Modeling and Analysis of Seawater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Cap-Bon, Tunisia

A numerical model that treats density-dependent variably saturated flow and miscible salt transport is used to investigate the occurrence of seawater intrusion in the Korba aquifer of the eastern coast of Cap-Bon in northern Tunisia. We examine the interplay between pumping regimes and recharge scenarios and its effect on the saline water distribution. More localized simulations are used to examine, in vertical cross sections, the effects of well location and soil type and the role of the vadose zone in possible remediation actions. The exploratory simulations suggest interesting interactions between the unsaturated zone and the saltwater–freshwater interface with possible implications for groundwater exploitation from shallow unconfined coastal aquifers, involving in one case feedback between seawater intrusion and the high pressure head gradients around the pumping-induced drawdown cone and in another case threshold-like interface displacement for tight soils such as clays. The data processing steps undertaken in this GIS and modeling study are described in some detail, and a critical assessment is given of the data availability and of the requirements for successful monitoring and modeling of seawater intrusion risks in heavily exploited coastal aquifers such as those found in the semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean basin. It is shown how, with the aid of GIS, reasonably reliable information can be assembled from maps, surveys, and other sources of geospatial and hydrogeological data, an approach that is necessary in the many regions of the world with acute water resource problems but with limited means for undertaking systematic data acquisition and environmental monitoring actions. Nonetheless the need for more concerted monitoring of relevant parameters and processes and of closer coordination between monitoring and modeling is stressed. An idea of the extent of over-exploitation of the Korba aquifer is obtained by examining the pumping and rainfall/infiltration data, and the simulation results support groundwater pumping as the mechanism for and seawater intrusion as the origin of the salt contamination observed in the soils and subsurface waters of the Korba plain.     

Uncertainty Analysis of Radionuclide Transport in a Fractured Coastal Aquifer with Geothermal Effects

Groundwater flow and radionuclide transport at the Milrow underground nuclear test site on Amchitka Island are modeled using two-dimensional numerical simulations. A multi-parameter uncertainty analysis is adapted and used to address the effects of uncertainties associated with the definition of the modeled processes and the values of the parameters governing these processes. In particular, we focus on the effects on radioactive transport of uncertainties associated with conduction and convection of heat relative to the uncertainties associated with other flow and transport parameters. These include recharge, hydraulic conductivity, fracture porosity, dispersivity and strength of matrix diffusion. The flow model is conceptualized to address the problem of density-driven flow under conditions of variable salinity and geothermal gradient. The conceptual transport model simulates the advection–dispersion process, the diffusion process from the high-velocity fractures into the porous matrix blocks, and radioactive decay.For this case study, the uncertainty of the recharge-conductivity ratio contributes the most to the output uncertainty (standard deviation of mass flux across the seafloor). The location of the freshwater–saltwater transition zone changes dramatically as this ratio changes with the thickness of the freshwater lens and the location of the seepage face changing as well. In the context of radionuclide transport from the nuclear test cavity that is located in the area where the transition zone is uncertain, travel times of radionuclide mass from the cavity to the seepage face along the seafloor are significantly impacted. The variation in transition zone location changes the velocity magnitude at the cavity location by a large factor (probably an order of magnitude). When this effect is combined with porosity and matrix diffusion uncertainty, the uncertainty of transport results becomes large. Although thermal parameters have an effect on the solution of the flow problem and also on travel times of radionuclides, the effect is relatively small compared to other flow and transport parameters.     

Modeling the Transport of Contaminants Originating from the Dissolution of DNAPL Pools in Aquifers in the Presence of Dissolved Humic Substances

A twodimensional finite difference numerical model was developed to describe the transport of dissolved organics originating from nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) pool dissolution in saturated porous media in the presence of dissolved humic substances. A rectangular NAPL pool was considered in a homogeneous porous medium with unidirectional interstitial groundwater velocity. It was assumed that dissolved humic substances and aqueous phase contaminants may sorb onto the solid matrix under local equilibrium conditions. The contaminant in the aqueous phase may undergo firstorder decay. Also, the dissolved contaminant may sorb onto humic substances. The transport properties of dissolved humic substances are assumed to be unaffected by sorbing contaminants, because dissolved humic macromolecules are much larger than dissolved contaminants and sorption of nonpolar contaminants onto humic substances do not affect the overall surface charge of humic substances. The sorption characteristics of dissolved humic substances onto clean sand were determined from column experiments. An effective local mass transfer rate coefficient accounting for the presence of dissolved humic substances was developed. Model simulations indicate that dissolved humic substances substantially increase NAPL pool dissolution, and consequently reduce the required pumpandtreat aquifer remediation time.     

Role of Molecular Diffusion in Contaminant Migration and Recovery in an Alluvial Aquifer System

Highly-resolved simulations and flow and transport in an alluvial system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) site explore the role of diffusion in the migration and recovery of a conservative solute. Heterogeneity is resolved to the hydrofacies scale with a discretization of 10.0, 5.0 and 0.5m in the strike, dip and vertical directions of the alluvial-fan system. Transport simulations rely on recently developed random-walk techniques that accurately account for local dispersion processes at interfaces between materials with contrasting hydraulic and transport properties. Solute migration and recovery by pump and treat are shown to be highly sensitive to magnitude of effective diffusion coefficient. Further, transport appears significantly more sensitive to the diffusion coefficient than to local-scale dispersion processes represented by a dispersivity coefficient. Predicted hold back of solute mass near source locations during ambient migration and pump-and-treat remediation is consistent with observations at LLNL, and reminiscent of observations at the MADE site of Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi. Results confirm the important role of diffusion in low-conductivity materials and, consequently, its impact on efficacy of pump-and-treat and other remedial technologies. In a typical alluvial system on a decadal time scale this process is, in part, fundamentally nonreversible because the average thickness of low-K hydrofacies is considerably greater than the mean-square length of penetration of the solute plume.     

Experiments on Solute Transport in Aggregated Porous Media: Are Diffusions Within Aggregates and Hydrodynamic Dispersion Independent?

Two region models for solute transport in porous media assume that hydrodynamic dispersion in mobile water and solute diffusion within immobile water regions are independent. Experimental and theoretical results for transport through a macropore indicate that hydrodynamic dispersion and solute exchange are interdependent. Experiments were carried out to investigate this problem for a column packed with spherical porous aggregates. The effective diffusion coefficient of a tracer within the agreggates was determined from specific experiments. The dispersivity of the bed was determined from experiments carried out with a column filled with nonporous beads. We took advantage of the dependence of hydrodynamic dispersion on density ratios between the invading and displaced solutions to obtain a set of breakthrough curves corresponding to situations where the diffusion coefficient remains constant, whereas the dispersivity varies. Simulations reproduce correctly the experiments. Small discrepancies are noted that can be corrected either by increasing the dispersion coefficient or by fitting the external mass transfer coefficient. Increased dispersion coefficients probably reveal a modification of Taylor dispersion due to solute exchange. The fitted external mass transfer coefficients are close to the values obtained with classical correlations of the chemical engineering literature.     

应力脉冲在SHPB实验中弥散效应的数值模拟与频谱分析

在评判不同材料的整形器对加载波形的改进效果的应用背景下,对比研究了不同形态的应力脉冲在霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)中的弥散效应。利用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了杆件的三维有限元模型,在杆端分别施加矩形、三角形和半正弦形的应力脉冲,分析了波形振荡、前沿升时和应力峰值随传播距离的变化规律,并运用频谱分析的方法进行了理论解释。结果表明:三角应力脉冲和半正弦应力脉冲在各个方面都比传统的矩形应力脉冲表现出了更小的弥散效应;半正弦应力脉冲在传播过程中比三角应力脉冲更能控制其形态,能有效地减少弥散效应,提高Φ100mm SHPB实验精度,是岩石类非均质材料的理想加载波形;频谱分析的方法能从理论方面有效地解释应力脉冲信号在SHPB实验中的弥散现象。由此可见,波形整形设计的理想目标为具有较宽历时的半正弦应力脉冲。     

Numerical and experimental investigation of wave dynamic processes in high-speed train/tunnels

Numerical and experimental investigation on wave dynamic processes induced by high-speed trains entering railway tunnels are presented. Experiments were conducted by using a 1:250 scaled train-tunnel simulator. Numerical simulations were carried out by solving the axisymmetric Euler equations with the dispersion-controlled scheme implemented with moving boundary conditions. Pressure histories at various positions inside the train-tunnel simulator at different distance measured from the entrance of the simulator are recorded both numerically and experimentally, and then compared with each other for two train speeds. After the validation of nonlinear wave phenomena, detailed numerical simulations were then conducted to account for the generation of compression waves near the entrance, the propagation of these waves along the train tunnel, and their gradual development into a weak shock wave. Four wave dynamic processes observed are interpreted by combining numerical results with experiments. They are: high-speed trains moving over a free terrain before entering railway tunnels; the abrupt-entering of high-speed trains into railway tunnels; the abrupt-entering of the tail of high-speed trains into railway tunnels; and the interaction of compression and expansion waves ahead of high-speed trains. The effects of train-tunnel configuration, such as the train length and the train-tunnel blockage ratio, on these wave processes have been investigated as well.     

Effects of Chemical Reaction and Double Dispersion on Non-Darcy Free Convection Heat and Mass Transfer

In this article, the effects of chemical reaction and double dispersion on non-Darcy free convection heat and mass transfer from semi-infinite, impermeable vertical wall in a fluid saturated porous medium are investigated. The Forchheimer extension (non-Darcy term) is considered in the flow equations, while the chemical reaction power–law term is considered in the concentration equation. The first order chemical reaction (n = 1) was used as an example of calculations. The Darcy and non-Darcy flow, temperature and concentration fields in this study are observed to be governed by complex interactions among dispersion and natural convection mechanisms. The governing set of partial differential equations were non-dimensionalized and reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations for which Runge–Kutta-based numerical technique were implemented. Numerical results for the detail of the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles as well as heat transfer rates (Nusselt number) and mass transfer rates (Sherwood number) are presented in graphs.     

广肇高速公路软土工程特性及处理方案比选

采用真空联合堆载预压法处理广肇高速公路软土地基,效果显著,能够满足各方面的技术要求,且经济合理,值得推广。     

The Effect of Double Dispersion on Natural Convection Heat and Mass Transfer in a Non-Newtonian Fluid Saturated Non-Darcy Porous Medium

The effect of power law index parameter of the non-Newtonian fluid on free convection heat and mass transfer from a vertical wall is analyzed by considering double dispersion in a non-Darcy porous medium with constant wall temperature and concentration conditions. The Ostwald–de Waele power law model is used to characterize the non-Newtonian fluid behavior. In this case a similarity solution is possible. The variation of heat and mass transfer coefficients with the governing parameters such as power law index, thermal and solutal dispersion parameters, inertia parameter, buoyancy ratio, and the Lewis number is discussed for a wide range of values of these parameters.     

Review of Coherent Structures in Turbulent Free Shear Flows and Their Possible Influence on Computational Methods

A review of selected experiments on coherent structures in turbulent shear flows is performed. Different experimental approaches (conditional averages, filtering techniques, wavelets, linear stochastic estimation and proper orthogonal decomposition, etc.) are illustrated and their links with computations (LES, DNS, SDM, etc.) is emphasized. It is particularly shown that some kind of universal behavior of the background turbulence can be retrieved from these various experimental methods. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of supply air temperature and inlet location on particle dispersion in displacement ventilation rooms

The effects of supply temperature and vertical location of inlet air on particle dispersion in a displacement ventilated (DV) room were numerically modeled with validation by experimental data from the literature. The results indicate that the temperature and vertical location of inlet supply air did not greatly affect the air distribution in the upper parts of a DV room, but could significantly influence the airflow pattern in the lower parts of the room, thus affecting the indoor air quality with contaminant sources located at the lower level, such as particles from working activities in an office. The numerical results also show that the inlet location would slightly influence the relative ventilation efficiency for the same air supply volume, but particle concentration in the breathing zone would be slightly lower with a low horizontal wall slot than a rectangular diffuser. Comparison of the results for two different supply temperatures in a DV room shows that, although lower supply temperature means less incoming air volume, since the indoor flow is mainly driven by buoyancy, lower supply temperature air could more efficiently remove passive sources (such as particles released from work activities in an office). However, in the breathing zone it gives higher concentration as compared to higher supply air temperature. To obtain good indoor air quality, low supply air temperature should be avoided because concentration in the breathing zone has a stronger and more direct impact on human health.     

Effects of the roughness height in turbulent boundary layers over rod- and cuboid-roughened walls

Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of spatially developing turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) over two-dimensional (2D) rod-roughened walls and three-dimensional (3D) cuboid-roughened walls are conducted to investigate the effects of the roughness height on the flow characteristics in the outer layer. The rod elements are periodically aligned along the downstream direction with a pitch of p_x/θ_in = 12, and the cuboid elements are periodically staggered with a pitch of p_x/θ_in = 12 and p_z/θ_in = 3, where p_x and p_z are correspondingly the streamwise and spanwise pitches of the roughness and θ_in is the momentum thickness at the inlet. The first surface roughness is placed 80θ_in downstream from the inlet, leading to a step change from a smooth to rough surface. The rod and cuboid roughness height (k) is varied in the range of 0.1 ≤ k/θ_in ≤ 1.8 (13 ≤ δ/k ≤ 285), respectively (δ is the boundary layer thickness), and the Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness (θ) is varied in the range of Re_θ = 300 ~ 1400. For each case, the self-preservation form of the velocity-defect and the turbulent Reynolds stresses is achieved along the downstream direction. As the roughness height increases, the roughness function (ΔU⁺) extracted from the mean velocity profiles increases, although the velocity-defect profiles for the rough-wall cases show good agreement with the profile from the smooth-wall case. The magnitude of the Reynolds stresses in the outer layer increases with an increase of k/δ. The outer layer similarity between the flows over the rough and smooth-walls is found when δ/k ≥ 250 and 100 for the 2D rod and 3D cuboid, respectively. The continuous increase of the Reynolds stresses in the outer layer with an increase of k/δ is explained by a large population of very long structures over the rough-wall flows. Because the characteristic width of the structures increases continuously with an increase of k/δ for the rod and cuboid roughness, a wide width of the structures leads to frequent spanwise merging between adjacent structures. The active spanwise merging events with an increase of k/δ increase the streamwise coherence of the structures with the appearance of significant meandering.     

Effects of body shape and viscoelasticity on the slow flow around an obstacle

A study was made of the motion of axisymmetrical objects in viscous and viscoelastic fluids within a cylindrical tank with the assumption of negligible inertial effects. A numerical treatment based on the Stokes equations of motion and an optimization technique enabled the details of the velocity and rate-of-deformation fields for a Newtonian fluid to be predicted. The influence of the shape of various bodies, some even with concave surfaces, was examined. The corresponding experiments were carried out with viscous and viscoelastic fluids using a visualization technique. A correlation between the main flow characteristics and the rheological behaviour of the fluids was established.     

Modeling and Simulation of Effects of Turbulence on Vaporization, Mixing and Combustion of Liquid-Fuel Sprays

The objective of this work is twofold. Firstly, the effects of turbulence intensity variations on the turbulent droplet dispersion, vaporization and mixing for non-reacting sprays (with and without swirl) are pointed out. Secondly, the effects of the coupling of the turbulence modulation with external parameters, such as swirl intensity, on turbulent spray combustion are analyzed in configurations of engineering importance. This is achieved by using advanced models for turbulence, evaporation and turbulence modulation implemented into FASTEST-LAG3D-codes: (1) To highlight the influence of turbulence modulation on some spray properties, a thermodynamically consistent modulation model has been considered besides the standard assumption and the well known Crowe's model. For turbulent droplet dispersion, we rely on the Markov-sequence formulation. (2) In order to characterize phase transition processes ongoing on droplets surfaces, a non-equilibrium evaporation model shows better agreement with experiments in comparison with the quasi-equilibrium-based evaporation models often used. (3) The results of turbulence intensity variations reveal the existence of a limited range out of which the increase or decrease of the turbulence intensity affects no more the efficiency of the heat and mass transfer. A derived characteristic number, a vaporization Damkhöler number, possesses a critical value which separates two different behavior regimes with respect to the turbulence/droplet vaporization interactions. (4) Under reacting conditions, it is shown how the evaporation characteristics, mixing rate and combustion process are strongly influenced by swirl intensity and turbulence modulation. In particular, the turbulence modulation modifies the evaporation rate, which in turn influences the mixing and the species concentration distribution. In the case under investigation, it is demonstrated that this effect cannot be neglected for low swirl intensities (Sw.Nu. ≤ 1) in the region far from the nozzle, and close to the nozzle for high swirl number intensities. In providing these particular characteristics, a reliable control of the mixing of gaseous fuel and air in evaporating and reacting sprays, and a possible optimization of the mixing process can tentatively be achieved.     

Effects of a dynamic trailing-edge flap on the aerodynamic performance and flow structures in hovering flight

To examine the effects of wing morphing on unsteady aerodynamics, deformable flapping plates are numerically studied in a low-Reynolds-number flow. Simulations are carried out using an in-house immersed-boundary-method-based direct numerical simulation (DNS) solver. In current work, chord-wise camber is modeled by a hinge connecting two rigid components. The leading portion is driven by a biological hovering motion along a horizontal stroke plane. The hinged trailing-edge flap (TEF) is controlled by a prescribed harmonic deflection motion. The effects of TEF deflection amplitude, deflection phase difference, hinge location, and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic performance and flow structures are investigated. The results show that the unsteady aerodynamic performance of deformable flapping plates is dominated by the TEF deflection phase difference, which directly affects the strength of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) and thus influences the entire vortex shedding process. The overall lift enhancement can reach up to 26% by tailoring the deflection amplitude and deflection phase difference. It is also found that the role of the dynamic TEF played in the flapping flight is consistent over a range of hinge locations and Reynolds numbers. Results from a low aspect-ratio (AR=2) deformable plate show the same trend as those of 2-D cases despite the effect of the three-dimensionality.     

Influence of capillary pressure,adsorption and dispersion on chemical flood transport phenomena

This is the second of two joint papers which study the influence of several physical properties on the transport phenomena in chemical flooding. To that aim, we use a previously reported ternary two-phase model into which representative physical properties have been incorporated as concentration-dependent functions. Physical properties such as phase behavior, interfacial tensions, residual saturations, relative permeabilities, phase viscosities and wettability have been analyzed in the first paper.

In this paper, we discuss the influence of capillary pressure, adsorption of the chemical component onto the rock and dispersion. Although arising from different phenomenological sources, these transport mechanisms show some similar effects on concentration profiles and on oil recovery. They are studied for systems with different phase behavior. A numerical analysis is also presented in order to determine the relevance of the number of grid blocks taken in the discretization of the differential equations. This numerical analysis provides useful guidelines for the selection of the appropriate numerical grid in each type of displacement.

     

开洞口煤仓风致积雪数值模拟及雪荷载不利分区研究

风雪共同作用下开洞口煤仓网壳表面雪压不均匀分布,对网壳结构安全性极为不利,且我国《建筑结构荷载规范》和《火力发电厂圆形贮煤仓施工技术规范》并未明确规定此种结构的雪荷载,故模拟研究了此种更接近实际煤仓选型的结构表面积雪侵蚀和沉积量的变化情况。运用FLUENT计算流体力学软件,基于Euler-Euler的方法,分析了不同风向角、积雪厚度和吹雪时间对开洞口煤仓表面积雪侵蚀量和沉积量的影响,结果表明,风向角和积雪厚度对煤仓表面积雪变化量影响较大,随风向角和积雪厚度增大,煤仓中心部位垂直来流风方向的积雪侵蚀量显著增大。将数值模拟所得结果与规范进行对比,发现此类结构并不适用于我国规范给出的屋面积雪分布系数,故提供煤仓表面最不利积雪分布系数分区图,为煤仓表面雪荷载设计提供依据。     

Pore-Level Modeling of Gas and Condensate Flow in Two- and Three-Dimensional Pore Networks: Pore Size Distribution Effects on the Relative Permeability of Gas and Condensate

We present a mechanistic model of retrograde condensation processes in two- and three-dimensional capillary tube networks under gravitational forces. Condensate filling-emptying cycles in pore segments and gas connection–isolation cycles are included. With the pore-level distribution of gas and condensate in hand, we determine their corresponding relative permeabilities. Details of pore space and displacement are subsumed in pore conductances. Solving for the pressure field in each phase, we find a single effective conductance for each phase as a function of condensate saturation. Along with the effective conductance for the saturated network, the relative permeability for each phase is calculated. Our model porous media are two- and three-dimensional regular networks of pore segments with distributed size and square cross-section. With a Monte Carlo sampling we find the optimum network size to avoid size effects and then we investigate the effect of network dimensionality and pore size distribution on the relative permeabilities of gas and condensate.