南海线性内波条件下的匹配场时间相关长度

对于相位敏感的算法,声场时间相关长度是一个重要的参数。它能确定与相位有关的水声通讯算法的比特率和误码率,以及其他对相位敏感的信号处理算法如匹配场处理的信号增益。为了考察南海线性内波对匹配场时间相关长度的影响,本文分析了2001年亚洲海国际声学实验(ASIAEX2001)南中国海实验的水文数据,得到了符合该海域的内波频谱表示,并通过数值仿真研究了该海域存在线性内波时匹配场时间相关长度与声源频率f、收发距离R以及声速起伏δC的关系,总结了南海线性内波环境中匹配场时间相关长度的经验表示。仿真中所用的声源频率f为150~1200 Hz,收发距离R为20~32 km,声速起伏δC为1.37~5.0 m/s。结果表明,在该实验水文条件下,匹配场时间相关长度与δC^-1.3和f^-1.1成正比;在海底水平不变和水平变化时分别与R^0.7和R^-0.5成正比。     

浅海内波环境下声场时间相关特性

浅海内波是导致声场时间相关半径减小的一个重要原因.利用2015年南中国海声传播起伏实验,对比分析了线性内波以及孤立子内波环境下声场时间相关半径的统计特性.实验数据(175～225 Hz)表明,大振幅孤立子内波的存在极大地降低了声场的时间相关半径,声场时间相关半径从线性内波环境下的1～3 h,降低为孤立子内波环境下的小于...     

浅海中水平线列阵深度对匹配场定位性能的影响

以浅海声传播模型为基础,通过计算机仿真观察到以下物理现象：浅海中海底水平线列阵的匹配场定位性能优于其他深度水平线列阵.利用简正波建模方法揭示了这一现象的物理机理.按照简正波理论,各号模式的形状是海水深度的函数.通过比较不同深度上各号模式幅度的变化,发现海底模式幅值接近零的模式号数明显小于其他深度.这说明海底水平线列阵可以对更多号模式进行采样,进而获得更多的目标声源信息,取得更好的匹配场定位效果. 关键词： 水平线列阵 匹配场定位 基阵深度     

典型浅海温跃层内波对声场起伏的影响

本文描述了在夏季典型海区,温跃层内波起伏和不同距离声振幅起伏的实验测量结果。温度起伏记录时间48.96h,温跃层厚度约2-4m,温差达10-15℃。等温线内波垂直位移有5-6m,且主要受最低阶模式支配。测量获得的内波垂直空间频谱特性中,除潮周期占主要成分外,0.05-0.143cpm(7-20min)之间有明显的谱峰,谱衰减系数在-1.5--1.7之间。数值计算表明内波相、群速度在低频段完全相同,均为0.329m/s;随频率增加,相、群速度从约0.03cpm(33.33min)开始分离,且群速度值下降更快。在不同距离接收点,声振幅信号起伏有8-10dB;随距离增加,起伏有加快的趋势,并伴有信号衰落现象。谱衰减系数在-1,45--2之间。最后,用PE算法,模拟计算在内波起主导作用下的声振幅起伏。     

浅海孤子内波对水平纵向相关性的影响*

基于理论和模型仿真对孤子内波存在下的水平纵向相关系数的变化进行了研究。理论上推导出浅海孤子内波存在情况下的声场水平纵向相关系数随时间的变化规律,并且运用二维抛物方程模型（Ram）验证理论推导结果。结果表明,孤子内波会导致水声纵向相关系数的变化,并且水平纵向相关系数的变化是由于简正波的干涉所导致。我们给出特定环境下的水平纵向相关系数随时间变化的结果,当环境中第一、二号简正波占主导地位时,水平纵向相关系数会呈现出周期变化的结果。     

浅海中孤立子内波引起的声能量起伏

当孤立子内波的波阵面与声传播路径所成角度较大时,简正波耦合是导致声信号起伏的主要因素。研究了浅海中孤立子内波引起的声能量起伏规律,给出声场起伏的耦合简正波表达式,并使用抛物方程模型进行仿真。数值分析表明,接收点声强随时间变化呈准周期性。在频谱图中能够得到声强起伏的主导频率,主导频率与孤立子内波沿声传播路径的移动速度成正比,与无扰动波导中简正波在距离上的干涉周期(对应于射线理论中临界声线的跨度)成反比,与孤立子内波的形状无关。此外,对声强频谱的垂直结构进行了分析,该结构与对声场起伏起主要作用简正波的本征函数相关。     

浅海中水平阵的匹配定位

匹配场(MFP)和匹配模(MMP)已经广泛地用于浅海中的被动源定位。本文利用简正波过滤的一种新方法,通过短水平阵实行源定位,并比较了MFP和MMP,结果表明:MMP源定位的分辨率高于MFP,旁瓣较低,计算量大大减小,同时也讨论了水平阵系统的偏差带来的源定位失配问题。     

浅海内波影响下的波导不变量变化特性分析

针对浅海内波引起波导不变量变化的问题,利用声场波导不变量的概率分布并结合声场简正波的理论,研究了内波活动下波导不变量的时变性,给出了波导不变量变化的机理和规律.具体结论是,在负跃层波导中,声场的波导不变量的最大概率取值具有明显的频变特性.内波环境下,当声传播方向与内波波阵面平行时,接收声场简正波的幅度变化不大,但是简正波的相慢度差和群慢度差的变化却能引起波导不变量最大概率取值的变化;而当声传播方向与内波波阵面垂直时,内波引起的简正波耦合同样会导致波导不变量的最大概率取值的明显变化.     

三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声能流的传播影响

针对三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声信号传播特性的影响问题,基于Oxyz坐标系下的三维浅海低频声场有限元计算方法,以声能流为研究对象,仿真分析了内波存在对低频声信号传播特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:受内波影响,在xOz平面,声能流垂直分量的传播偏转角度呈现周期性的起伏规律;随着声源深度的增加,内波对声能流偏转角度的影响深度也随之增加。对xOy平面,当声源位于温跃层以上时,随着接收深度的增加,各深度平面上声能流水平分量的偏转角越大;随着声源深度的增加,内波对各深度平面上声能流的影响逐渐减弱。     

非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型

研究了浅海非线性内波对远程混响场的影响。通过分析非线性内波活动引起声源到海底散射元以及散射元到接收点之间的声传播变化,给出了非线性内波引起远程混响强度变化的表示,建立了非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型,数值计算了非线性内波运动引起远程混响强度的变化。理论和数值计算表明,非线性内波的活动能够引起远程混响强度的变化,在某些情况下会导致远程混响强度增强。通过讨论非线性内波引声简正波的耦合效应,给出了其引起远程混响强度增强的原因。     

The effects of the internal waves on temporal correlation of matched-field processing in shallow water

Effects of linear and solitary internal waves on the temporal correlation of matched-field processing(MFP) in shallow water are numerically investigated for acoustic sources with different frequencies and depths based on oceanographic data from an experiment.It is shown that the temporal correlation of MFP decreases as the amplitude of solitary internal waves or the average energy density of linear internal waves increases.For acoustic source with lower frequency or located below the thermocline,the temp...     

The coherence of low-frequency sound in shallow water in the presence of internal waves

The coherence time and transverse coherence length of a low-frequency (100–300 Hz) sound field that is formed by an omnidirectional point source at a distance of 10–30 km in a shallow-water acoustic waveguide, which is characteristic of an open ocean shelf, were estimated analytically and in a numerical experiment. An anisotropic field of background internal waves is considered as a source of spatiotemporal fluctuations. It is shown that the coherence time decreases as the frequency increases, and strongly depends on the perturbation-movement direction. The transverse coherence length is primarily determined by phase incursions that are related to the cylindrical shape of the acoustic-wave front. In the case of transverse propagation, background internal waves may lead to significant variations in this length. The introduction of compensating phase corrections during processing provides a considerable increase in the average transverse coherence length.     

Effect of shallow water internal waves on ocean acoustic striation patterns

Contour plots of underwater acoustic intensity, mapped in range and frequency, often exhibit striations. It has been claimed that a scalar parameter 'beta', defined in terms of the slope of the striations, is invariant to the details of the acoustic waveguide. In shallow water, the canonical value is β=1. In the present paper, the waveguide invariant is modelled as a distribution rather than a scalar. The effects of shallow water internal waves on the distribution are studied by numerical simulation. Realizations of time-evolving shallow water internal wave fields are synthesized and acoustic propagation simulated using the parabolic equation method. The waveguide invariant distribution is tracked as the internal wave field evolves in time. Both random background internal waves and more event-like solitary internal waves are considered.     

Effect of shallow water internal waves on ocean acoustic striation patterns

Abstract

Contour plots of underwater acoustic intensity, mapped in range and frequency, often exhibit striations. It has been claimed that a scalar parameter ‘beta’, defined in terms of the slope of the striations, is invariant to the details of the acoustic waveguide. In shallow water, the canonical value is β=1. In the present paper, the waveguide invariant is modelled as a distribution rather than a scalar. The effects of shallow water internal waves on the distribution are studied by numerical simulation. Realizations of time-evolving shallow water internal wave fields are synthesized and acoustic propagation simulated using the parabolic equation method. The waveguide invariant distribution is tracked as the internal wave field evolves in time. Both random background internal waves and more event-like solitary internal waves are considered.     

Coherence of acoustic modes propagating through shallow water internal waves

The 1995 Shallow Water Acoustics in a Random Medium (SWARM) experiment [Apel et al., IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 22, 445-464 (1997)] was conducted off the New Jersey coast. The experiment featured two well-populated vertical receiving arrays, which permitted the measured acoustic field to be decomposed into its normal modes. The decomposition was repeated for successive transmissions allowing the amplitude of each mode to be tracked. The modal amplitudes were observed to decorrelate with time scales on the order of 100 s [Headrick et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 107(1), 201-220 (2000)]. In the present work, a theoretical model is proposed to explain the observed decorrelation. Packets of intense internal waves are modeled as coherent structures moving along the acoustic propagation path without changing shape. The packets cause mode coupling and their motion results in a changing acoustic interference pattern. The model is consistent with the rapid decorrelation observed in SWARM. The model also predicts the observed partial recorrelation of the field at longer time scales. The model is first tested in simple continuous-wave simulations using canonical representations for the internal waves. More detailed time-domain simulations are presented mimicking the situation in SWARM. Modeling results are compared to experimental data.     

Frequency dependence and intensity fluctuations due to shallow water internal waves

A theory and experimental results for sound propagation through an anisotropic shallow water environment are presented to examine the frequency dependence of the scintillation index in the presence of internal waves. The theory of horizontal rays and vertical modes is used to establish the azimutal and frequency behavior of the sound intensity fluctuations, specifically for shallow water broadband acoustic signals propagating through internal waves. This theory is then used to examine the frequency dependent, anisotropic acoustic field measured during the SWARM'95 experiment. The frequency dependent modal scintillation index is described for the frequency range of 30-200 Hz on the New Jersey continental shelf.     

Rogue waves in shallow water

Most of the processes resulting in the formation of unexpectedly high surface waves in deep water (such as dispersive and geometrical focusing, interactions with currents and internal waves, reflection from caustic areas, etc.) are active also in shallow areas. Only the mechanism of modulational instability is not active in finite depth conditions. Instead, wave amplification along certain coastal profiles and the drastic dependence of the run-up height on the incident wave shape may substantially contribute to the formation of rogue waves in the nearshore. A unique source of long-living rogue waves (that has no analogues in the deep ocean) is the nonlinear interaction of obliquely propagating solitary shallow-water waves and an equivalent mechanism of Mach reflection of waves from the coast. The characteristic features of these processes are (i) extreme amplification of the steepness of the wave fronts, (ii) change in the orientation of the largest wave crests compared with that of the counterparts and (iii) rapid displacement of the location of the extreme wave humps along the crests of the interacting waves. The presence of coasts raises a number of related questions such as the possibility of conversion of rogue waves into sneaker waves with extremely high run-up. Also, the reaction of bottom sediments and the entire coastal zone to the rogue waves may be drastic.