Correlations between two identified charged hadrons at the CERN ISR

We have measured the value of the correlation R(h₁, h₂) between two identified charged hadrons $\text{(}\text{h}\text{= π}{}^{\mathrm{\pm }}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{\pm }}\text{,}\text{p or}\text{p}\text{?}\text{)}$ produced in pp collisions at the CERN ISR. One hardon was produced in the forward direction and the other at a large angle. Quantum number dependent effects have been observed.     

Restoration of kT factorization for low pT hadron hadroproduction

We discuss the applicability of the k _T factorization theorem to low-p _T hadron production in hadron–hadron collision in a simple toy model, which involves only scalar particles and gluons. It has been shown that the k _T factorization for high-p _T hadron hadroproduction is broken by soft gluons in the Glauber region, which are exchanged among a transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) parton density and other subprocesses of the collision. We explain that the contour of a loop momentum can be deformed away from the Glauber region at low p _T , so the above residual infrared divergence is factorized by means of the standard eikonal approximation. The k _T factorization is then restored in the sense that a TMD parton density maintains its universality. Because the resultant Glauber factor is independent of hadron flavors, experimental constraints on its behavior are possible. The k _T factorization can also be restored for the transverse single-spin asymmetry in hadron–hadron collision at low p _T in a similar way, with the residual infrared divergence being factorized into the same Glauber factor.     

Multiplicity distributions of charged hadrons at AGS, SPS and RHIC

It is found that Collective Flow Model (CFM) which can successfully analyze charged particle distributions at AGS and lower SPS (less than 20 GeV/n), fails to analyze that of RHIC. The tail of distribution of charged particle at RHIC has a jump away from the collective model calculation as the energy increase. Thermalization Component Model (TCM) is presented basing on collective flow to study the multiplicity distributions at RHIC in this paper. It is realized that the limitation of phase space of collective flow can denote that of thermalization region. By comparing the contributions of particle productions from thermalization region at different energies and different centrality, we can deep our study on the feature of collective movement at RHIC.     

Two-particle azimuthal correlations at high transverse momentum in Pb−Au at 158 AGeV/c

The study of two-particle azimuthal correlations at high transverse momentum has become an important tool to investigate the interaction of hard partons with the medium formed in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. At SPS energies, pioneering studies by the CERES Collaboration [1] indicated a significant modification of the away-side structure in central collisions. Here we present new results emerging from the analysis of the year 2000 data set recorded with the CERES Time-Projection Chamber, which provides excellent tracking efficiency and significantly improved momentum determination.     

Ring and jet study on the azimuthal substructure of pions at CERN SPS energy

We have presented an investigation on the ring- and jet-like azimuthal angle substructures in the emission of secondary charged hadrons coming from ³²S–Ag/Br interactions at 200 A GeV/c. Nuclear photographic emulsion technique has been employed to collect the experimental data. The presence of such substructures, their average behaviour, their size, and their position of occurrence have been examined. The experimental results have also been compared with the results simulated by Monte-Carlo method. The analysis strongly indicates the presence of ring- and jet-like structures in the experimental distributions of particles beyond statistical noise. The experimental results are in good agreement with I M Dremin idea, that the phenomenon is similar to the emission of Cherenkov electromagnetic radiation.     

Minijet activity in high ET jet events at the tevatron

Gluon bremsstrahlung in scattering events with high transverse momentum jets is expected to increase markedly with the hardness (∑E_T) of the primary event. Within perturbative QCD we estimate a probability of order unity to see additional minijets with E_T 15 GeV in “dijet” events with ∑E_T > 400 GeV. The veto of such minijets is a promising background rejection tool for the Higgs search at the LHC.     

High ET production in QCD

The production of large transverse energy is discussed as the effect of multigluon emission produced in the hard scattering of the hadron constituents. Analytical formulae are given, based on resumming techniques to all orders in _S, and successfully compared with recent experiments at SPS, ISR and collider energies.     

Enhancement of high PT hadrons due to collapsing Z(3) walls in heavy-ion collisions

We discuss enhancement of multiplicities of hadrons at high transverse momentum due to multiple reflections of quarks from collapsing Z(3) interfaces in the QGP produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. By modeling the dependence of effective mass of the quarks on the Polyakov loop order parameter, we evaluate the reflection coefficient of quarks from collapsing Z(3) interfaces. We use the effective potential proposed by Pisarski for the Polyakov loop to determine the profile of the Z(3) interfaces and calculate the reflection probability for quarks. We discuss the formation of a network of these Z(3) walls in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, in the QGP phase. We do a numerical simulation to calculate the modifications in the thermal transverse momentum spectra of the quarks/anti-quarks that results from a collapsing wall. We then use the recombination model to calculate the transverse momentum spectrum of final hadrons. Our results show enhancement of high P _T hadrons, with the enhancement being stronger for heavier quarks. Further, we find that due to larger reflection coefficient for heavier quarks, the density of strange and charm quarks/anti-quarks increases inside the collapsing walls. This implies enhancement in the multiplicities of multi-strange and multi-charmed hadrons.     

Lead beam experiments at the CERN SPS

The acceleration in 1986 of¹⁶O beams to 200 GeV/nucleon at the CERN SPS created a new frontier of particle and nuclear physics, namely the study of high energy density systems with hundreds of quarks and gluons created in the central collisions of nuclei with heavy targets. In order to produce the largest piece of “quark matter”, beams as heavy as²⁰⁸Pb are needed. The Lead-Injector Project that would provide them is presented. Possible experimental approaches to extract the physics from collisions with thousands of produced particles are discussed.     

Two-particle azimuthal and rapidity correlations in intervals of transverse momentum in π+ p-interactions at 250 GeV/c

A multi-dimensional analysis of two-particle correlations in π⁺ p-interactions at 250 GeV/c shows interesting structure. Particularly strong positive shortrange rapidity and azimuthal correlations are observed for low-p _T like sign pairs. This observation is not reproduced by models used for comparison (FRITIOF, DPM, quark gluon (multi)string model). A possible explanation is Bose-Einstein interference not included in these models.     

Single diffraction dissociation at the CERN SPS collider

The reaction $\text{p}\text{p}\text{→}\text{p}\text{X}$ was studied at a centre-of-mass energy $\text{s}\text{= 540}\text{GeV}$ by measuring the momentum spectrum of the antiproton. Data are presented in the four-momentum transfer range 05 < ?t < 1.2GeV². The shape of the mass distribution of the system X shows a diffractive component as already observed at lower energies. The differential cross section scales approximately with energy when compared to the ISR data.     

Two-particle rapidity correlations in αα, αp,andp p interactions at the CERN intersecting storage rings

Two-particle rapidity correlations have been studied for αα, αp, andp p interactions at the CERN ISR using the Split-Field Magnet (SFM) detector. In order to isolate the true two-particle correlations, the analysis was performed at fixed charged multiplicity. In the framework of a simple cluster model, it is found that cluster widths as well as cluster multiplicities are the same for αα, αp, andp p interactions, and both decrease with increasing charged multiplicity.     

Kaon interferometry in heavy-ion collisions at the CERN SPS

K⁺K⁺ and K^–K^– correlations from S+Pb collisions at 200 GeV/c per nucleon and K⁺K⁺ correlations from p+Pb collisions at 450 GeV/c per nucleon, are presented as measured by the focusing spectrometer of the NA44 experiment at CERN. Multidimensional fits are performed in order to characterize the kaon-emission volume, which is found to be smaller than the pion-emission volume.     

On the perturbative stability of the QCD predictions for the ratio R=FL/FT in heavy-quark leptoproduction

We analyze the perturbative and parametric stability of the QCD predictions for the Callan–Gross ratio, R(x,Q ²)=F _L /F _T , in heavy-quark leptoproduction. We consider the radiative corrections to the dominant photon–gluon fusion mechanism. In various kinematic regions, the following contributions are investigated: exact NLO results at low and moderate Q ²≲m ², asymptotic NLO predictions at high Q ²≫m ², and both NLO and NNLO soft-gluon (or threshold) corrections at large Bjorken variable x. Our analysis shows that large radiative corrections to the structure functions F _T (x,Q ²) and F _L (x,Q ²) cancel each other in their ratio R(x,Q ²) with good accuracy. As a result, the NLO contributions to the Callan–Gross ratio are less than 10% in a wide region of the variables x and Q ². We provide compact LO predictions for R(x,Q ²) in the case of low x ≪1. A simple formula connecting the high-energy behavior of the Callan–Gross ratio and low-x asymptotics of the gluon density is derived. It is shown that the obtained hadron-level predictions for R(x→0,Q ²) are stable under the DGLAP evolution of the gluon distribution function. Our analytic results simplify the extraction of the structure functions F ₂ ^c (x,Q ²) and F ₂ ^b (x,Q ²) from measurements of the corresponding reduced cross sections, in particular at DESY HERA.     

Separation of minimum and higher twist in photoproduction of high-PT mesons

Photo- and hadroproduction data in the beam energy range 65–175 GeV have been studied with a view to isolating higher-twist processes in photoproduction from other point-like and hadron-like contributions. With selection of charged tracks havingp _T >2 GeV/c and 0.28x _F <0.84 indications=" of=" a=" higher=" twist=" contribution=" have=" been=" found=" at=" a=" level=" that=" is=" consistent=" with=" qcd=">     

Tests of the OLVE-HERO Calorimeter Prototype at Heavy-Ion Beams at SPS CERN

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - A project of the OLVE-HERO space detector for measurement of the cosmic rays in the range 1012–1016 eV is proposed. It will include a large ionization-neutron 3D...     

Search for free quark production at the CERN SPS collider

No experiment has found convincing evidence for free quarks [1, 2]. A possible explanation for this non-observation in accelerator experiments is that their cross-section for interaction with matter is much larger than those of hadrons [3], and hence they are scattered and/or absorbed by material between their production point and the detector. We have examined this possibility by exposing 1/4 mm diameter steel balls near an intersection point of the CERN SPS \(p\bar p\) collider beams. These balls have been subsequently examined for the presence of fractional charge, using the Rutherford Laboratory room temperature magnetic levitation system [4]. None of the 60 balls tested to date shows evidence of fractional charge.     

Search for deconfinement in NA49 at the CERN SPS

Experiment NA49 at the Cern SPS has performed large acceptance measurements of hadron production in pp, pPb, CC, SiSi and PbPb collisions at 40 and 158 A·GeV beam energies. These data allowed a study of particle yields, spectra and correlations as well as event-by-event fluctuations of average event properties of the created hadron system. Results from central PbPb collisions are consistent with the onset of deconfinement during the early stage of the reaction in the lower SPS energy range. A new scaling property of particle production ratios was found which relates collision systems of different size and centrality. Systematics of the evolution of particle production from pp via pPb to PbPb collisions were investigated.