Conservation A Collaboration Between Art and Science

This article presents an overview of the major causes of the decay of artifacts and antiquities. It summarizes various interactions of the environment with different types of artworks that lead to their eventual degradation. In their effort to preserve our heritage and comprehend the causes of decay, museums and art experts are increasingly utilizing the tools of science. Scientific analytical laboratories, equipped with state of the art instrumentation, have already become an integral part of some famous museums. This article also describes the development of a new trend in the art of modern conservation, which emphasizes the necessity of keeping the original intention of the artist intact and preserving the integrity of the artifact.     

固定床反应器——科学、技术和艺术

本文是关于固定床反应器现状及可能发展的综述。作为一种传统的反应器，固定床反应器在模型理论上已相当完善。但是由于模型和模型参数的不确定性，要通过模型化来实现优化操作几乎是不可能的。因而从科学方法的观点提出了基于状态估计和参数估计的动态优化方法。固定床反应器的一种可能发展趋势是与有关的一种(或几种)技术结合，最有可能的是与膜技术结合或与催化剂设计技术结合，实现反应一分离的综合日标。最后，本文叙述了组合已有的化学工程的原理和技术，使固定床反应器在降低能耗、提高收率等方面取得的进展。     

The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century

A new millenium has begun-grounds enough to question the present state of the total synthesis of natural products. In this review we answer this question by tracing the evolution of this fine art and science from its birth to the present time. This retrospective on total synthesis should serve to demonstrate how far we have come, yet show that the science of total synthesis is still in its infancy.     

演示的艺术

著名的瑞典化学家贝齐里乌斯曾有过这样的尴尬,在他任化学和药物学教授时,渊博的知识,幽默的语句使得他主讲的药物学座无虚席,但主讲化学课时却听众寥寥无几.     

The Dispersion Science of Papermaking

Abstract

Paper is one of the most important inventions in the history of civilization, and it is an essential commodity to all people in the world. The fact that we make ubiquitous use of a score of paper products makes it easy to underestimate its value and significance. This review is intended to put into perspective the dispersion science involved in papermaking and to describe how our understanding of key processes has evolve since its conception, approximately 2000 years ago, from art to science. Paper is formed from a slurry of fibers and much smaller particles that are often called “fines” and other chemical additives. Ahead of the paper forming process the slurry is subjected to a series of steps, including treatment with polyionic species and passage through unit operations that impose shear forces on the papermaking suspension. These steps alternately disperse the solids apart or re‐gather them back together. The overall process is optimized to achieve a highly uniform product, while at the same time achieving high efficiency in retaining fines in the sheet and allowing water to drain relatively quickly from the wet paper as it is being formed. As we approach the 1900‐year anniversary of the first detailed account of the papermaking process, it is the goal of this review to explore the scientific principles that underlie the art of papermaking, emphasizing the state of dispersion of the fibrous slurries during various stages of the manufacturing process. Some concepts that arise out of the experience of papermakers have potential applications in other fields.     

化学教学中的“点拨”艺术

点拨是指教师用简炼、精辟的语言,或鲜明生动的实验等方式,指示或指点学生,让学生通过自己的努力去获得知识。提高能力、发展智力的一种教学手段。它体现了“教为主导学为主体”的教学原则,是化学教学中的一种艺术。点拨是否恰当,也是教师是否成熟的标志。本文仅就“点拨”时应遵循的原则、“点拨”的类型作些探讨。一、”点拨”的原则1．启发性原则点拨要点在点子上,拨在关键处,即通过拨动学生的思维之弦,揭示问题的实质,启发学生醒悟,虽然只有一言半语,却能一针见血,达到“。已有灵犀一点通”的最佳效果。2．适度性原则点拨得…     

Colloidal Lithography—The Art of Nanochemical Patterning

Nanochemical printmaking : Colloidal lithography paves a powerful nanochemical way for patterning on planar substrates and microparticles. The feature size can easily be scaled down to 100 nm by reducing the diameter of the microspheres and the feature shape diversified by the crystalline structure of a colloidal crystal mask, the mask etching time, the incidence angle of the vapor beam, and the mask registry (the azimuth angle of the vapor beam).

     

The Art of Designing DNA Nanostructures with CAD Software

Since the arrival of DNA nanotechnology nearly 40 years ago, the field has progressed from its beginnings of envisioning rather simple DNA structures having a branched, multi-strand architecture into creating beautifully complex structures comprising hundreds or even thousands of unique strands, with the possibility to exactly control the positions down to the molecular level. While the earliest construction methodologies, such as simple Holliday junctions or tiles, could reasonably be designed on pen and paper in a short amount of time, the advent of complex techniques, such as DNA origami or DNA bricks, require software to reduce the time required and propensity for human error within the design process. Where available, readily accessible design software catalyzes our ability to bring techniques to researchers in diverse fields and it has helped to speed the penetration of methods, such as DNA origami, into a wide range of applications from biomedicine to photonics. Here, we review the historical and current state of CAD software to enable a variety of methods that are fundamental to using structural DNA technology. Beginning with the first tools for predicting sequence-based secondary structure of nucleotides, we trace the development and significance of different software packages to the current state-of-the-art, with a particular focus on programs that are open source.     

The Future of Sol-Gel Science and Technology

This paper addresses the future prospects for sol-gel processing. It includes responses from nearly two dozen leading practitioners of the sol-gel art, who were kind enough to answer a questionnaire about the present state and future directions of the field. Overall, the prospects appear quite bright; but achievement of anything like the full potential of the method will require greatly increased interaction between sol-gel specialists and device technologists.     

The Cross Link of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering with Surface Science and Nanoscale Science

The discovery of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in the mid-1970s impacted on the surface science community because of its remarkably high and unique surface sensitivity. Surface roughness in scale of 10~100 nm have been found necessary to produce the giant SERS signal. In this paper we will show that SERS is indeed one of the important phenomena not only in surface science but also in nanoscale science^[1].