三个极限公式的注记

设limx-x0f（x）=0,ak〉0,k=1,2,…,n.则三个极限公式limx→0∑k=1^nak^f（x）-n/f（x）=1n（∏k=1^nak）,limx→x-x0[∑k=1^nak^f（x）-（n-x）]^1/f（x）=∏k=1^nak和limx→x0（1/n∑k=1^nak^f（x））^1/f（x）-^n√∏ k=1^nak中的无穷小量f（x）均可用其等价无穷小fk（x）（k=1，2,…，n）代替，以扩大公式的使用范围．实例说明推广后极限公式的一些应用．     

用点到直线距离公式解决与函数相关的问题

点P（x，y）到直线Ax＋By＋C=0距离为d=｜Ax＋By＋C｜/√A^2＋B^2,当P（x，y）在函数y=f（x）上时，该公式变为d=｜Ax＋Bf（x）＋C｜/√A^2＋B^2,本文通过引进函数y=f（x），借助该公式解决一些与函数相关的问题．     

巧用公式解一类根式方程

公式 方程f（x）√h（x）-g^2（x）＋g（x）√h（x）-f^2（x）=h（x）与方程：f^2（x）＋g^2（x）=h（x）（满足,（x）≥0,g（x）≥O）同解．     

一个插值公式及其应用

本文介绍二次拉格朗日插值公式及其在证明与二次函数相关的不等式方面的广泛应用．二次拉杜朗间揭值公式：设f（x）是M次多项式，。，，az，as是3个两两不等的常数，则：、（xa。）（xas）。in3u！，＼2382，证明将等式右端的二次三项式记为p（X），由于人J）一户（X）的次数＜2且人工）一户（X）一0有3个不同的根：N一rtl，HMQZ，NMrt3·故f（X）一p（X）．下面略举囊的介绍二次指位公式的应用．例1已知a，b，c为实数，函数／（x）。。2＋bte＋C，g（x）＝。＋b，当1＜x＜1时，if（川＜1．（1）证明：Icl＜1；（2）证明：当一1＜X＜…     

定积分换元公式的推广及举例

本文在被积函数f（x）仅为可积的条件下，将定积分换元公式作为上述推广公式的应用，计算一个有无穷多个间断点的函数人。）一（x“x“～“在区间卜，l」上的定积分。从该例的计算中，可以看到Euler常数LOH＝O的应用。为可积时，只要变量替换函数x一9（t）具备单调及连续性，则换元公式仍然成立。此时，换元法的完整叙述应为：定理王若函数人。）在［a，b】上可积，x一平（t），iE［a，利满足：（i）。t）在［a，用上单调且连续；（if）尸（a）一a，。卢）一b；（iii）～（t）在［a，用上连续。定理1的证明需要用到定积分的定义。当在肝…     

关注公式使用条件

问题已知函数f（x）=In（2＋3x）-3/2x^2,若对任意x∈[1/6,1/3],     

三个极限公式的研究及其应用

首先给出了(∑ from k=1 to n (a_k~f(x)-n))/f(x)的极限公式,进而又给出了[∑ from k=1 to n (a_k~f(x)-(n-1))]~1/f(x)的极限公式,同时也得到了(1/n∑ from k=1 to n a_k~f(x))~1/f(x)的根限公式,从而,可应用公式求三种类型的极限,使求极限公式化     

类比万能公式 巧解非三角问题

在解题过程中，若能类比万能公式的结构，可使一些非三角问题巧妙获解．1求函数的单调区间例1函数f（X）=的单调增区间是（1997年第八届“希望杯”高二培训题）解由函数的结构特征，可类比万能公式．设x=，则原函数可看成是y=sin2a与a=arctgx复合而成的．当ZaE【一三，三」即xE【一1，1〕的f（）递自．2求用过的位妇例2来函数义回．值欧．（（数学教学》1988ff第2期问题152）3判定方程来示同种的约表示的曲线是（）．（A）完整的圆（B）椭圆（C）双曲线（D）不完整的圆（1994＄黄冈地区广目历高三调研委试题）解由参数6程的结抱回类比方…     

振荡函数的Hermite数值积分公式

本文讨论了振荡函数形如∫-1^1 f(x)sinwxdx,∫-1^1 f(x)coswxdx的Hermite积分公式，它基于f(x)的Hermite插值多项式的一些结论，导出了依赖于xnj的am1及不依赖于xn1的g(k,w)的权数因子的递推关系式，并给出误差分析。     

含有三角函数的几个积分公式

本文给出含有三角函数的几个积分公式 ,使有关的运算变为更简捷 .一、有关公式定理　设 f ( x)在 [l,l +2 a]上可积 ,( a >0 ) ,则∫l+2 alf ( x) dx =∫l+al[f ( 2 l +2 a -x) +f ( x) ]dx. ( 1 )　　证明 ∫l+2 al f ( x) dx =∫l+al f ( x) dx +∫l+2 al+a f ( x) dx,∫l+2 al+af ( x) dx 令 x =2 l +2 a - tt[l,l +a]-∫la+lf ( 2 l +2 a -t) dt=∫l+al f ( 2 l +2 a -x) dx故∫l+2 al f ( x) dx =∫l+al [f ( 2 l +2 a -x) +f ( x) ]dx.合理地选择 2 a及 2 l,可使公式 ( 1 )在应用上极为方便 .我们给出公式 ( 1 )的一些特殊情况 (定…     

Three- and Four-Dimensional Einstein-like Manifolds and Homogeneity

The aim of this paper is to study three- and four-dimensional Einstein-like Riemannian manifolds which are Ricci-curvature homogeneous, that is, have constant Ricci eigenvalues. In the three-dimensional case, we present the complete classification of these spaces while, in the four-dimensional case, this classification is obtained in the special case where the manifold is locally homogeneous. We also present explicit examples of four-dimensional locally homogeneous Riemannian manifolds whose Ricci tensor is cyclic-parallel (that is, are of type A) and has distinct eigenvalues. These examples are invalidating an expectation stated by F. Podestá and A. Spiro, and illustrating a striking contrast with the three-dimensional case (where this situation cannot occur). Finally, we also investigate the relation between three- and four-dimensional Einstein-like manifolds of type A and D'Atri spaces, that is, Riemannian manifolds whose geodesic symmetries are volume-preserving (up to sign).     

Isodiametric and Isoperimetric Inequalities for Complexes and Groups

It is shown that D. Cohen's inequality bounding the isoperimetricfunction of a group by the double exponential of its isodiametricfunction is valid in the more general context of locally finitesimply connected complexes. It is shown that in this contextthis bound is ‘best possible’. Also studied aresecond-dimensional isoperimetric functions for groups and complexes.It is shown that the second-dimensional isoperimetric functionof a group is bounded by a recursive function. By a similarargument it is shown that the area distortion of a finitelypresented subgroup of a finitely presented group is recursive.Cohen's inequality is extended to second-dimensional isoperimetricand isodiametric functions of 2-connected simplicial complexes.     

Rainbow and monochromatic circuits and cocircuits in binary matroids

Given a matroid together with a coloring of its ground set, a subset of its elements is called rainbow colored if no two of its elements have the same color. We show that if an n-element rank r binary matroid M is colored with exactly r colors, then M either contains a rainbow colored circuit or a monochromatic cocircuit. As the class of binary matroids is closed under taking duals, this immediately implies that if M is colored with exactly $n?r$ colors, then M either contains a rainbow colored cocircuit or a monochromatic circuit. As a byproduct, we give a characterization of binary matroids in terms of reductions to partition matroids.Motivated by a conjecture of Bérczi, Schwarcz and Yamaguchi, we also analyze the relation between the covering number of a binary matroid and the maximum number of colors or the maximum size of a color class in any of its rainbow circuit-free colorings. For simple graphic matroids, we show that there exists a rainbow circuit-free coloring that uses each color at most twice only if the graph is $(2,3)$-sparse, that is, it is independent in the 2-dimensional rigidity matroid. Furthermore, we give a complete characterization of minimally rigid graphs admitting such a coloring.     

数学建模的教学、竞赛与创新教育

本文从 2 1世纪对人才的要求出发 ,讨论了创新教育是新时代人才培养的基本特征 ,数学建模的教学与竞赛是实践该培养模式的重要途径 ,是新时期教改的切入点和生长点     

Semantics and pragmatics of fuzzy sets and systems

A philosophical formalism of a new methodological aspect of humanistic systems design and evaluation is given. A requisite concept of context-dependency is highlighted, and some approaches to fuzzy sets and linguistics subsequently extended. It is consequently shown that a mathematical theory of pragmatic fuzzy subsets is not only conceptually possible but practically implementable in man-machine studies as well. Thus, the important context-dependent implication of the subjective nature of Zadeh's theory of fuzzy sets can be better exploited.As a pragmatic theory, the approach here is a seeming connection between pragmatism and ontology, concepts that are traditionally diametrically opposed to each other. The attitude adopted has been the equation of pragmatism and psychophysical measurements of ontological objects (noumena). Pragmatism is tacitly defined as a form of empiricism whereby linguistic constructs (i.e., linguistic-variable denotions) that represent any aspect(s) of a humanistic system are nothing more than an operational procedure used to achieve psychophysical measurements of the aspect(s). In this fashion, pragmatism would enable the contents of assertions, which are made through declarative propositions, about humanistic systems to be deciphered within relevant contexts. For pragmatism, direct sense experience provides both the meaning and the criterion of reality judgements. The context-dependent nature of the physical reality of ontological entities is, therefore, better understood pragmatically vis-a-vis the appropriate evaluative criteria and interpretative conventions.By emphasizing the distinction between a fuzzy system (naturally fuzzified) and a fuzzified mathematical structure (meta-mathematically fuzzified), the use of the standard fuzzy topologies is justified although it is conceptually possible to develop a yet more general topology or perhaps an alternative one especially in the case of a meta-mathematically fuzzified structure. However, for the express purpose of machine implementation, a naturally fuzzified system, such as a (complex) humanistic system, is more amenable to an initial test of the philosophy of pragmatic fuzzy subsets. Consequently, the fuzzy topology and spaces employed are intended to be devoid of extensive generalities, in this instance.