超音速冲击射流离散频率噪声的屏蔽抑制方法

根据导致超音速冲击射流离散频率噪声的反馈机理，提出了一种能够有效地破坏反馈环的形成，从而抑制超音速冲击射流离散频率噪声的喷嘴屏蔽方法。这种方法是通过阻隔反馈波使其不能到达喷嘴唇口从而破坏反馈环、同时屏蔽罩不与射流接触来实现降噪的目的的。本文介绍了这种方法的基本思想并提出了屏蔽罩的设计要点。实验结果表明，对于合适的屏蔽罩的参数，降噪效果达5分贝以上。应用LDV方法对超声速射流轴线速度进行了测量和比较，发现应用屏蔽降噪方法以后射流轴线速度显著增加，核心区长度增加50%左右。分析表明这种降噪方法对射流冲击障碍物的推力和除尘除水效率的提高有帮助。     

小口径轴对称收缩喷嘴射流冲击大平板噪声指向特性研究

实验研究了3毫米口径轴对称收缩喷嘴在各种压比下射流垂直冲击和倾斜冲击坚固大平板产生的噪声的指向特性。发现噪声在过平板法线和喷嘴轴线的平面内呈近似四瓣分布，当喷嘴与平板距离减小时，指向壁射流下游的瓣得到增强，反之，指向喷嘴上游的瓣得到增强。喷嘴压比增加时，指向壁射流下游的瓣得到增强，反之，指向喷嘴上游的瓣得到增强。根据自由射流噪声的基本指向特性、射流冲击噪声基本指向特性、声波在平板处发生镜面反射和声波能量叠加的设定，建立了一个冲击射流总体噪声指向特性的模型，成功解释了实验结果，并揭示了形成冲击射流总体噪声指向特性的内在机理。     

燃气射流冲击传热特性的数值模拟

针对射流传热问题,利用基于RNGk-ε湍流模型的数值方法模拟了射流垂直冲击平板的流动过程,并与实验数据比较,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,以火箭喷管入口参数为入口条件,建立了超音速燃气射流垂直冲击平板和冲击浸没平板的计算模型,分析了不同冲击条件下努塞尔数分布规律和温度分布规律, 论述了超音速射流传热的特性及影响传热特性的因素。得到了冲击距离为(14~18)D的努塞尔数取值范围,并表明冲击距离和射流温度是影响传热效率的关键因素;冲击距离增加,传热效率降低,冲击平板表面的射流温度越高,传热效率越高。     

高压旋转射流流动特性的实验研究

测量了叶轮导引高压射流喷嘴在不同叶轮螺旋倾角和喷嘴收缩角下高压水的喷射形状参数,通过分析给陋了此种射流的外边界曲线方程形式及射流扩散角与叶轮螺旋倾角、喷嘴收缩角的关系,最后对射流机理进行了探讨,并给出一种微团轨道模型研究方法。     

围压下自振空化射流冲蚀性能实验研究

自振空化射流是利用瞬态流和水声学原理调制而成的一种新型射流,为研究围压下自激振荡空化射流的冲蚀破碎规律,利用高压釜装置测量了1.0mm出口直径的风琴管自振空化喷嘴在各种射流参数情况下冲蚀铝试样的冲蚀质量,并与同等条件下锥形喷嘴冲蚀效率进行了对比。测量结果表明,冲蚀质量基本与射流压力成正比;存在最优喷距和围压,使得冲蚀效果最佳,在本实验条件,分别为喷嘴出口直径的5～7倍和2MPa左右;相同条件下,自振空化喷嘴冲蚀质量约为同等条件下锥形喷嘴冲蚀的1～2倍,这为自振空化射流提高钻井速度等实际应用提供了实验依据。     

小口径轴对称收缩喷嘴射流冲击大平板噪声特性的实验研究

为研究小口径喷嘴冲击射流的噪声特性，测定了3mm口径的轴对称收缩喷嘴在各种压比情况下产生的亚音速和超音速射流冲击坚固大平板产生的噪声。发现噪声在空间呈近似四瓣分布，当喷嘴与平板距离减小时，噪声指向壁射流下游的瓣到增强，反之，噪声指向喷嘴上游的瓣得到增强。噪声随喷嘴距平板距离的增加呈增强的趋势，在距平板一定距离内有锯齿现象。噪声随喷嘴压比的增加而增强，相应于各种工况，存在一不同的压比值，此压比之前，噪声随压比的增大而迅速提高，但有起伏现象，在此压比之后，噪声平缓地随压比的增大而增强。     

基于SPH方法粒子射流破岩数值模拟与实验研究

钻井液中加入体积分数为1%~3%的钢质粒子在钻头喷嘴处高速喷出冲击岩石,实现了粒子射流冲击和钻头机械联合破岩,有效提高了破岩效率。利用瞬态非线性动力学有限元模拟软件,基于光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法,考虑流体对粒子射流冲击的影响,建立了粒子射流冲击破岩的物理模型,获得了粒子射流参数对破岩体积的影响规律,进行了室内实验验证,验证了SPH方法的有效性。结果表明:粒子射流冲击岩石表面形成规则的V型冲击坑;同条件下粒子射流破岩体积是水射流破岩体积的2~4倍;随着粒子射流冲蚀时间的增加,粒子射流破岩体积不断增加,但破岩效率降低;粒子射流压力大于10 MPa后,粒子射流破岩效率迅速增大;喷射角度大于6°后,破岩效率迅速减小。     

超高压水射流喷头水动力特性研究

基于对超高压水射流喷头的外部参数定量化分析,给出关于射流核心参数的优选方法,旨在提高水射流效率。首先,根据超高压水射流除锈喷嘴的工作特点,考虑到水的压缩性和空化效应,建立单束定冲角、多束旋转喷头的三维数值模型,通过改变靶距、入射角度、转速等外部特征参数,实施了超高压水射流除锈喷头水动力性能模拟研究。然后,重点分析单束定冲角喷嘴靶距、入射角度对靶面剪切应力、打击压强分布的影响,以及射流等速核长度与最佳射流靶距的关系。发现当靶距等于喷嘴射流等速核长度时,壁面剪切应力达到最佳水平。此外,通过分析高速旋转射流卷吸效应、靶面水垫作用对靶面所受剪切应力、打击压强分布的影响,得到最佳转速范围和对应线速度。初步阐明了射流冲击剥离的机理、单束定冲角以及多束旋转射流的特征参数对射流效果的影响,可为超高压除锈喷头的设计、装配提供参考。     

冲击射流中反馈环机理的再研究

冲击射流的噪声抑制对于研究短程起飞和垂直起降飞行器(STOVL)是极其重要的. 为了研究冲击射流噪声尤其是冲击单音与涡结构尺度之间的关系以及反馈声波的上传方向,采用小波分析技术和``声类比'方法来分析冲击单音的传播方向. 研究中用到的冲击射流的速度场由PIV技术给出,冲击单音的频率通过噪声场的测量获得. 利用双正交小波变换来提取冲击射流速度场中含有的波动信息,结合冲击单音的频率特性对噪声场进行研究.研究结果表明大尺度结构是冲击单音的``拟声源'. 此外,还可以看出大尺度涡结构产生的反馈声波一部分向喷嘴出口处传播,形成反馈环;另一部分反馈声波向四周传播.      

雷暴冲击风风洞设计及流场测试

鉴于雷暴冲击风试验装置的特殊性以及与低速直流风洞的共通性,参考低速直流风洞的设计方法设计完成了试验装置的洞体结构,并制作了具有调节功能的平板来模拟地面.通过调节平板,该装置能够同时改变冲击风强度、直径、射流高度、入射倾角等冲击风参数.试验测得稳态条件下射流口下竖向风速分布,以及沿竖向分布和水平分布的水平风速,研究了水平距离、高度及冲击风参数的影响.研究结果表明:最大水平风速出现的高度与其水平位置有关;射流速度V_(jet)与射流直径D_(jet)在一定范围内对试验结果影响不大;射流高度h与入射倾角α对冲击风的流场有明显影响.     

Study on particle removal efficiency of an impinging jet by an image-processing method

 An image-processing method is proposed to obtain the distribution of the removal efficiency of particles on a plate by an air jet. This method can be used to measure particle removal from a flat surface by processing the image of the reflected light from the surface. Factors affecting the particle removal efficiency such as air pressure, distance between the nozzle and the impinging surface and the impinging angle are discussed. Optimal conditions are determined to obtain the most effective particle removal by the air jet. Received: 10 April 2001 / Accepted: 2 August 2001     

Analytical and experimental investigations of the pulsed air–water jet

This paper describes a new way of generating pulsed air–water jet by entraining and mixing air into the cavity of a pulsed water jet nozzle. Based on the theory of hydro-acoustics and fluid dynamics, a theoretical model which describes the frequency characteristic of the pulsed air–water jet is outlined aimed at gaining a better understanding of this nozzle for generating pulses. The calculated result indicates that as the air hold-up increases, the jet oscillation frequency has an abrupt decrease firstly, and then reaches a minimum gradually at α (air hold-up)=0.5, finally it gets increased slightly. Furthermore, a vibration test was conducted to validate the present theoretical result. By this way, the jet oscillation frequency can be obtained by analyzing the vibration acceleration of the equal strength beam affected by the jet impinging. Thereby, it is found that the experimental result shows similar trend with the prediction of the present model. Also, the relationship between vibration acceleration and cavity length for the pulsed water jet follows a similar tendency in accord with the pulsed air–water jet, i.e. there exists a maximum for each curve and the maximum occurs at the ratio of L/d₁ (the ratio of cavity length and upstream nozzle diameter) =2.5 and 2.2, respectively. In addition, experimental results on specimens impinged by the pulsed water jet and pulsed air–water jet show that the erosion depth increases slightly with air addition within a certain range of cavity length. Further, this behavior is very close to the vibration test results. As for erosion volume, the air entrained into the cavity significantly affects the material removal rate.     

Droplet size and velocity characteristics of water-air impinging jet atomizer

A water-air impinging jets atomizer is investigated in this study, which consists of flow visualization using high speed photography and mean droplet size and velocity distribution measurements of the spray using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). Topological structures and break up details of the generated spray in the far and near fields are presented with and without air jet and for an impinging angle of 90°. Spray angle increases with the water jet velocity, air flow rate and impinging angle. PDA results indicate that droplet size is smallest in the spray center, with minimum value of Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of 50 µm at the air flow rate of Q_m = 13.50 g/min. SMD of droplets increases towards the spray outer region gradually to about 120 µm. The mean droplet velocity component W along the air-jet axis is highest in the spray center and decreases gradually with increasing distance from the spray center. SMD normalized by the air nozzle diameter is found firstly to decrease with gas-to-liquid mass ratio (GLR) and air-to-liquid momentum ratio (ALMR) and then remain almost constant. Its increasing with aerodynamic Weber number indicates an exponential variation. The study sheds light on the performance of water-air impinging jets atomizers providing useful information for future CFD simulation works.     

Wall jet similarity of impinging planar underexpanded jets

Velocity profiles and wall shear stress values in the wall jet region of planar underexpanded impinging jets are parameterized based on nozzle parameters (stand-off height, jet hydraulic diameter, and nozzle pressure ratio). Computational fluid dynamics is used to calculate the velocity fields of impinging jets with height-to-diameter ratios in the range of 15–30 and nozzle pressure ratio in the range of 1.2–3.0. The wall jet has an incomplete self-similar profile with a typical triple-layer structure as in traditional wall jets. The effects of compressibility are found to be insignificant for wall jets with Ma < 0.8. Wall jet analysis yielded power-law relationships with source dependent coefficients describing maximum velocity, friction velocity, and wall distances for maximum and half-maximum velocities. Source dependency is determined using the conjugate gradient method. These power-law relationships can be used for mapping wall shear stress as a function of nozzle parameters.     

Simulation of glass cutting with an impinging hot air jet

Thermal cutting of glass sheet due to an impinging hot air jet is simulated and analyzed. Induced thermal stresses due to the moving heat source can be used to stably initiate and attract a crack toward the jet axis. Relative motion between the jet and glass sheet then can be used to cut the glass sheet. This paper presents a theoretical study of this process for straight cuts. Process simulation is accomplished by analyzing the coupled temperature and stress fields together with the fracture mechanics criteria for the crack growth.A finite element remeshing technique is employed for the analysis and singular elements are used around the crack tip for a more precise computing of the stress intensity factor. It is shown that a certain minimum air jet temperature for a given nozzle velocity and a certain maximum air jet velocity for a given temperature are required for continuous cutting. The results of the simulation show a good agreement with the published results in the literature. However a variating nature is detected for the distance between the crack tip and the air jet nozzle from a starting value to the steady-state one.     

横流冲击射流尾迹涡结构的实验研究

本文采用LIF（激光诱导荧光）流动显示和PIV（粒子图像速度场仪）测量对横流冲击射流的尾迹涡结构进行了实验研究。水槽实验是在三种流速比和两种冲击高度实验工况下进行的。由实验结果可得到两种明显的尾迹涡结构、，即射流尾迹涡和横流尾迹涡。横流冲击射流中形成的主要尾迹涡结构主要依赖于流速比。本文还对横流冲击射流近区范围内射流尾迹涡和横流尾迹涡的形成机理和演化特征进行了分析。     

平面液体层碎裂过程实验研究

小宽厚比喷嘴喷射出的平面水膜进入静止空气中,在不同气流流速环境下对水膜碎裂过程进行了实验研究。结果表明,静止空气中的水膜表面波呈现对称波形,射流的碎裂长度随雷诺数的增大而增大,喷射压力对射流碎裂长度没有直接影响。空气助力作用使平面射流表面波的上、下气液交界面出现相位差。水膜的碎裂长度随空气助力气流速度的增大而减小;空气助力对于低雷诺数水膜射流具有很强的促进碎裂作用,所以会极大地改善低雷诺数射流的一次雾化效果。随着水流雷诺数的提高,空气助力作用对水膜碎裂长度的影响大为减弱;即使在高速助力空气的作用下,水膜仍长期保持较稳定的射流流态,没有出现明显的水膜撕裂现象。说明在小宽厚比喷嘴的瑞利(Rayleigh)模式射流中,高雷诺数射流是水膜的稳定因素。与气液流速比、气流马赫数等无量纲参数相比,液体喷射的雷诺数是射流碎裂的主要影响因素。     

On the analysis of an impinging jet on ground effects

Laser Doppler measurements and flow visualization are presented for a turbulent circular jet emerging into a low-velocity cross-stream and, then, impinging on a flat surface perpendicular to the jet-nozzle axis. The experiments were performed for a Reynolds number based on the jet-exit conditions of 6 × 10⁴, a jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio of 30 and for an impingement height of 5 jet diameters and include mean and turbulent velocity characteristics along the two normal directions contained in planes parallel to the nozzle axis. The results, which have relevance to flows found beneath VSTOL aircraft in ground effect, show the presence of a complex 3-D scarf vortex formed around the impinging jet. In zones where measurement data are not available, the flow details are numerically-visualized using a solution of the finite difference form of the fully threedimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, incorporating the turbulence viscosity concept. The turbulent structure of the flow is affected by flow distortion at the impinging zone, which results in an unconventional behaviour of the dimensionless structure parameters that determine the empirical constants in engineering models of turbulence. The relative magnitude of the terms involved in the transport equations for the turbulent stresses is quantified from the experimental data in order to assess the importance of these effects and show the extent to which the turbulent structure of the impingement zone is affected by extra rates of strain.     

Numerical analysis of flow pattern of impinging liquid sprays in a cold model for cooling a hot flat plate

This paper treats the numerical analysis of two-phase mist jet flow, which is commonly adopted to cool the solidified shell in the secondary cooling zone of the continuous casting process. Flow structures of the two-phase subsonic jet impinging on a flat plate normal to flow, corresponding to the present cooling situation, are solved on the assumption that particles are perfectly elastically reflected from a surface. Again, the numerical experiments concerning mist flows composed of air and water-droplets are made in a cold model. The flow fields for both gas and particle phases strongly depend upon the particle size. When waterdroplets mixing in the mist are very small, the impinging particles travel very closely to the surface. With increasing particle size, particles are reflected from the surface in a far distance. Therefore, also, the case is analysed where a low velocity annular gas-only flow surrounding a round nozzle co-axially is present so that such idle particles may be pushed back to the surface again. This is considered to result in an improvement of the mist cooling efficiency.