、二甲基亚砜、乙醇和[HMIm]BF4这四种溶剂中的溶剂耐受性,结果显示固定化酶的耐受性均强于游离酶.采用红外光谱对游离酶和固定化酶二级结构的分析表明,游离黑曲霉脂肪酶经固定化后,α-螺旋和β-折叠含量分别增加了0.84%和2.74%,使得固定化后α-螺旋和β-折叠中存在的氢键能够更好地保持酶结构刚性,避免因结构改变而引起酶失活,增强了固定化酶在溶剂中的耐受性.
　　二氢杨梅素是一种具有类黄酮结构的天然产物,具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗肿瘤和保护肝脏等作用,但其脂溶性很差,很难透过细胞膜被人体吸收.本课题组曾首次以乙酸乙烯酯为酰基供体,采用游离脂肪酶生物催化方法成功将二氢杨梅素酰化.本文考察了PD-MNPs固定化脂肪酶在二氢杨梅素酰化反应中的应用.结果表明,与游离酶相比,固定化酶在反应介质二甲基亚砜中的耐受性更强,反应48 h后其催化二氢杨梅素酰化的转化率接近80%,明显好于游离酶(69%).固定化酶催化二氢杨梅素酰化的最适底物摩尔比、温度和酶量分别为10：1(乙酸乙烯酯：二氢杨梅素)、45oC,和40 U.此外,固定化酶在外界磁场作用下能迅速从反应混合物中分离,从而可回收利用,在重复使用10次后,其活性仍保持在初始活性的55%以上,具有良好的工业应用前景.     

有机相中蚕丝固定化脂肪酶催化酯化反应性能研究

研究了有机相中蚕丝固定化脂肪酶催化酶化反应的催化活性。考究了有机溶剂,底物、反应温度,ＰＨ值和体系含水量等因素对固定化脂肪酶催化活性的影响。结果表明,以异辛烷为有机溶剂,在反应温度为５０℃ＰＨ值为７．４时,酶催化活性最好。     

Lipase immobilized on poly(VP-co-HEMA) hydrogel for esterification reaction

Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized by entrapment on poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(poly[VP-co-HEMA]) hydrogel, and divinylbenzene was the crosslinking agent. The immobilized enzymes were used in the esterification reaction of oleic acid and butanol in hexane. The activities of the immobilized enzymes and the leaching ability of the enzyme from the support with respect to the different compositions of the hydrogels were investigated. The thermal, solvent, and storage stability of the immobilized lipases was also determined. Increasing the percentage of composition of VP from 0 to 90, which corresponds to the increase in the hydrophilicity of the hydrogels, increased the activity of the immobilized enzyme. Lipase immobilized on VP(%):HEMA(%) 90∶10 exhibited the highest activity. Lipase immobilized on VP(%):HEMA(%) 50∶50 showed the highest thermal, solvent, storage, and operational stability compared to lipase immobilized on other compositions of hydrogels as well as the native lipase.     

非水介质中脂肪酶催化亚麻酸油醇酯合成的研究

已知脂肪酶（ＥＣ３．１．１．３）在非水体系中能够催化合成脂肪族、芳香族和其它多种多样的酯类．这些反应中的大多数都是以链较长的脂肪酸为底物．其中一类反应是高级脂肪酸和脂肪醇合成酯蜡的酯化反应．合成的酯蜡用途广泛,可以用在化工、纺织、医药、日化、食品等工业中．利用传统的化学法合成酯蜡,需要在高温高压及强酸条件下进行反应,副反应多,产物的分离纯化困难,生产成本高,且对于长链脂肪酸和醇的反应难度增大．利用脂肪酶水解反应的逆反应酯化反应合成酯蜡的方法,具有反应条件温和,产物的分离纯化容易等优点,能够弥补化…     

Thermal decomposition of cyclic organic peroxides in pure solvents and binary solvent mixtures

The thermal decomposition reaction of acetone cyclic triperoxide, acetone cyclic diperoxide, 4‐heptanone cyclic diperoxide, and pinacolone cyclic diperoxide ca. 0.02 M was studied in pure solvents (acetone and 1‐propanol) and in binary mixtures of acetone/1‐propanol at 150°C. The kinetics of each system was explored by gas chromatography (GC) at different solvent compositions. The reactions showed a behavior accordingly with a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic law up to at least 90% peroxide decomposition. The main organic products derived from these thermolysis reactions were detected by GC analysis. Among them, the corresponding ketones, methane, ethane, and propane were the main identified products. The rates of decomposition of pinacolone diperoxide in the pure solvents were practically independent of the solvent characteristics, so it was of no interest to analyze its kinetic behavior in binary solvent mixtures. In acetone/1‐propanol mixtures, the solvation effect on the cyclic peroxides derived from 4‐heptanone and acetone molecules was slightly dominated by specific interactions between 1‐propanol and a diradical‐activated complex initially formed. This species was preferentially solvated by 1‐propanol instead of acetone. Specific interactions between the O atoms from the peroxidic bond and the H from the OH in 1‐propanol can be taken into account. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 347–353, 2010     

血红蛋白在有机溶剂中的电化学行为及其类酶电催化研究

本文研究了Hb/Sol-gel膜修饰碳糊电极在有机溶剂介质中的直接电化学和类过氧化物酶电催化特性。发现在以甲醇、正内醇和乙腈介质中,Hb修饰电极能够实现其与电极之间的直接电子转移,并且电子转移的动力学过程与水溶液体系相似。然而,在这些有机溶剂介质中,电子转移的可逆性不如水介质中好,同时氧化还原峰电位差均不大于水溶液体系,表明有机溶剂对Hb的直接电子转移产生抑制作用。Hb/Sol-gel修饰电极在有机溶剂介质中和水介质中一样,对其特异性底物H2O2产生过氧化物酶的活性,但其活性均不如水溶液体系强。     

Physical immobilization of Rhizopus oryzae lipase onto cellulose substrate: activity and stability studies

Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) was immobilized by adsorption onto oxidized cellulose fibers and regenerated films. The maximum adsorption level increases with the raise in the amount of carboxylic groups on cellulose surface confirming that adsorption is being governed mainly by electrostatic interaction between the enzyme and the substrate. This hypothesis was further confirmed by zeta-potential measurements showing a decrease in the zeta-potential of the fibers after enzyme adsorption. XPS analysis showed an intensification of the N 1s peak attesting the presence of the enzyme on the surface. The effect of temperature, pH and solvent polarity on the immobilized enzyme activity and stability was investigated. The catalytic esterification of oleic acid with n-butanol has been carried on using hexane as an organic solvent. A high conversion yield was obtained (about 80%) at 37 degrees C with a molar ratio of oleic acid to butanol 1:1 and 150IU immobilized lipase. The adsorption achieved two successive cycles with the same efficiency, and started to lose its activity during the third cycle.     

Screening of Food Grade Lipases to be Used in Esterification and Interesterification Reactions of Industrial Interest

Seven food grade commercially available lipases were immobilized by covalent binding on polysiloxane–polyvinyl alcohol (POS-PVA) hybrid composite and screened to mediate reactions of industrial interest. The synthesis of butyl butyrate and the interesterification of tripalmitin with triolein were chosen as model reactions. The highest esterification activity (240.63 μM/g min) was achieved by Candida rugosa lipase, while the highest interesterification yield (31%, in 72 h) was achieved by lipase from Rhizopus oryzae, with the production of about 15 mM of the triglycerides C₅₀ and C₅₂. This lipase also showed a good performance in butyl butyrate synthesis, with an esterification activity of 171.14 μM/g min. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using lipases from C. rugosa for esterification and R. oryzae lipase for both esterification and interesterification reactions.     

Enhancing enzymatic properties by the immobilization method

Effects of some immobilized carriers on enzymatic properties have been studied. The following results were obtained: (1) When cholinesterase was immobilized on the hydrophobic carrier with either α-naphthylamine, benzylamine, orp-methylbenzylamine groups, the affinities of immobilized cholinesterase for toxic organophosphors, GB (Isopnopy 1-methylphophonofluoridate) and Vx [o-ethyl-S-(2-diisopnoylomino-thyl) methyl phosphonothiolate], were enhanced 60–90 times and 700–1200 times, respectively, whereas the thermal stability of the immobilized cholinesterase increased to 110%. Approximately 82–88% activity of the immobilized cholinesterase remained after continuously operating for 8 h; and (2) Lipase was immobilized on the carrier that was made up of 6% polyethylenimine, 1% alginate gel, and 1% glutaraldehyde. The initial reaction rate of the esterification of lauric acid with lauric alcohol catalyzed by this kind of immobilized lipase was increased 21 times, as compared to lipase powder. About 72% esterification activity of lipase remained after continuous operating for 10 d.     

Catalysis in Organic Solvents with Lipase Immobilized by Sol-Gel Technique

A series of immobilized lipases were obtained by sol-gel process, using silica prepolymers prepared from tetramethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. The activities of these biocatalysts were compared with the lipase adsorbed on poly(methylhydroxysiloxane) and encapsulated into a silicone rubber, lipase entrapped in nanoporous silica matrix and commercial sol-gel lipase. Model reactions were the esterification of stearic acid and Corey lactone bisalcohol (an intermediate of prostaglandin synthesis). The positive effect of hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface, created by the addition of organosilanes, on the activity of biocatalysts was partially reduced by decreasing specific surface of mesopores. Hydrophobic solvents increased the activity of the lipase entrapped in tetramethoxysilane–methyltrimethoxysilane prepolymer in the sequence acetone < toluene < benzene < decane < hexane. The activity of silicone rubber-encapsulated biocatalysts was proportional to polymer swelling in organic solvents (hexane > toluene > acetone).