Depinning dynamics of two-dimensional magnetized colloids on a substrate with periodic pinning centers

We study, by Langevin simulations, the depinning dynamics of two-dimensional magnetized colloids on a substrate with periodic pinning centers. When the number ratios of pinnings to colloids are 1:1 matching and at finite temperature, we find for the first time crossovers from plastic flow through elastic smectic flow to elastic crystal flow near the depinning with increasing the pinning strength. There exists a power-law scaling relationship between the average velocity of colloids and the external driving force for all the three types of flows. It is found that the critical driving force and the power-law scaling exponent as well as the average intensity of Bragg peaks are invariant basically in the region of elastic smectic flow. We also examine the temperature effect and it reveals that the above dynamic moving phases and their transitions could be attributed to the interplay between thermal fluctuation and pinning potential. At sufficiently low temperature, the thermal fluctuation could be neglected and the colloids near the depinning move in the elastic crystal flow no matter what the pinning strength. In addition, the number of pinning centers is changed and when it is close to the number of colloids, there appears a peak in the critical driving force and a dip in the power-law scaling exponent, respectively. The peak and dip are more pronounced for higher pinning strength.     

Dissipative flow and vortex shedding in the Painlevé boundary layer of a Bose-Einstein condensate

This paper addresses the drag force and formation of vortices in the boundary layer of a Bose-Einstein condensate stirred by a laser beam following the experiments of Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2502 (1999)]. We make our analysis in the frame moving at constant speed where the beam is fixed. We find that there is always a drag around the laser beam. We also analyze the mechanism of vortex nucleation. At low velocity, there are no vortices and the drag has its origin in a wakelike phenomenon: This is a particularity of trapped systems since the density gets small in an extended region. The shedding of vortices starts only at a threshold velocity and is responsible for a large increase in drag. This critical velocity for vortex nucleation is lower than the critical velocity computed for the corresponding 2D problem at the center of the cloud.     

激光垂直推进飞行试验设计方法

 在激光单脉冲能量特性分析基础上,通过光船运动过程中的受力分析,提出了最小单脉冲能量、最小平均推力和最小冲量的设计方法,提出了光船垂直推进的运动方程以及光船速度和位移的计算方法,计算了空气阻力、摩擦阻力、光船质量等主要因素对飞行速度、平均推力等的影响。定量研究结果表明:空气阻力的影响可以忽略不计;摩擦阻力越大,飞行速度越小;光船质量越大,完成飞行任务所需的最小单脉冲能量越大。     

基于蚯蚓背孔射流的仿生射流表面减阻性能研究

为了减小流体对固体壁面的阻力, 基于蚯蚓生物学特征, 对蚯蚓背孔射流特性进行分析, 建立仿蚯蚓背孔射流的仿生射流表面计算模型, 采用SST k-ω 湍流模型对仿生射流表面的减阻特性进行数值模拟, 同时对数值模拟结果进行实验验证, 并以此研究了仿蚯蚓背孔射流表面的减阻机理.结果表明, 在一定条件下, 仿蚯蚓背孔射流的仿生射流表面具有较好的减阻效果; 在同一射流方向角下, 随着射流速度的增加, 减阻率逐渐增大; 在同一射流速度下, 随着射流方向角的增加, 减阻率呈先减小后增大的变化趋势; 数值模拟与实验均在射流速度为1 m·s^-1、射流方向角为-30°时达到最大, 分别为8.69%, 7.86%; 射流表面改变了原有光滑壁面的边界层结构, 对壁面边界层进行了有效的控制, 减小了壁面的剪应力, 降低了壁面边界层的速度.     

Deformation of viscoelastic coating in a turbulent flow

The rate and amplitude of compliant coating deformation by turbulent pressure pulsations were calculated. Complex compliance determined by a 2D model has two components: along and across the coating. Dependence of the components of dimensionless compliance on the wavelength — coating thickness ratio was determined for 0.3 < λ/H < 30 and dependence of these components on the ratio of flow velocity to velocity of wave propagation was determined for 0.1 < V/C < 10. Deformation amplitude and rate of surface displacement for the hard compliant coatings which can be used in practice were calculated within the range of 5–55 m/s for the water and air turbulent flow. The effects of the loss tangent and Poisson’s ratio of the coating material were also studied. It is shown that the mean-square displacement of their surface does not exceed the thickness of a viscous sublayer. However, the velocity of surface motion is comparable with velocity pulsations in a boundary layer near a wall. This can be a reason for drag reduction on a compliant wall. The calculated value of ratio between energy absorbed by the wall and energy dissipated within the flow because of drag was 10⁻⁴ for water and 10⁻⁶ for air. This estimate does not confirm the hypothesis explaining drag reduction by energy takeoff from the flow.     

Highly nonlinear dynamics in a slowly sedimenting colloidal gel

We use a combination of original light scattering techniques and particles with unique optical properties to investigate the behavior of suspensions of attractive colloids under gravitational stress, following over time the concentration profile, the velocity profile, and the microscopic dynamics. During the compression regime, the sedimentation velocity grows nearly linearly with height, implying that the gel settling may be fully described by a (time-dependent) strain rate. We find that the microscopic dynamics exhibit remarkable scaling properties when time is normalized by the strain rate, showing that the gel microscopic restructuring is dominated by its macroscopic deformation.     

球形钨合金破片空气阻力系数实验研究

 实验研究了理想球形钨合金破片和经历爆轰驱动的球形钨合金破片长距离飞行时的速度衰减规律。实验结果表明：（1）对于理想球形钨合金破片,在同一初始速度条件下,衰减系数为常数,空气阻力系数与初始速度有关,两者成线性关系;（2）对于经历爆轰驱动的球形钨合金破片,由于有轻微的质量损失和变形,速度衰减规律与理想球形钨合金破片有明显的区别,空气阻力系数与飞行速度有关,两者成线性关系。     

Rate dependence and role of disorder in linearly sheared two-dimensional foams

The shear flow of two-dimensional foams is probed as a function of shear rate and disorder. Disordered, bidisperse foams exhibit strongly shear rate dependent velocity profiles. This behavior is captured quantitatively in a simple model based on the balance of the time-averaged drag forces in the system, which are found to exhibit power-law scaling with the foam velocity and strain rate. Disorder makes the scaling of the bulk drag forces different from that of the local interbubble drag forces, which we evidence by rheometrical measurements. In monodisperse, ordered foams, rate independent velocity profiles are found, which lends further credibility to this picture.     

Longitudinal electro-kinetic waves in ion-implanted semiconductor plasmas

A comprehensive investigation of propagation of new longitudinal electro-kinetic modes and novel properties introduced due to presence of negatively charged colloids in semiconductor plasma is presented. By employing the multi-fluid balance equations, a compact dispersion relation for the cases in which wave phase velocity is either larger or smaller than electron thermal velocity is derived. This dispersion relation is used to study wave phenomena and electro-kinetic mode instability numerically. We find important modifications in electro-kinetic branch as well as the existence of new modes of propagation in colloids laden semiconductor plasma. The results of this investigation should be useful in understanding the characteristics of longitudinal electro-kinetic wave in colloids laden semiconductor plasmas whose main constituents are electrons, holes and negatively charged colloids.Received: 15 June 2004, Published online: 7 September 2004PACS: 52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves) - 72.30. + q High-frequency effects; plasma effects - 61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials - 82.70.Dd Colloids     

Atomistic simulation of the 60∘ dislocation mobility in silicon crystal

Dislocation velocity and mobility are studied via molecular dynamics simulation for a 60^∘ dislocation dipole in silicon crystal. The atomic interactions are described using the Stillinger–Weber potential and the external stress is applied by means of the Parrinello–Rahman algorithm. It is found that the dislocation begins to move when the applied stress is larger than the Peierls stress, and the calculated Peierls stress decreases as the temperature increases, which is in agreement with the Peierls–Nabarro model. The dislocation velocity at relatively low temperature is insensitive to variation of temperature. In fact, the velocity increases monotonically as the stress increases, and eventually approaches its plateau velocity which is about 2900 m/s. At higher temperature, however, the velocity no longer increases monotonically as the stress increases and the plateau velocity decreases as the temperature increases. In general, the dislocation velocity decreases as the temperature increases, which is consistent with the phonon drag model.     

Mechanism of controlling turbulent channel flow with the effect of spanwise Lorentz force distribution

A direct numerical simulation(DNS) is performed to investigate the control effect and mechanism of turbulent channel flow with the distribution of spanwise Lorentz force. A sinusoidal distribution of constant spanwise Lorentz force is selected, of which the control effects, such as flow characters, mean Reynolds stress, and drag reductions, at different parameters of amplitude A and wave number k_x are discussed. The results indicate that the control effects vary with the parameter A and k_x. With the increase of A, the drag reduction rate D_r first increases and then decreases rapidly at low k_x,and slowly at high k_x. The low drag reduction(or even drag increase) is due to a weak suppression or even the enhancements of the random velocity fluctuation and mean Reynolds stress. The efficient drag reduction is due to the quasi-streamwise vortex structure induced by Lorentz force, which contributes to suppressing the random velocity fluctuation and mean Reynolds stress, and the negative vorticity improves the distribution of streamwise velocity. Therefore, the optimal control effect with a drag reduction of up to 58% can be obtained.     

Impact of trailing wake drag on the statistical properties and dynamics of finite-sized particle in turbulence

We study by means of an Eulerian-Lagrangian model the statistical properties of velocity and acceleration of a neutrally-buoyant finite-sized particle in a turbulent flow statistically homogeneous and isotropic. The particle equation of motion, besides added mass and steady Stokes drag, keeps into account the unsteady Stokes drag force-known as Basset-Boussinesq history force-and the non-Stokesian drag based on Schiller-Naumann parametrization, together with the finite-size Faxén corrections. We focus on the case of flow at low Taylor-Reynolds number, Re_λ?31, for which fully resolved numerical data which can be taken as a reference are available [Homann H., Bec J. Finite-size effects in the dynamics of neutrally buoyant particles in turbulent flow. J Fluid Mech 651 (2010) 81-91]. Remarkably, we show that while drag forces have always minor effects on the acceleration statistics, their role is important on the velocity behavior. We propose also that the scaling relations for the particle velocity variance as a function of its size, which have been first detected in fully resolved simulations, does not originate from inertial-scale properties of the background turbulent flow but it is likely to arise from the non-Stokesian component of the drag produced by the wake behind the particle. Furthermore, by means of comparison with fully resolved simulations, we show that the Faxén correction to the added mass has a dominant role in the particle acceleration statistics even for particles whose size attains the integral scale.     

Statistical description of the shape of a moving dislocation

The shape and mobility of dislocations gliding (climbing) over the crystal relief are studied. The mobility of a dislocation is governed by the probability of critical nucleation on it of various defects (the formation of a double kink or break-away from a barrier during sliding, the formation of a jog during absorption (emission) of an interstitial (vacancy) during climbing, etc.). It is demonstrated that the transitional and steady-state modes of dislocation motion exist (the transitional and steady-state modes of deformation). The time required to achieve the steady-state dislocation motion and the velocity of this motion in the absence and in the presence of various types of pinning (drag) centers are calculated. The pinning centers qualitatively change the steady-state velocity of dislocations and increase the time required to reach this mode of motion.     

PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A FLY LINE

The planar equations of motion for a tapered fly line subjected to tension, bending, aerodynamic drag, and weight are derived. The resulting theory describes the large non-linear deformation of the line as it forms a propagating loop during fly casting. A cast is initiated by the motion of the tip of the fly rod that represents the boundary condition at one end of the fly line. At the opposite end, the boundary condition describes the equations of motion of a small attached fly (point mass with air drag). An efficient numerical algorithm is reviewed that captures the initiation and propagation of a non-linear wave that describes the loop. The algorithm is composed of three major steps. First, the non-linear initial-boundary-value problem is transformed into a two-point boundary-value problem, using finite differencing in time. The resulting non-linear boundary-value problem is linearized and then transformed into an initial-value problem in space. Example results are provided that illustrate how an overhead cast develops from initial conditions describing a perfectly laid out back cast. The numerical solutions are used to explore the influence of two sample effects in fly casting, namely, the drag created by the attached fly and the shape of the rod tip path.     

过热液体中蒸汽泡上升过程的格子Boltzmann三维数值模拟

应用格子Boltzmann相变模型,在三维空间研究蒸汽泡在过热液体中生长、上升和变形等动力学行为.为研究传热传质对蒸汽泡运动的影响,对比模拟相同条件下气泡在等温环境中上升的物理过程.结果表明：蒸汽泡在过热液体中上升发生的变形程度较小,意味着相变对蒸汽泡的影响和表面张力一样使汽泡保持初始的形状.蒸汽泡在过热液体中的上升速度较小,说明随着汽泡生长拖拽力的影响比浮力大.蒸汽泡生长率在初始阶段达到最大值,随后会趋于一个恒定的值.随着汽泡体积增大和上升速度的增加,其对流场的扰动也越来越剧烈.蒸汽泡生长和上升引起的对流运动对温度场的演化造成很大的影响.     

Coulomb drag between one-dimensional conductors

We have analyzed Coulomb drag between currents of interacting electrons in two parallel one-dimensional conductors of finite length L attached to external reservoirs. For strong coupling, the relative fluctuations of electron density in the conductors acquire energy gap M. At energies larger than gamma = constxv(-)exp(-LM/v(-))/L+gamma(+), where gamma(+) is the impurity scattering rate, and, for L>v(-)/M, where v(-) is the fluctuation velocity, the gap leads to an "ideal" drag with almost equal currents in the conductors. At low energies the drag is suppressed by coherent instanton tunneling, and the zero-temperature transconductance vanishes, indicating the Fermi-liquid behavior.     

Local melting and drag for a particle driven through a colloidal crystal

We numerically investigate a colloidal particle driven through a colloidal crystal as a function of temperature. When the charge of the driven particle is larger or comparable to that of the colloids comprising the crystal, a local melting can occur, characterized by defect generation in the lattice surrounding the driven particle. The generation of the defects is accompanied by an increase in the drag force on the driven particle, as well as large noise fluctuations. We discuss the similarities of these results to the peak effect phenomena observed for vortices in superconductors.     

Instantaneous velocity measurement of dynamic deformation by digital holographic interferometry

A novel method for the instantaneous velocity measurement of dynamic deformation by digital holographic interferometry is proposed. During dynamic deformation, a series of digital holograms is recorded by a high-speed camera. At each pixel of the phase difference maps, phase and amplitude information are combined as complex phasor (CP). Each pixel can be then considered as an independent sensor and a sequence of complex phasors of such a sensor is analyzed by short time Fourier transform (STFT) along the time axis. A fast iterative algorithm is developed for the computation of instantaneous velocity. The displacement of each pixel can also be obtained by integration of the instantaneous velocity over time and phase unwrapping process is thus avoided. The performance of the proposed CP method is compared experimentally with the commonly used digital phase subtraction method.     

Translational oscillations of a microsphere in superfluid helium

The translational motion of a microsphere (radius 100 μm) in liquid helium is investigated. The sphere is levitating inside a superconducting capacitor and oscillates about its equilibrium position. The velocity amplitude and the resonance frequency are measured as a function of driving force and temperature (0.35 K up to 2.2 K). By increasing the driving force we first find a linear regime (laminar flow) which changes abruptly into a nonlinear one (turbulent flow). For temperatures below 0.7 K the linear drag is given by ballistic roton and phonon scattering whereas for temperatures above 1.1 K the hydrodynamic force on the sphere is described by Stoke's solution. In the turbulent regime, above a temperature independent threshold velocity, we find the drag force to be given by turbulence in the superfluid component plus an essentially laminar drag by the normal component.