流动注射光度法测定水中总磷量

采用流动注射光度法测定了水中总磷量。水样经硫酸和过硫酸钾在125℃消解后,所得样品溶液中磷(PO_4~(3-))与钼酸铵生成杂多酸,经还原成钼蓝后测定其吸光度。总磷的质量浓度在1.0mg·L~(-1)以内与其吸光度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.003mg·L~(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为0.012mg·L~(-1)。方法用于测定水样中总磷的含量,相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.5%～3.0%之间,加标回收率在95.7%～102.5%之间。     

酚二磺酸光度法测定水中总氮

在酚二磺酸光度法测定水中总氮量的方法中,用高压反应釜代替比色管,改进了样品的碱性过硫酸钾消解效果,避免了样品消解不彻底,氧化剂分解不完全及样品中铵氮以氨气形式逸出等.标准曲线的线性范围在0.02～1.90 mg·L-1之间,检出限(3σ)为0.02 mg·L-1.按此方法测定了6种水样中的总氮量,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于3.5%.用标准加入法对方法的回收率作了试验,测得结果在98%～102%之间.     

双通道在线连续流动分析法同时测定环境水样中总磷和磷酸盐

准确测定环境水样中的总磷和磷酸盐含量,对于评价水体的环境污染程度和富营养化程度具有非常重要的意义。本文在对比已有国标分析方法的基础上,建立了连续流动分析法同时测定环境水样中总磷和磷酸盐的分析方法。样品和总磷、磷酸盐的试剂分别通过自动进样器和蠕动泵在线载入各自管路,再进入各自的化学分析模块进行化学反应,之后进入各自的比色计在波长为660nm条件下完成检测,全程在线自动分析,因此,可以实现一次进样就可以同时测定样品中总磷和磷酸盐含量,大大提高了分析效率。对消解试剂及浓度、加热温度、泵速等条件进行了最佳优化,保证了样品能消解完全且反应充分。将采集后的样品酸化处理后在10天内进行分析测定,避免了时间过长后水样变质对结果的影响。以空白介质溶液配制校准系列,使得校准系列与试样基体匹配,消除了基体效应干扰影响。结果表明：在最佳的实验条件下,校准曲线的线性相关性较好;总磷和磷酸盐测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.05%～2.64%,精密度较好;总磷和磷酸盐方法检出限分别为0.010mg/L和0.022mg/L;经国家水样标准物质验证,方法相对误差(RE)均在±5%以内,测定值与标准值相吻合,方法准确度较好;应用本文方法对实际样品进行分析,并与传统国标方法进行比对,测定值的相对偏差(RD)均小于5%,更进一步验证了该分析方法准确可靠,能够满足大批量环境水样中总磷和磷酸盐的分析要求。     

流动注射化学发光法测定间苯二酚

在碱性条件下,铁氰化钾氧化鲁米诺产生化学发光,间苯二酚对这一体系的化学发光具有很强的抑制作用.据此,结合流动注射技术,建立了一种测定间苯二酚的方法.线性范围为1.0×10-7～1.0×10-5mol·L-1;检出限(3σ)为2.0×10-8mol·L-1.该方法用于环境水样和皮炎宁酊中间苯二酚的测定,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.9%～2.1%之间,其回收率在98.8%～103.0%之间.     

流动注射化学发光法测定水中焦性没食子酸

在0.05 m01·L-1氢氧化钠溶液中,高碘酸钾与鲁米诺产生化学发光,焦性没食子酸对该发光有显著的增强作用.基于此,并结合流动注射技术,提出了在水样中测定焦性没食子酸的方法.在选定的条件下,化学发光信号的增加值与焦性没食子酸质量浓度之间在1.0～,100 μg·L-1及0.1～2.0 mg·L-1叫之间呈线性关系,该方法的检出限为0.78μg·L-1(30);对10μg·L-1焦性没食子酸平行测定11次,其相对标准偏差为3.9%.该方法已应用于工业废水和环境水样中焦性没食子酸的测定,并用标准加入法作了回收试验,测得回收率在95.7%～104.1%之间.     

水中总磷和总氮含量的离子色谱测定法

采用紫外光-臭氧氧化结合离子色谱法对氧化消解后的水样同时进行总磷和总氮的测定。配制Na2CO3/NaHCO3淋洗液,采用1 mL定量环,大体积直接进样。在优化工作条件下,总磷在0.05～5.00 mg/L,总氮在0.10～10.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数分别为0.9999和0.9998,总磷和总氮检出限为分别3.60和4.57μg/L;总磷和总氮的检测相对标准偏差(RSD)分别低于4.9%和4.1%,总磷加标回收率为95.0%～105.0%,总氮加标回收率为93.0%～103.0%。自然环境水样检测与真实值相对偏差小于4.2%。本方法选择性好,灵敏度高,精密度和准确度高,用于实际水样中总磷和总氮含量测定的结果与国标法(GB11894-89,GB11893-89)基本一致     

流动注射冷原子发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中药材中汞

提出了中药材中微量汞的冷原子发生-原子荧光光谱测定方法.采用微波技术用HNO3 H2O2消解样品,分取1.0 mL试样溶液用断续流动方式进样.荧光强度与汞的质量浓度在25 μg·L-1以内呈线性关系,检出限(3S)为0.02μg·L-1.按此方法分析了10种药材,汞测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)均小于5%,加标回收率在97.2%～102.7%之间.     

连续流动分析法测定水中总磷、总氮比对研究

采用连续流动分析方法同时测定水和废水中总磷、总氮,验证连续流动分析方法的适用性。数据结果表明连续流动法测定总磷、总氮线性良好,相关系数均在0.9999以上,方法检出限分别为0.01、0.04 mg·L~(-1),实验室测定总磷、总氮标准溶液RSD分别在1.3%~2.6%,1.4%~6.0%之间,测定有证标准物质的结果在保证值范围内,实际水样的加标回收率分别为90%~108%,99%~104%。该方法与国标分光光度法同时测定多种类型的水样,比对实验结果表明两种方法无显著性差异。     

流动注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定天然水中痕量镉

基于编结反应器,提出了流动注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定水中痕量镉含量的方法。样品与氨水-氯化铵缓冲溶液在线混合,产生的沉淀收集到编结反应器内壁,引入空气除去编结反应器内残留的溶液,泵入盐酸(3+97)溶液溶解沉淀,与硼氢化钾合并后用原子荧光光谱仪测定。在优化的试验条件下,当样品消耗15.6mL时,富集倍数为14倍,方法检出限(3S/N)为2.9ng.L-1,相对标准偏差(n=11)为3.4%。方法用于国家标准物质和天然水样中痕量镉的测定,测定值与标准值相符,天然水样的回收率在91.5%～107.5%之间。     

流动注射-鲁米诺-铁氰化钾反应体系化学发光法测定依诺沙星

试验发现依诺沙星对鲁米诺与铁氰化钾之间的化学发光反应具有显著的增敏作用,而且当依诺沙星浓度在2.0×10-8～2.0×10-5mol·L-1范围内,与相应的化学发光增强信号值(△I)之间呈线性关系,其检出限(3S)为5.7×10-9mol·L-1,取1.0 × 10-6mol·L-1依诺沙星按试验方法测定11次,算得其相对标准偏差为1.75%.结合应用流动注射技术,提出了流动注射-化学发光法(FI-CL)测定药片中依诺沙星的方法,应用此方法分析了3个依诺沙星片剂试样,所测得的结果与其标示值相符.按标准加入法作了回收率试验,所得结果在96.7%～103.0%之间.     

溶剂化的热力学集团展开理论

把二元溶液的过剩内能（excess energy）分成溶剂-溶剂、溶剂-溶质及溶质-溶质相互作用部分。利用集团展开方法给出了二元溶液在正则系综的配分函数的表达式,利用该表达式得到了溶质的偏摩尔内能(partial molar energy)和偏摩尔熵(partial molar entropy)的表达式。在无限稀溶液情形,过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂-溶剂部分又称重组织内能（reorganization energy）,它反映了溶质存在时对其周围溶剂分子之间的相互作用能的影响。研究表明,在溶质的粒子数密度相对较大时,溶质分子之间的相互作用将影响过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂-溶剂部分,对于稀溶液,过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂-溶剂部分与溶质的摩尔分数成线性关系。对低密度二元溶液,溶质的过剩偏摩尔内能和过剩偏摩尔熵也与溶质的摩尔分数成线性关系。     

Polymeric Lids for Microcontainers for Oral Protein Delivery

Oral delivery of proteins and peptides is one of the main challenges in pharmaceutical drug development. Microdevices have the possibility to protect the therapeutics until release is desired, avoiding losses by degradation. One type of microdevice is polymeric microcontainers. In this study, lysozyme is chosen as model protein and loaded into microcontainers with the permeation enhancer sodium decanoate (C10). The loaded microcontainers are sealed and functionalized by applying polymeric lids onto the cavity of the devices. The first lid is poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid (PLGA) and on top of this either polyethylene glycol (PEG) or chitosan is applied (PLGA+PEG or PLGA+chitosan, respectively). The functionalization is evaluated in vitro for morphology, drug release, and mucoadhesive properties. These are coupled with in vitro and ex vivo studies using Caco‐2 cells, Caco‐2/HT29‐MTX‐E12 co‐cultures, and porcine intestinal tissue. PLGA+chitosan shows slower release compared to PLGA+PEG or only PLGA in buffer and the transport of lysozyme across cell cultures is not enhanced compared to the bulk powder. Microcontainers coated with chitosan or PEG demonstrate a three times stronger adhesion during ex vivo mucoadhesion studies compared to samples without coatings. Altogether, functionalized microcontainers with mucoadhesive properties and tunable release for oral protein delivery are developed and characterized.     

Bump-hunting for the proficiency tester--searching for multimodality

Kernel density estimation is a method for producing a smooth density approximation to a dataset and avoiding some of the problems associated with histograms. If it is used with a degree of smoothing determined by a fitness for purpose criterion, it can be applied to proficiency test data in order to test for multimodality in the z-scores. The bootstrap is an essential additional technique to determine how rugged the initially estimated kernel density is: the random resampling of the data in the bootstrap simulates a complete blind repeat of the proficiency test. In addition, useful estimates of the standard error of a mode can be thus obtained. It is suggested that a mode and its standard error can be used as an assigned value and its standard uncertainty.     

Wetting for self-healing and electrowetting for additive manufacturing

Advanced additive manufacturing actively widens its tool box of wettability-related phenomena to be used in production of new items. Novel self-healing engineering materials incorporate vascular networks with two types of nanochannels: the one containing a resin monomer, whereas another one — a curing agent. If such nanocomposites are damaged locally, both types of channels are locally broken, and they release resin monomer and curing agent droplets. These droplets spread by wettability over the nanotextured matrix, touch each other, and coalesce, which triggers polymerization reaction and crack stitching. Wettability-facilitated droplet spreading is accompanied by liquid imbibition in the pores in the nanofiber network. Such process peculiarities are in focus in the present review. An additional process relevant in direct writing and 3D printing is electrowetting (EW). It stems from the change in the contact angle in response to the electric polarization of dielectric substrates. EW allows movement of droplets on horizontal, vertical, and inverse surfaces, which can significantly facilitate the existing direct writing and 3D printing technologies. Accordingly, EW is also in focus in the present review.     

Call for nominations for the Heinrich-Emanuel-Merck Award

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Call for nominations for the Heinrich-Emanuel-Merck Award     

Advances for proficiency testing for genetic laboratory science

Nucleic acid based clinical genetic testing has undergone explosive growth in recent years due in large part to the human genome project. Characterization of the human genome has led to a molecular understanding of the pathogenesis of many human diseases, and ultimately to clinical molecular tests becoming routinely used to diagnose a wide diversity of diseases. This rapid growth in clinical molecular genetic testing coupled with the complexity of the analytical procedures underscores the necessity for proficiency testing (i.e. external quality assessment) to allow laboratories offering such services the ability to evaluate their analytical procedures via inter-laboratory comparisons. The American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) in partnership with the College of American Pathologists (CAP) have been offering proficiency testing for clinical molecular genetics laboratories since 1995, and presently have more than 230 laboratories from 11 countries enrolled in this program. This paper describes the evolution of this program and several challenges encountered in the delivery of a proficiency testing program for laboratories offering clinical molecular genetic services. Received: 13 April 2002 Accepted: 18 July 2002     

A methodology for choosing parameters for ESR readout of alanine dosimeters for radiotherapy

Spectrometer settings for ESR readout of alanine dosimeters for radiotherapy have been investigated. Several ESR parameters were studied and determined. The main reason for this work is to choose the suitable parameters to increase signal-to-noise ratio and to reduce the uncertainty on ESR readout, which is one of the main components of uncertainty of alanine/ESR dosimetry system for radiotherapy. The new spectrometer settings have been applied for ESR readout of alanine dosimeters irradiated from 1 to 10 Gy. A higher signal-to-noise ratio has been achieved compared to our old spectrometer settings. The extended uncertainty (k=2) has been evaluated in the dose range 2–10 Gy (maximum uncertainty of 4.9% for 2 Gy, while minimum uncertainty of 1.4% for 10 Gy), which implies that the alanine/ESR dosimetry system can be applied to radiotherapy dose level that needs a global accuracy of 5%.