固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定天然饮用水中39种有机污染物

提出了固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定天然饮用水中39种有机污染物含量的方法。为使固相微萃取达到更高的效率,选用60μm PDMS/DVB作为固相萃取头的涂层,萃取温度及时间为90℃和30min,解析温度及时间为270℃和10min。用J&W DB-35 MS毛细管色谱柱分离,电子轰击离子源选择离子监测模式检测。39种有机污染物的质量浓度均在0.10～50.0μg.L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)在0.002～2μg.L-1之间。方法的回收率在82.0%～110%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.0%～13%之间。     

气相色谱高分辨质谱测定婴儿胎发中含氯持久性有机污染物

婴儿的胎发是评价婴儿在母体环境中污染物累积暴露水平的良好介质。含氯持久性有机污染物是人体中残留浓度最高的持久性有机污染物。本研究依次采用HCl酸化、正己烷/二氯甲烷混合溶液萃取、硅胶和氧化铝混合填充小柱净化,以及气相色谱高分辨质谱法检测了北京20个婴儿胎发中的16种典型含氯持久性有机污染物。结果表明,16种目标物的检出限可达到1.0~2.5μg/kg,替代物五氯硝基苯回收率大于67.6%,加标样品中目标物回收率范围为62.5%~92.3%。20个胎发样品中六氯苯、β-六六六和p,p’-滴滴伊检出率均为100%,γ-六六六、2,4,4’-三氯联苯和2,2’,5,5’-四氯联苯的检出率分别为85%,50%和40%。4种污染物总量的浓度分布范围分别为5.48~8.40μg/kg(六氯苯)、3.86~27.1μg/kg(六六六)、1.16~18.3μg/kg(滴滴涕)和2.20~22.1μg/kg(多氯联苯),平均浓度分别为6.91,6.10,5.53和3.44μg/kg。此方法和分析结果可用于胎儿体内16种含氯持续性有机污染物蓄积水平和母体内累计暴露水平的评价。     

吹扫捕集和GC-MS测定水中26种挥发性有机物

用吹扫捕集和气相色谱―质谱联用技术对地表水中的26种挥发性有机污染物进行同时测定。实验结果在2.0～50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限在0.08～0.91μg/L范围内。方法的平均回收率为87.33%～116.68%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%。该方法前处理简单快速,采用内标法定量准确度高,重复性好,适用于清洁水中挥发性有机物的测定。     

以盐酸肼还原天青I催化光度法测定痕量钼

基于天青Ⅰ与盐酸肼氧化还原反应钼的催化活性,拟定了测定痕量钼新的动力学方法。本法钼的检测限为6×10~(-4)μg/ml,可测定浓度范围为1×10~(-3)～9×10~(-1)μg Mo/ml。本法可用于井水、温泉水和废水中钼的测定。     

动力学荧光增敏法测定痕量钒(Ⅴ)

研究了在稀硫酸介质中柠檬酸存在下,钒(Ⅴ)催化溴酸钾氧化吖啶红的荧光增强作用,建立了催化荧光法测定痕量钒(Ⅴ)的新方法。该方法的线性范围为0.20～3.00μg/L,检出限为0.04μg/L。本法已用于水样、大米和花生仁中痕量钒的测定。     

二氯荧光素-氯化十六烷基吡啶荧光猝灭法测定微量碘

本文研究了用二氯荧光素(DCF)-氯化十六烷基毗啶(CPC)体系荧光猝灭法测定微量碘。在pH为2.8～3.1的H_2SO_4介质中,检出限为0.30μg/25ml,线性范围为0.30～2.00μg/25ml。本法灵敏度高,选择性好,适用于微量碘的测定。     

水杨基萤光酮荧光熄灭法测定微量钨

本文用荧光熄灭法研究了水杨基荧光酮(SAF)-溴化十六烷基三甲胺(CTMAB)-W(VI)体系的测定方法及条件。在pH1.2～3.5的硫酸介质中,检测限为0.1μg/25ml,在0.1～2.5μg/25ml范围内具有线性关系。本法灵敏度高,选择性好,用于检测合金钢中钨,结果满意。     

动力学荧光增敏法测定痕量钒（V）

研究了在稀硫酸介质中柠檬酸存在下，钒(V)催化溴酸钾氧化吖啶红的荧光增强作用，建立了催化荧光法测定痕量钒(V)的新方法。该方法的线性范围为0．20～3．00μg/L，检出限为0．04μg/L。本法已用于水样、大米和花生仁中痕量钒的测定。     

ASE-GC-MS法同时测定农用地土壤中的多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药

建立同时检测农用地土壤中15种多环芳烃、7种多氯联苯和8种有机氯农药的方法,对样品前处理流程及仪器工作参数进行优化。样品经正己烷–二氯甲烷(1∶1)加速溶剂萃取,以硅酸镁小柱净化,二氯甲烷–正己烷(1∶4)洗脱,用气相色谱–质谱法同时测定。各目标化合物在质量浓度在5.0～500μg/L范围内相对响应因子的相对标准偏差均小于9.3%;平均加标回收率为60.3%～105.6%,相对标准偏差为1.7%～12.8%(n=6),方法检出限为0.12～0.40μg/kg。该方法快速、稳健,净化效果好,能满足农用地土壤中30种持久性有机污染物的检测要求。     

水杨基萤光酮荧光熄灭法测定微量钛

本文用荧光熄灭法研究了水杨基萤光酮(SAF)-吐温-80-Ti(Ⅳ)体系的测定方法及条件。在pH1.0～2.0间的盐酸介质中,检测限为0.1μg/25ml,且在0.1～2.0μg/25ml范围内具有线性关系。本法灵敏度高,选择性好,可用于检测合金钢及铝合金中的微量钛,结果满意。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.