紫杉二烯生物合成模块与不同底盘的适配

以酿酒酵母BY4742及其单敲菌株作为底盘细胞, 优化底盘细胞甲羟戊酸途径, 上调并融合表达牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸(GGPP)合成的相关基因, 引入人工合成的外源GGPP合成酶基因与紫杉二烯合成酶基因, 构建了多载体紫杉二烯生物合成模块; 还利用酵母组装技术, 通过对紫杉二烯合成路径相关基因进行模块化设计组装, 构建了依托单一着丝粒(CEN)质粒的紫杉二烯生物合成模块. 将构建的2个模块与不同底盘细胞进行适配, 使紫杉二烯产量获得了数倍提升, 最高产量可达74.84 mg/L.     

紫杉二烯生物合成模块与不同底盘的适配简

以酿酒酵母BY4742及其单敲菌株作为底盘细胞,优化底盘细胞甲羟戊酸途径,上调并融合表达牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸(GGPP)合成的相关基因,引入人工合成的外源GGPP合成酶基因与紫杉二烯合成酶基因,构建了多载体紫杉二烯生物合成模块;还利用酵母组装技术,通过对紫杉二烯合成路径相关基因进行模块化设计组装,构建了依托单一着丝粒(CEN)质粒的紫杉二烯生物合成模块. 将构建的2个模块与不同底盘细胞进行适配,使紫杉二烯产量获得了数倍提升,最高产量可达74.84 mg/L.     

高效液相色谱法测定红豆杉中紫杉醇及多烯紫杉醇的含量

<正>红豆杉(Taxus)是国家一级保护野生珍稀抗癌植物,其主要含有芳香烃类、二环紫杉烷类、木脂素类及黄酮类等化学成分~([1-2]),其中紫杉醇由于具有较好的抗癌活性而成为研究热点。红豆杉的树皮、枝叶、根部,甚至种子均可提取紫杉醇~([3]),多烯紫杉醇是在对紫杉醇结构改造过程中合成出来的紫杉醇衍生物~([4]),主要用于乳腺癌、卵巢癌、非小细胞肺癌、前列腺癌等多种实体肿瘤的治疗,疗效显著,是继紫杉醇后又一种新型抗微管药物。在体外抗癌活性试验     

紫杉醇的合成进展

紫杉醇是一种重要的抗癌药物,它具有复杂新颖的化学结构,为三环二萜类化合物.本文综述了紫杉醇的半合成和紫杉烷环的各种合成方法.     

新型紫杉烷类衍生物的制备及生物活性评价

多药耐药性问题是导致第一代紫杉烷药物在临床化疗失败的主要原因。本文对紫杉醇C7、C10、C14、C3′多个位点的取代基进行改造,针对合成的6个新型的紫杉烷化合物,在体外考察其对多药耐药肿瘤细胞株以及人结肠癌HCT-116干细胞的增殖抑制活性,实验结果表明6个化合物的抗多药耐药活性均优于紫杉醇。采用P-gp高表达的犬肾细胞MDCK-MDR1进一步研究高活性候选化合物JT-3与P-gp的相互作用。以此研发抗多药耐药型的新一代紫杉烷类药物,对开发扩大抗癌新适应症的新一代紫杉烷类抗癌药意义重大。     

HPLC法对5种红豆杉属植物中紫杉烷类化合物成分的分析

采用快速真空液相层析法(VLC)富集红豆杉属植物中5种主要紫衫烷类化合物,回收率在95%以上.5种红豆杉植物中紫杉烷类化合物含量测定结果显示:加拿大红豆杉(树皮)中10-DABⅢ和9-羟基-13-乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ含量较高;东北红豆杉(树皮)中7-木糖紫杉醇和三尖杉宁碱含量较高;而紫杉醇含量在东北红豆杉(树皮)中最高,曼地亚(枝叶,搁置一年)次之;本文首次发现矮紫杉中含有4种紫杉烷类化合物.     

紫杉烷二萜类化合物的定量构效关系研究

紫杉醇是从紫杉或红豆杉树中提取的一种天然抗癌原料药,具有独特的抗癌机理。由于紫杉醇的种种限制,开发具有更高抗癌活性的类紫杉醇药物具有广阔的前景。紫杉烷二萜是以紫杉醇为母体,通过对其结构的不断修饰得到的一些二代紫杉醇类化合物。本文选用30个结构多样的紫杉烷二帖类化合物作为数据集,随机选取其中24个作为训练集,其它分子作为检验集,采用多元线性回归法(MLR)及主成分回归分析法(PCA)对每个化合物的195个分子参数进行回归分析,分别建立了定量构效关系的最优预测模型;并用检验集检验了所建模型的预测能力。结果表明,多元线性回归法所建模型与主成分回归法所建模型相对比,发现逐步筛选法为最优建模方法。该方法所建模型统计结果良好(R=0.782,SEE=0.202),应用于检验集时结果也比较令人满意(R=0.764,SEP=0.114),模型表现出较强的可靠性和预测性。模型的建立和主要影响因素的确定有助于指导新型紫杉醇类似物药物的筛选和研发。     

新乡红豆杉中多种紫杉烷类化合物的反相高效液相色谱分析

采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)研究了新乡种植红豆杉树皮中的多种紫杉烷类化合物.结果表明,新乡种植红豆杉树皮中的10-去乙酰巴卡丁Ⅲ、巴卡丁Ⅲ、7-木糖-10-去乙酰基三尖杉宁碱、7-木糖-10-去乙酰基紫杉醇、7-木糖-10-去乙酰基紫杉醇C、10-去乙酰基紫杉醇、三尖杉宁碱和紫杉醇的平均含量(质量分数,n=...     

抗癌药物多烯紫杉醇载体

多烯紫杉醇(docetaxel)是一种具有良好疗效的抗癌药物,由于其低的水溶性和溶媒所带来的严重副作用,使其临床应用受到限制。基于此问题,通过化学合成的方法,构建抗癌药物多烯紫杉醇载体,一直吸引着科学工作者的广泛关注。本文通过检索近十年来国内外相关文献报道,对多烯紫杉醇载体进行分类,综述其研究进展,并对当前面临的问题进行总结探讨,以期对DTX载体的研发和应用提供参考。     

固相萃取高效液相色谱法快速测定红豆杉枝叶中的3种紫杉烷类化合物

研究了用固相萃取预分离高效液相色谱法测定红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇、三尖杉宁碱和7 表紫杉醇的方法。其中,固相萃取使用了一种新型的PRP 6高分子树脂。红豆杉枝叶经干燥粉碎后用甲醇提取,提取液用PRP 6固相萃取小柱预分离,以V(乙腈)∶V(水)=45∶55为流动相,用C18色谱柱进行分离,紫外检测器227nm测定上述3种紫杉烷类化合物,该方法加标回收率为91%～98%。此法可以快速准确的测定不同红豆杉枝叶中上述3种紫杉烷类化合物。     

Cytochrome p450 taxadiene 5alpha-hydroxylase, a mechanistically unusual monooxygenase catalyzing the first oxygenation step of taxol biosynthesis

The first oxygenation step in the biosynthesis of the anticancer drug taxol in Taxus species is the cytochrome p450-mediated hydroxylation (with double bond migration) of the diterpene olefin precursor taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene to taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5alpha-ol. A homology-based cloning strategy, employing an induced Taxus cell library, yielded a cDNA encoding taxadiene 5alpha-hydroxylase, which was functionally expressed in yeast and insect cells. The recombinant enzyme was characterized and shown to efficiently utilize both taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene and taxa-4(20),11(12)-diene (as an adventitious substrate) to synthesize taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5alpha-ol. This hydroxylase resembles, in sequence and properties, other cytochrome p450 oxygenases of taxol biosynthesis. The utilization of both taxadiene isomers in the formation of taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5alpha-ol is novel, suggesting a reaction mechanism involving promiscuous radical abstraction with selective oxygen insertion rather than epoxidation of the C4,C5-alkene of the natural substrate and allylic rearrangement of the resulting taxa-11(12)-en-4,5epoxide.     

Intramolecular proton transfer in the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the taxadiene precursor of taxol catalyzed by recombinant taxadiene synthase

BACKGROUND: The committed step in the biosynthesis of the anticancer drug taxol in yew (Taxus) species is the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene. The enzyme taxadiene synthase catalyzes this complex olefin cation cyclization cascade involving the formation of three rings and three stereogenic centers. RESULTS: Recombinant taxadiene synthase was incubated with specifically deuterated substrates, and the mechanism of cyclization was probed using MS and NMR analyses of the products to define the crucial hydrogen migration and terminating deprotonation steps. The electrophilic cyclization involves the ionization of the diphosphate with closure of the A-ring, followed by a unique intramolecular transfer of the C11 proton to the re-face of C7 to promote closure of the B/C-ring juncture, and cascade termination by proton elimination from the beta-face of C5. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide insight into the molecular architecture of the first dedicated step of taxol biosynthesis that creates the taxane carbon skeleton, and they have broad implications for the general mechanistic capability of the large family of terpenoid cyclization enzymes.     

Taxane Diterpenoids from the Root Bark of Taiwanese Yew Taxus Mairei

Nineteen compounds including taxumairol R (1) , taxinine M (2) , taxacin (3) , paclitaxel (4) , 10‐deacetyltaxol A (5) , 10‐deacetyl‐7‐epi‐taxol (6) , 7‐epi‐taxol (7) , taxol C, 10‐deacetyltaxol C, 7β‐xylosyl‐10‐deacetyltaxol (8) , taxamairin A (9) , taxinine A, 14β‐hydroxytaxusin (10) , 5α‐hydroxy‐7β,9α,10β, 13α‐tetraacetoxy‐4(20), 11‐taxadiene, 1‐dehydroxybaccatin‐VI, 1β‐dehydroxybaccatin‐IV, baccatin IV, baccatin VI and ponasterone A have been isolated and identified from the root bark of Taxus mairei. Among them, compound 1 was a new taxoid and compounds 11 and 7β‐xylosyl‐10‐deacetyltaxol pentaacetate were new derivatives prepared from 14β‐hydroxytaxusin (10) and 8 , respectively. Their structures and assignment were established on the basis of 2D‐NMR analysis and chemical methods.     

Targeting delivery of paclitaxel into tumor cells via somatostatin receptor endocytosis

BACKGROUND: The binding of somatostatin (SST) to endogenous G-protein-coupled receptors (SST receptors or SSTRs) is followed by internalization of SST, and, several reports have shown that a high density of SSTRs is present on most hormone-secreting tissue tumors. Facile synthesis of the long-acting SST analog, octreotide, has previously been described. Octreotide might be of practical value in developing tumor tracers and in serving as a carrier of cytotoxic antitumor drugs. RESULTS: Fluorescein-labeled octreotide was internalized into the cytosol of human breast MCF-7 carcinoma cells via binding to SSTRs. Octreotide-conjugated paclitaxel (taxol) was created by coupling taxol-succinate to the amino-terminal end of octreotide. This conjugate retains the biological activity of taxol in inducing formation of tubulin bundles, eventually causing apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Cytotoxicity of octreotide-conjugated taxol is mainly mediated by SSTR, as shown by the observation that octreotide pretreatment can rescue the induced cell death. In comparison with free taxol, this conjugate shows much less toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. CONCLUSIONS: Octreotide-conjugated taxol exerts the same antitumor effect of free taxol on stabilizing microtubule formation and inducing cell death. This conjugate triggers tumor cell apoptosis mediated by SSTRs and is exclusively toxic to SSTR-expressing cells. Octreotide-conjugated taxol is less toxic to low-SSTR-expressing cells compared with free taxol. Our results strongly indicated that octreotide-conjugated taxol demonstrates cell selectivity and may be used as a targeting agent for cancer therapy.     

Studies on taxadiene synthase: interception of the cyclization cascade at the isocembrene stage with GGPP analogues

[reaction: see text] The cyclization of GGPP to taxadiene, catalyzed by taxadiene synthase, has been suggested to proceed through a series of monocyclic isocembrenyl- and bicyclic verticillyl-carbocationic intermediary stages. A set of GGPP analogues with abolished or perturbed pi-nucleophilicity at the delta10 double bond (GGPP numbering) was synthesized and incubated with taxadiene synthase to intercept the cyclization cascade at the monocyclic stage. Each analogue was transformed by taxadiene synthase in vitro to hydrocarbon products in varying yields, and the structures of the major product in each reaction were solved by GCEIMS and one- and two-dimensional (1H and 13C) NMR and found to be 14-membered monocyclic isocembrenyl diterpenes, indicating that the first C-C bond formation catalyzed by taxadiene synthase could be uncoupled from the other subsequent bond formation events by using suitably designed substrate analogues. The formation and isolation of these isocembrenyl diterpene products using taxadiene synthase supports proposals that the isocembrenyl cation is an intermediate in the cyclization of GGPP to taxadiene.     

Taxadiene synthase-catalyzed cyclization of 6-fluorogeranylgeranyl diphosphate to 7-fluoroverticillenes

The mechanism of the taxadiene synthase-catalyzed cyclization of (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP, 7) to taxadiene (5) is proposed to proceed through a verticillen-12-yl carbocation intermediate (8) that undergoes an 11 --> 7 proton transfer leading to formation of the C ring. The substrate analogue 6-fluoroGGPP (17) was synthesized to elucidate the stereochemistry of the putative verticillenyl intermediate. It was expected that the inductive electron-withdrawing effect of the fluoro substituent would prevent the critical proton transfer to the Delta(7) double bond and thereby derail the cyclization at the bicyclic stage. Incubation of the fluoro analogue with recombinant taxadiene synthase yielded a mixture of three major and two minor fluoro diterpenes according to GC/MS analyses. The three major products were identified as the exocyclic, endocyclic, and 4(20)-methylene 7-fluoroverticillenes, i.e., Delta(3,7,12 (18)), Delta(3,7,12), and Delta(4(20),7,11) isomers (22, 23, and 24) on the basis of (1)H NMR analyses and comparisons with the parent bicyclic diterpenes. The H1beta, H11alpha (1S,11R) configurations at the bridgehead positions of 22 were established by means of NOE experiments and CD spectra. The absolute configuration of (+)-verticillol (4) was revised after the anomalous dispersion X-ray analysis of (+)-verticillol p-iodobenzoate. Of particular note, all absolute configurations of verticillane diterpenes in the literature should be reversed. This work affords compelling evidence supporting the H11alpha (11R) stereochemistry of the verticillen-12-yl(+) ion intermediate in the taxadiene synthase-catalyzed reaction and illustrates the capability of vinyl fluoro analogues to intercept complex cyclization cascades.     

(+)-Discodermolide binds to microtubules in stoichiometric ratio to tubulin dimers,blocks taxol binding and results in mitotic arrest

Background: The marine natural product (+)-discodermolide has potent immunosuppressive activity. It inhibits proliferation of a wide range of human and murine cells, induces cell cycle arrest in the G2 or M phase and was recently shown to stabilize microtubules. Total synthesis of discodermolide has made it possible to generate variants of the compound to study its intracellular function in detail.Results: We have determined that (+)-discodermolide arrests MG63 cells at M phase, and has a stabilizing effect on microtubules. In vitro studies show that discodermolide induces polymerization of purified tubulin in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins, and that it binds to tubulin dimers in microtubules at 1:1 stoichiometry. Discodermolide binds taxol-polymerized microtubules at near stoichiometric level, whereas taxol binds discodermolide-induced microtubules poorly. Competition data show that the binding of microtubules by discodermolide and taxol are mutually exclusive; discodermolide binds with higher affinity than taxol. The results of binding assays carried out in vivo or in cell lysates also suggest that the microtubule network is discodermolide's cellular target.Condusions: (+)-Discodermolide causes cell cycle arrest at the metaphase-anaphase transition in mitosis, presumably due to its stabilizing effect on microtubules. In vitro, discodermolide polymerizes purified tubulin potently in the absence of MAPs. It binds microtubules at one molecule per tubulin dimer with a higher affinity than taxol, and the binding of microtubules by discodermolide and taxol are mutually exclusive. In total cell lysates discodermolide displays binding activity that is consistent with its effects on microtubules.     

Molecular dynamics study of taxadiene synthase catalysis

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to study the dynamic behavior of noncovalent enzyme carbocation complexes involved in the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxadiene catalyzed by taxadiene synthase (TXS). Taxadiene and the observed four side products originate from the deprotonation of carbocation intermediates. The MD simulations of the TXS carbocation complexes provide insights into potential deprotonation mechanisms of such carbocations. The MD results do not support a previous hypothesis that carbocation tumbling is a key factor in the deprotonation of the carbocations by pyrophosphate. Instead water bridges are identified which may allow the formation of side products via multiple proton transfer reactions. A novel reaction path for taxadiene formation is proposed on the basis of the simulations. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.