Studies on stable isotopic composition of daily rainfall from Kozhikode,Kerala, India

The stable isotopic compositions of all major daily rain fall samples (n?=?113) collected from Kozhikode station in Kerala, India, for the year 2010 representing the pre-monsoon, southwest and northeast monsoon seasons are examined. The isotopic variations δ¹⁸O, δ²H and d-excess in daily rainfall ranged from δ¹⁸O: ?4.4 to 2?‰, δ²H: ?25.3 to 13.8?‰, and d-excess: ?2.4 to 15.3?‰; δ¹⁸O: ?9.7 to ?0.6?‰, δ²H: ?61.7 to 5.3?‰, and d-excess 5.8 to 17.4?‰; δ¹⁸O ?11.3 to ?1.4?‰, δ²H: ?75.3 to 0.9?‰, and d-excess: 8.8 to 21.3?‰ during the pre-, southwest and northeast monsoon periods, respectively. Thus, daily rainfall events during two monsoon periods had a distinct range of isotopic variations. The daily rain events within the two monsoon seasons also exhibited periodic variations. The isotopic composition of rain events during pre-monsoon and a few low-intensity events during the southwest monsoon period had imprints of secondary evaporation. This study analysing the stable isotopic characteristics of individual rain events in southern India, which is influenced by dual monsoon rainfall, will aid in a better understanding of its mechanism.     

Seasonal variation of daily total column ozone (TCO) and role of its depletion and formation rate on surface temperature over Dumdum at Kolkata, India

The purpose of the paper is to present the variation of total ozone concentration over Dumdum at Kolkata, India during different seasons. It is concluded that the trend of ozone concentration during different seasons are different. A critical analysis is done and following important results are obtained.

Wind dependence of ambient noise in shallow water of Bay of Bengal

This work reports on investigations into the wind dependence of ambient noise in the Bay of Bengal. Ambient noise measurements were made in the shallow water of Bay of Bengal using a portable broadband, high frequency data acquisition system together with a sensitive hydrophone suspended from the measuring platform at a depth of 5 m from the surface where the ocean depth was 25 m. Periodic measurements were carried out for one year corresponding to a wind speed range between 2 m/s and 9 m/s during summer, monsoon and winter seasons. The proportionality of the noise level with wind speed for frequencies ranging from 500 Hz to 6 kHz for each season was studied. The analysis reveals that the correlation between the wind speed and the ambient noise spectrum level was higher at lower frequencies. The results of empirical fitting based on analysis were used for noise level prediction and the model predictions compare well with the measured noise level. Further it was observed that the wind generated noise level measured during summer was approximately 8 dB less than that in other seasons. On the other hand the proportionality between the noise level and the wind speed was less during winter.     

Variation of total columnar ozone characteristics over Dibrugarh, India and comparison with satellite observations over the Indian subcontinent

In this study, we investigate the characteristics of the total columnar ozone (TCO) over Dibrugarh (27.3° N and 94.6° E), India for the period September 2007 to February 2009 using Microtops II Ozonometer. These measurements are compared with TCO data available from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on board Nimbus-7 satellite for the same period. It has been observed that the TCO increases from morning till noon and then decreases rapidly in the afternoon. A distinct seasonal variation of TCO is observed with low value in the months of September–December and high values in the month of April, May and June as seen from both Microtops II and TOMS measurements. Satellite observations reveal that the TCO at all latitudes is nearly equal in the months of September–November and May to August. The seasonal variation of TCO between December to May is nearly a mirror image between low and mid latitudes along the three longitudes sectors.     

Rainfall Dynamics Over Two Indian Tropical Stations for Radio Communication

The influence of rainfall on radio wave propagation at frequencies above 10 GHz is crucial over ground to space radio links, especially in tropical regions because of the high intensity rainfall. This often makes direct-to-home; very small aperture terminal systems operating at these frequencies to be subjected to many fade occurrences due to heavy rain. In addition to annual and worst month’s cumulative statistics, dynamic characteristics of seasonal and diurnal variations, together with average event length and separation over the day are needed to give the detailed insights for system design. This paper presents the characteristics of rain distribution based on 5-year rainfall data over two locations in India. Rain intensities for the average year and the average worst months, and monthly and diurnal dynamic characteristics of rain events were obtained. The resulting rain intensities are also compared with the relevant ITU-R recommendations. These results are useful to estimate signal outages in a year over the region and for proper planning of radio-communication in the location.     

A decomposition study of moisture transport divergence for inter-decadal change in East Asia summer rainfall during 1958-2001

In this paper,we report on the results of an investigation into inter-decadal changes in moisture transport and divergence in East Asia for the two periods 1980-2001 and 1958-1979.The aim is to explore the mechanism of summer rainfall change in the region after abrupt changes.The relevant changes are calculated using ERA-40 daily reanalysis datasets.The results show that both stationary and transient eddy moisture transports to the Chinese mainland have declined since the abrupt change in atmospheric general circulation in the late 1970s,leading to more rainfall in South China and less in the North.The anomalous rainfall pattern coincides well with anomalous large-scale moisture divergence in the troposphere,of which stationary-wave or monsoon transport is dominant,in comparison with the contribution of the transient eddies.Furthermore,their divergences are found to be in opposite phases.In addition,meridional divergence is more important than its zonal counterpart,with an opposite phase in East Asia.Abnormal zonal moisture convergences appear in northwestern and northeastern parts of China,and are related to the excess rainfalls in these regions.An increase in transient eddy activity is one of the major mechanisms for excess rainfall in northern Xinjiang.Consequently,the anomalous rainfall pattern in East Asia results from a decline of the East Asian monsoon after the abrupt change,while the rainfall increase in northwestern China involves anomalies of both stationary waves and transient eddies on boreal westerly over the midand high latitudes.     

Study on the disturbances of a piezoelectric disc with concentric electrodes

The radial displacement of an annular piezoelectric ceramic disc with concentric electrodes has been found with the help of transform calculus when the external periphery is subjected to a time-dependent force.1B, Bankim Chatterjee Street, Calcutta-12, West Bengal, India.The author is grateful to Dr. R. R. Giri of Jadavpur University for his kind help and guidance in the preparation of this paper.     

季风与极涡的异常配置下中国夏季大尺度旱涝分布

从冷暖系统配置的角度,选取东亚夏季风(EASM)和7月亚洲区极涡面积(APVA),分析了二者的气候特征与中国夏季降水分布之间的关系.在此基础上,将1951—2010年EASM和APVA的异常配置分为四种类型:A:季风强、极涡大;B:季风强、极涡小;C:季风弱、极涡大;D:季风弱、极涡小.研究发现,二者的异常配置下,中国夏季大尺度旱涝分布在季尺度上表现出多面性特征:A型年,夏季整体偏旱;B型年,夏季南涝北旱;C型年,夏季北涝南旱;D型年,夏季整体偏涝.由此可见,中国夏季旱涝总体分布除了与EASM有关外还与APVA密切相关,二者异常的不同配置下,夏季降水多寡和旱涝分布表现出了显著的差异和规律性,这对夏季降水总体趋势预测有一定的指示意义.此外,通过研究不同配置关系对应大气环流异常特征,并分析不同要素在夏季风和极涡关系变化中的作用,发现不同配置类型下夏季降水表现出的差异和规律性直接取决于环流场的整体配置,其中西太副高和中高纬阻塞形势起主导作用.     

20世纪90年代末东亚夏季降水年代际变化及其成因初探

基于1983—2011年月总降水量、环流和海温的再分析资料,给出了20世纪90年代末东亚夏季降水的年代际调整的区域特征,及其对应的大气环流内部过程和可能的海温外强迫的年代际变化.研究结果表明,在20世纪90年代末期东亚北部夏季降水比东亚南部夏季降水由湿向干的表现更为明显,东亚南部地区夏季降水则是在20世纪90年代初和21世纪初发生年代际的转折.此外,东亚地区夏季的500 h Pa高度场、850 h Pa风场、U200风场、水汽输送场和东亚太平洋遥相关型指数和东亚夏季风指数等在20世纪90年代末期也表现出明显的年代际变化特征.进而从大气内部过程的角度验证了20世纪90年代末东亚夏季降水发生的年代际调整.与此同时,北太平洋和西太平洋海表温度表现出由偏低向偏高的转变,这可能是导致20世纪90年代末期东亚夏季气候年代际变化的重要外部成因之一.     

南海夏季风与登陆我国大陆初旋的关系

利用1948---2009年南海夏季风指数、NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析位势高度场、风场资料, 首次分析了南海夏季风与每年登陆中国大陆的首个热带气旋(初旋)的关系. 结果表明: 初旋的登陆日、登陆纬度、生成纬度与当年登陆中国大陆热带气旋的频数、活动期、强度等相关性较好; 强(弱)南海夏季风指数年份, 登陆大陆热带气旋数偏多(少)、初旋登陆日偏迟(早)、初旋登陆点偏南(北). 从流场上看, 强(弱)南海夏季风指数年份, 对应的季风槽偏强(弱), 其异常风场和初旋路径也截然不同. 从年际变化上看, 南海夏季风指数明显呈减弱趋势, 而初旋登陆点则有一定北移.     

Scattering mechanisms of charge carriers in transparent conducting oxide films

Scattering mechanisms of charge carriers in Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) films have been analyzed theoretically. For the degenerate polycrystalline TCO films with relatively large crystallite sizes and high carrier concentrations (higher than 5 × 10¹⁸ cm^–3), the depletion layers between crystallites are very thin compared to the crystallite sizes, and the grain boundary scattering on electrical carriers makes a small contribution to limit the mobility of the films. Instead of thermionic emission current, a tunneling current dominates the electron transport over grain boundaries. The Petritz model which is based on thermionic emission and extensively quoted in literature should not be applicable. The main scattering mechanisms for the TCO films are ionized impurity scattering in the low-temperature range and lattice vibration scattering in the high-temperature range. The ionized impurity scattering mobility is independent of temperature and the mobility due to thermal lattice vibration scattering is inversely proportional to the temperature. The results obtained from Hall measurements on our ZnO, ITO, SnO₂ and SnO₂:F films prepared with various methods supports the analysis.     

New method to measure whole-wavelength transmittance of TCO substrates for thin-film silicon solar cells

High transmittance of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) substrates is one of the most important factors for achieving high efficiency in thin-film silicon solar cells. Immersion (IM) method with CH₂I₂ liquid is widely used for the evaluation of optical properties (transmittance, reflectance and absorption) for TCO substrates with textured surface in order to reduce the scattering at the TCO surface. However, in order to measure transmittance accurately, three problems have been found. (1) CH₂I₂ liquid itself absorbs the light in short wavelength region. (2) The transmittance around the absorption edge of CH₂I₂ liquids is very sensitive to its amount. (3) Scattering cannot be suppressed when the scattering surfaces are more than 2 surfaces (for example, TCO on reactive ion etching (RIE) processed glass). To overcome these problems, we proposed a new setup to measure optical properties of TCO substrates by holding the samples inside the integral sphere. As the results, we have confirmed that their absorption in all wavelength could be measured accurately and the transmittance measured by the new method was well consistent with the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the fabricated cell while the transmittance measured with conventional IM method showed differently. Therefore, this new method could be a useful tool to evaluate TCO substrates for thin-film silicon solar cells.     

Instabilities of an electron cloud in a Penning trap

We have measured the storage instabilities of electrons in a Penning trap at low magnetic fields. These measurements are carried out as a function of the trapping voltage, for different magnetic fields. It is seen that these instabilities occur at the same positions when the trapping voltage is expressed as a percentage of the maximum voltage, given by the stability limit. The characteristic frequencies at which these instabilities occur, obey a relation that is given by n _zω _z + n ₊ω ₊ + n _-ω _- = 0, where ω _z, ω ₊ and ω _- are the axial, perturbed cyclotron and the magnetron frequencies of the trapped electrons respectively, and the n's are integers. The reason for these instabilities are attributed to higher order static perturbations in the trapping potential. Received 5 August 2002 / Received in final form 14 October 2002 Published online 17 December 2002 RID="a" ID="a"Present address: Dept. of Physics, Rampurhat College, Rampurhat, Birbhum, West Bengal, India. RID="b" ID="b"e-mail: werth@mail.uni-mainz.de     

Trend of extreme precipitation events over China in last 40 years

Using the daily precipitation data of 740 stations in China from 1960 to 2000, the analysis on the variations and distributions of the frequency and the percentage of extreme precipitation to the annual rainfall have been performed in this paper. Results indicate that the percentage of heavy rains （above 25mm/day） in the annual rainfall has increased, while on average the day number of heavy rains has slightly reduced during the past 40 years. In the end of 1970s and the beginning of 1980s, both the number of days with extreme precipitation and the percentage of extreme precipitation abruptly changed over China, especially in the northern China. By moving t test, the abrupt change year of extreme precipitation for each station and its spatial distribution over the whole country are also obtained. The abrupt change years concentrated in 1978-1982 for most regions of northern China while occurred at various stations in southern China in greatly different/diverse years. Besides the abrupt change years of extreme precipitation at part stations of Northwest China happened about 5 years later in comparison with that of the country＇s average.     

国家气候中心大气环流模式冬季模式误差特征分析

本文利用1982—2010年国家气候中心第二代月动力延伸预测系统中大气环流模式(BCC_AGCM)的回报资料和美国国家环境预测中心和美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料,分析了该模式对冬季气温预测的误差特征及其与外强迫的联系.结果表明模式能够在整体上较好地反映出欧亚区域冬季气温的变化趋势,能抓住东亚冬季风区气温年际变化的主要空间模态,对东亚冬季风区冬季气温具有一定的预报能力.预报误差的空间分布和时间演变特征的结果表明,误差在陆地大于海洋,高纬地区大于低纬地区,同时与海拔高度也有密切关系.预报误差的主要模态与一些关键区域的海温和海冰存在显著的相关性,表明模式对外强迫异常的响应能力存在缺陷.这为结合模式对关键区海温和海冰异常的响应能力,有针对性地改进模式对东亚冬季风区冬季气温的预测能力提供了依据.     

Characteristics of Ti0.97Co0.03O2:Sb0.01 dilute magnetic semiconducting thin films deposited at 500 °C by pulsed laser deposition

Epitaxial Ti_0.97Co_0.03O₂:Sb_0.01(TCO:Sb) films were deposited on R-Al₂O₃ (1 1 0 2) substrates at 500 °C in various deposition pressures by pulsed laser deposition. The solubility of cobalt within the films increases with decreasing deposition pressure at a deposition temperature of 500 °C. The TCO:Sb films deposited at 5×10⁻⁶ Torr exhibit a p-type anomalous Hall effect having a hole concentration of 6.1×10²²/cm³ at 300 K. On the other hand, films deposited at 4×10⁻⁴ Torr exhibits an n-type anomalous Hall effect having an electron concentration of about 1.1×10²¹/cm³. p- or n-type DMS characteristics depends on the change of the structure of TCO:Sb films and the solubility of Co is possible by controlling the deposition pressure.     

Diurnal and seasonal variations in h’F and foF2 over low (Indian) and mid (Japanese) latitude stations — a comparative study

Using the simultaneous data of ionosonde from a low latitude station, Waltair, India (17.7°N,83.3°E) in the Indian sector and a mid latitude station, Kokubunji, Japan (35.7°N,139.5°E) in the Japanese sector during the high sunspot year of 2001, a comparative study of the variations in the diurnal, seasonal and day to day characteristics of the ionospheric F-region parameters, such as the virtual height of the F-layer (h’F) and the critical frequency of the F₂ layer (foF2), are studied. The effect of geomagnetic activity variations of the F-region parameters over the low and mid latitude stations is also presented.     

电极表面改性对染料敏化太阳电池性能影响的机理研究

采用强度调制光电流谱(IMPS)和强度调制光电压谱(IMVS)技术,从染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)电子传输和复合角度对比了不同光强下导电玻璃表面阻挡层及TiO₂薄膜优化使电池性能改善的内在原因.阻挡层的引入和TiO₂薄膜的优化均通过电沉积法实现.结果表明,对多孔薄膜电极的不同改性均提高了电池的短路电流J_sc和效率η,但对电子传输和复合过程的作用机理有所不同:前者延长了电子寿命τ _n,但电子传输时间τ _d变化不明显;而后者则主要是延长τ _n的同时也缩短了τ _d. 关键词： 染料敏化 太阳电池 调制光电流谱/调制光电压谱 电子输运     

Secondary X-Ray Environment in the Lower Atmosphere of the Earth during Monsoon Season over Udaipur City （India） in July-September 2006

We present a study on the secondary x-rays of energy band 2-100 keV emitted by the intruded principal pollutant components （gases and minerals） brought up in the lower atmosphere by dust storms, monsoon drift and the gravitational pull on meteoritic showers. On the ground we employed a 1.5 × 1 inch^2 NaI crystal in a scintillation detector, suitable for the energy range 2-100 keV of secondary x-rays, providing better energy resolution than a larger sized crystal. In order to eliminate the radioactive background of the Earth, the detector was well shielded on all sides with the help of the lead （Pb） container, except with a.small open window at the top to permit only vertically incident secondary radiation. The results from the data analysis obtained during the monsoon over Udaipur city （India） during the period from July to September （2006） have revealed a linear correlation between dust storm cure monsoon clouds and observed luminosities of secondary x-ray radiation from intruded pollutants. We found intense flux of secondary x-rays from the intruded pollutants when heavy dust and monsoon clouds were brought up by dust storms and monsoon drift in the lower atmosphere over Udaipur city as compared to normal days. Thus, secondary x-rays in the environment provide a tool for investigation of local intrusive pollutant components in the lower atmosphere.     

Isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture from pan water evaporation measurements

A continuous and reliable time series data of the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture is an important requirement for the wider applicability of isotope mass balance methods in atmospheric and water balance studies. This requires routine sampling of atmospheric moisture by an appropriate technique and analysis of moisture for its isotopic composition. We have, therefore, used a much simpler method based on an isotope mass balance approach to derive the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture using a class-A drying evaporation pan. We have carried out the study by collecting water samples from a class-A drying evaporation pan and also by collecting atmospheric moisture using the cryogenic trap method at the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India, during a pre-monsoon period. We compared the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture obtained by using the class-A drying evaporation pan method with the cryogenic trap method. The results obtained from the evaporation pan water compare well with the cryogenic based method. Thus, the study establishes a cost-effective means of maintaining time series data of the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture at meteorological observatories. The conclusions drawn in the present study are based on experiments conducted at Roorkee, India, and may be examined at other regions for its general applicability.