超高效液相色谱法测定畜禽肉中10种磺胺类药物残留量

提出了超高效液相色谱法测定畜禽肉中10种磺胺类药物残留量的方法。样品经乙酸-乙腈(1+99)混合溶剂提取,旋转蒸发后用乙酸(0.1+99.9)溶液溶解,正己烷净化。以AcquityUPLC BEH C18色谱柱为分离柱,以不同体积比混合的乙腈和乙酸(0.1+99.9)溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,用二极管阵列检测器于波长265nm检测。10种磺胺类药物的质量浓度与其峰面积均在0.05～10mg.L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为2～6μg.kg-1。方法的回收率在70.8%～93.3%之间,相对标准偏差(n=9)在2.7%～7.7%之间。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜和食用菌中19种氨基甲酸酯农药残留量

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜和食用菌中19种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量。样品用丙酮-乙腈(85+15)混合溶剂提取,过PSA固相萃取柱净化,将淋出液蒸发浓缩后用甲醇-水(2+8)混合溶液定容。通过Waters C18色谱柱分离,流出液供串联质谱测定,同位素内标法定量。19种氨基甲酸酯农药的质量浓度与其峰面积和内标物峰面积的比值之间在一定的浓度范围内均呈线性关系。蔬菜和食用菌中19种氨基甲酸酯农药的回收率在71.8%～94.3%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在2.36%～13.23%之间。     

加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法测定土壤中3种有机磷和9种有机氯农药

提出了气相色谱法测定土壤中3种有机磷和9种有机氯农药含量的方法。样品经粉碎后用正己烷-丙酮(1+1)混合溶剂经加速溶剂萃取仪在60℃静态萃取10min。采用Rtx-1701色谱柱分离,火焰光度检测器测定3种有机磷农药;采用Rtx-CLPⅡ色谱柱分离,电子捕获检测器测定9种有机氯农药。12种有机农药的质量浓度均在5.0～80μg·L-1范围内呈线性,方法的检出限(3s)在0.02～0.40μg·kg-1之间。以空白石英砂样品为基体,进行加标回收试验,回收率在78.5%～108%之间,相对标准偏差(n=7)在4.2%～9.9%之间。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定烟草中茉莉酸

采用高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)联用法检测烟草中茉莉酸(JA)含量。样品研磨均质后经丙酮和柠檬酸萃取,离心分离,取上清液,氮气吹去丙酮后用乙醚萃取。经氨丙基固相萃取柱净化,吹干后用色谱流动相溶解,过0.45μm有机滤膜。利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用电喷雾负离子,选择离子监测模式进行检测,内标法定量。结果表明,待测样品JA浓度范围在5～1 000ng/mL之间,标准曲线具有良好的线性关系。方法检出限(S/N≥3)是2.0ng/mL。平均回收率为80.6%～101.1%,相对标准偏差为3.5%～14.6%。应用该方法检测烟草打顶与不打顶植株之间JA含量的差异,结果比较理想。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定涂料中的六溴环十二烷

提出了用气相色谱-质谱法测定涂料中六溴环十二烷含量的方法。样品用二氯甲烷-丙酮(1+1)混合溶剂超声提取,提取液经硅胶固相萃取小柱净化、平行蒸发定量浓缩后,用DB-5MS毛细管柱进行分离,全扫描模式和选择离子监测模式测定。六溴环十二烷的质量浓度在1～50mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)为10 mg·kg-1。添加5,20,50mg·L-1 3个浓度水平进行加标回收试验,回收率在82.0%～106%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=8)在2.8%～5.3%之间。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定塑料制品中多环芳烃

将正己烷-二氯甲烷(2+1)混合溶剂加入于塑料样品中,在水浴中于室温下超声萃取30 min,所得溶液在控温30℃的水浴中用旋转蒸发浓缩至2 mL,并将此溶液通过硅胶柱净化分离.先用正己烷淋洗硅胶柱以洗去非极性的正构烷烃,然后以正己烷-二氯甲烷(3+2)混合溶剂淋洗,所得洗脱液先经旋转蒸发浓缩至2 mL,再用氮气吹拂浓缩至恰为1.0 mL,此溶液供气相色谱-质谱分析之用,对相应的分析条件也作了详述.由于采用了先旋转蒸发后氮气吹拂的浓缩方法,不仅使蒸发时间缩短,而且减少了低沸点多环芳烃(PAH)的挥发损失.按所提出的方法测定了塑料中16种PAH,方法的检出限(3S/N)小于0.01 mg·kg-1.选用一种含PAH甚少的塑料样品作为基体,加入3个浓度水平含16种PAH的混合标准溶液按方法操作进行回收试验,测得回收率在87.2%～100.2%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.3%～5.8%之间.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中三种有机磷农药和除草剂莠去津

提出了气相色谱法测定土壤中莠去津和3种有机磷农药敌敌畏、甲拌磷和乐果的含量的方法。样品经粉碎后用丙酮-二氯甲烷(1+1)混合溶剂经加速溶剂萃取仪在60℃静态萃取10min。采用Rtx-1701色谱柱分离,火焰光度检测器测定3种有机磷农药;采用Rtx-CLP II色谱柱分离,电子捕获检测器测定莠去津。结果表明:加速溶剂萃取比超声提取法处理样品的回收率高。敌敌畏、甲拌磷、乐果和莠去津的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.08,0.07,0.09,0.40μg.kg-1。以空白土壤样品为基体,进行加标回收试验,回收率在82.0%～106.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=7)在10.5%～16.9%之间。     

快速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜中啶虫脒残留量

提出了高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜中啶虫脒残留量的方法。样品以甲醇为萃取溶剂经加速溶剂萃取仪在100℃静态萃取5min,提取液浓缩后采用Dionex C18色谱柱分离,以甲醇-水(40+60)为流动相淋洗,于波长254nm处测定。啶虫脒的质量浓度在0.01～0.2g.L-1范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.01mg.kg-1。以蔬菜样品为基体,在5个浓度水平进行加标回收试验,啶虫脒的回收率在99.2%～101%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在1.3%～3.2%之间。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定防晒化妆品中12种紫外线吸收剂

称取防晒化妆品样品5.0g,加入饱和氯化钠溶液1mL,充分混匀后用二氯甲烷为溶剂先后2次萃取样品中12种紫外线吸收剂(UVA)。每次萃取用二氯甲烷5mL,涡旋振荡60s,超声萃取30min,并高速离心5min。收集并合并2次萃取的上清液,吹氮蒸发至近干,用二氯甲烷溶解残渣并定容至1.0mL。采用DB-5MS色谱柱为分离柱,进样量为1μL,在80～300℃区间采用程序升温模式可在30min内对所测12种UVA实现分离;在电子轰击离子源和选择反应监测模式条件下进行串联质谱测定。测得12种UVA的线性范围均在0.01～1.0mg·L~(-1)之间,检出限(3S/N)在1.0～3.0μg·kg~(-1)之间。在不含目标物的空白防晒化妆品中加入12种UVA的混合标准溶液后,按方法分析求得其回收率及测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6),测得两者的结果依次在93.0%～100%之间和1.2%～4.1%之间。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定炒货食品中抗氧化剂

提出了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定炒货食品中丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)、叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)和没食子酸丙酯(PG)等人工合成的抗氧化剂和茶多酚、甘草抗氧化物、迷迭香提取物等天然抗氧化剂的方法。样品经甲醇-异丙醇-乙腈(2+1+2)混合溶剂提取后经C_(18)固相萃取柱富集,用甲醇从柱上洗脱抗氧化剂使其净化。洗脱液在50℃氮气吹干,定容至1.0 mL,取10μL试样溶液注入高效液相色谱仪测定。采用反相C_(18)色谱柱为分离柱,以乙腈和三氟乙酸-水(0.05+99.95)溶液为流动相作梯度淋洗,在280 nm作紫外检测(甘草酸在250 nm检测)。各抗氧化剂的质量浓度分别在一定的范围内呈线性关系,方法的测定下限(10S/N)在0.1～1.0 mg·kg~(-1)之间。以油炸花生空白试样为基体,加入标准溶液进行回收试验,测得试样中抗氧化剂的回收率在83.6%～106.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.3%～3.9%之间。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。