Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of the New Cultivars of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Bred in Ukraine

Lavender, otherwise known as Lavandula angustifolia Mill., is widely used in landscaping, and its oil is a valuable raw material used in many industries. Therefore, new varieties of this plant are bred. The essential oil composition obtained from fresh flowers of thirteen new Ukrainian cultivars of L. angustifolia were analysed by GC-MS, and eighty-two components were identified. Linalool and linalyl acetate were principal constituents of all of the samples, and ranged from 11.4% to 46.7% and 7.4% to 44.2%, respectively. None of the studied samples fulfilled the requirements of Ph. Eur. and ISO 3515:2002. The main reason was a high content of α-terpineol (0.5–4.5%) and/or terpinene-4-ol (1.2–18.7%). Our results are in line with multiple researchers showing that the studied lavender oils do not comply with the industry standards despite their authenticity. We also investigated the effect of the growth year on the chemical composition of five tested cultivars grown on the same plots and noticed a considerable variability between years. The obtained experimental data did not show a significant inter-year trend for the content changes of the major components. Our results allow us to deeply characterize the new cultivars and evaluate their oil for a possible use in the industry, or to designate them for future selective breeding.     

Essential Oil Profile and Yield of Corolla,Calyx, Leaf,and Whole Flowering Top of Cultivated Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) from Utah

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender) is an essential-oil-bearing plant in the Lamiaceae family. Volatile oil produced through the steam distillation of lavender was examined to establish the essential oil yield and aromatic profile from each portion of the plant—namely, the corolla, calyx, leaf, and whole flowering top. The resulting essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The different plant parts generally shared similar compounds but in varying relative percentages. Aromatic profiles of the whole flowering top and calyx were similar, with prominent compounds being linalool acetate (34.3%, 32.0%), linalool (26.5%, 32.9%), lavandulyl acetate (5.6%, 4.9%), terpinen-4-ol (5.3%, 7.0%), and (Z)-β-ocimene (4.5%, 5.4%), respectively. Aromatic profiles for the corolla and leaf were unique. Prominent aromatic compounds of the corolla included linalool acetate (18.4%), linalool (10.8%), epi-α-cadinol (10.0%), borneol (7.3%), and lavandulyl acetate (6.3%). Prominent aromatic compounds of the leaf included epi-α-cadinol (19.8%), γ-cadinene (11.0%), borneol (6.0%), caryophyllene oxide (4.9%), and bornyl acetate (4.8%). Complete profiles and essential oil yields of corolla, calyx, leaf, and whole flowering top were established. This study establishes the influence the corolla, calyx, and leaf exert on the aromatic profile of the whole flowering top and provides insight into authentication of lavender essential oil.     

Chemical Profile,In Vitro Biological Activity and Comparison of Essential Oils from Fresh and Dried Flowers of Lavandula angustifolia L.

The chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from dried and fresh flowers of Lavandula angustifolia L. (lavender), named LA 2019 and LA 2020, respectively, grown in central Italy was analyzed and compared by GC and GC-MS. For both samples, 61 compounds were identified, corresponding to 97.9% and 98.1% of the total essential oils. Explorative data analysis, performed to compare the statistical composition of the samples, resulted in a high level of global similarity (around 93%). The compositions of both samples were characterized by 10 major compounds, with a predominance of Linalool (35.3–36.0%), Borneol (15.6–19.4%) and 1,8-Cineole (11.0–9.0%). The in vitro antibacterial activity assay by disk diffusion tests against Bacillus subtilis PY79 and Escherichia coli DH5α showed inhibition of growth in both indicator strains. In addition, plate counts revealed a bactericidal effect on E. coli, which was particularly noticeable when using oil from the fresh lavender flowers at the highest concentrations. An in vitro antifungal assay showed that the EOs inhibited the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, a phytopathogenic fungus that causes post-harvest diseases in many fruits and vegetables. The antioxidant activity was also assessed using the ABTS free radical scavenging assay, which showed a different antioxidant activity in both EOs. In addition, the potential application of EOs as a green method to control biodeterioration phenomena on an artistic wood painting (XIX century) was evaluated.     

Comparative Evaluation of the Essential Oil of the New Ukrainian Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula x intermedia Cultivars Grown on the Same Plots

New cultivars of lavender adapted to arid steppe conditions were developed by the Institute of Rice of Ukrainian National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (NAAS). This work is a part of the characterization process of the new cultivars. The chemical composition of the essential oil of the seven new Lavandula angustifolia and eight new Lavandula x intermedia cultivars was investigated and compared. In total, 71 different compounds were identified. Linalool and linalool acetate were the main components in both species in ranges of 26.14–57.07% and 9.08–24.45%, respectively. They were followed by terpinen-4-ol (2.16–22.44%), lavandulyl acetate (2.12–10.23%), and lavandulol (1.30–3.14) in the case of L. angustifolia and camphor (10.11–12.55%), borneol (5.49–8.71%), and eucalyptol (0.47–7.41%) in the case of L. x intermedia. The oils had a valuable terpene profile—a high linalool content and the substantial presence of lavandulol and its ester. Nevertheless, they did not comply with the industry standards, mostly due to high levels of terpinene-4-ol. Evidently, a high content of terpinen-4-ol is a characteristic feature of L. angustifolia oils bred in Ukraine. Additionally, the LA3 cultivar yielded an oil with some of the highest linalool contents reported in the literature. Statistical analysis and literature data allowed for the comparative analysis of the gathered data. MANOVA, PCA, and HCA marked caryophyllene oxide as another potential differentiating compound between studied species.     

Chemical Profile,Antioxidant Capacity,and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Three Different Varieties (Moldoveanca 4, Vis Magic 10, and Alba 7) of Lavandula angustifolia

Chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity of lavender essential oils (LEOs) extracted from three different varieties of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (1-Moldoveanca 4, 2-Vis magic 10, and 3-Alba 7) have been determined. These plants previously patented in the Republic of Moldova were cultivated in an organic agriculture system in the northeastern part of Romania and then harvested in 3 consecutive years (2017–2019) to obtain the essential oils. From the inflorescences in the complete flowering stage, the LEOs were extracted by hydrodistillation. Then, their composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and by Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The major identified constituents are as follows: linalool (1: 32.19–46.83%; 2: 29.93–30.97%; 3: 31.97–33.77%), linalyl acetate (1: 17.70–35.18%; 2: 27.55–37.13%; 3: 28.03–35.32%), and terpinen-4-ol (1: 3.63–7.70%; 2: 3.06–7.16%; 3: 3.10–6.53%). The antioxidant capacity as determined by ABTS and DPPH assays indicates inhibition, with the highest activity obtained for LEO var. Alba 7 from 2019. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the LEOs and combinations were investigated as well, by using the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the Gram-positive bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27858), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), the yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), and clinical isolates. Our results have shown that LEOs obtained from the three studied varieties of L. angustifolia manifest significant bactericidal effects against tested microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), and antifungal effects against Candida albicans. The mixture of LEOs (Var. Alba 7) and geranium, respectively, in tea tree EOs, in different ratios, showed a significant enhancement of the antibacterial effect against all the studied strains, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa.     

Chemical Profiles,In Vitro Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Four Different Lavandula angustifolia L. EOs

Lavandula angustifolia L., known as lavender, is an economically important Lamiaceae due to the production of essential oils (EOs) for the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and medical industries. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition of EOs isolated from four inflorescences of L. angustifolia L. collected in different geographical areas: central-southern Italy (LaCC, LaPE, LaPS) and southern France (LaPRV). The essential oils, obtained by steam distillation from plants at the full flowering stage, were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 70 components identified in each sample showed significant variability among the main constituents. The four EOs analyzed contained the following as main component: linalool (from 30.02% to 39.73%), borneol (13.65% in LaPE and 16.83% in La PS), linalyl acetate (24.34% in LaCC and 31.07% in LaPRV). The EOs were also evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against two white rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes cingulata) as potential natural biodeteriogens in the artworks field, and against Sclerotium rolfsii, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium verticilloides responsible for significant crop yield losses in tropical and subtropical areas. The results confirm a concentration-dependent toxicity pattern, where the fungal species show different sensitivity to the four EOs. The in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH assay showed better scavenging activity on LaCC (IC₅₀ 26.26 mg/mL) and LaPRV (IC₅₀ 33.53 mg/mL), followed by LaPE (IC₅₀ 48.00 mg/mL) and LaPS (IC₅₀ 49.63 mg/mL). The potential application of EOs as a green method to control biodeterioration phenomena on a work of art on wood timber dated 1876 was evaluated.     

Exploitation of Marginal Hilly Land in Tuscany through the Cultivation of Lavandula angustifolia Mill.: Characterization of Its Essential Oil and Antibacterial Activity

Lavandula angustifolia Mill., known as one of the best essential oil-bearing plants, is an aromatic plant that is well cultivated in many Mediterranean regions due to its adaptability to variations in climatic and edaphic conditions. Therefore, its essential oil (EO) composition and its antimicrobial activity change as a consequence of abiotic and biotic factors. The chemical composition of L. angustifolia EO collected during four consecutive years of growth was one of the aims of this work. The volatile profile evidenced the prevalence of linalool and linalool acetate even though they switched their positions according to age. Plants in their first year were characterized by a high amount of sesquiterpene compounds (22.1% of the identified fraction). This percentage decreased during plant growth, not representing more than 5.3% in the fourth year. It is interesting to note that both the third- and fourth-year plants showed a content of monoterpenes that exceeded 90% of the total identified constituents. The EO extracted from the oldest plants evidenced higher activity on the studied strains, with more sensitivity on the Gram-positive ones. Tuscan lavender EO, especially that obtained from the four-year-old plants, is of great interest for its potential industrial applications and constitutes an example for the valorization of marginal Tuscan land and good-quality production.     

阔叶箬竹叶和箬竹叶中挥发油的提取及成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取阔叶箬竹叶和箬竹叶中的挥发油,用乙醚作溶剂进行多次萃取,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析二者的化学成分并进行比较。从阔叶箬竹叶提取的挥发油中共鉴定出37种化合物,主要成分为叶醇、1-己醇、苯甲醇、己醛、2-乙基呋喃、β-紫罗兰酮等。从箬竹叶提取的挥发油中共鉴定出49种化合物,主要成分为叶醇、苯甲醇、β-紫罗兰酮、2-己烯醛、苯乙醇、2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚、2-乙基呋喃等。两种箬叶挥发油中相对含量最高的成分都为叶醇,都含有酮、醛、醇、酚、酯类化合物,且酮、醛、醇的含量明显高于其他成分。     

Adulteration of Essential Oils: A Multitask Issue for Quality Control. Three Case Studies: Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel

The quality control of essential oils (EO) principally aims at revealing the presence of adulterations and at quantifying compounds that are limited by law by evaluating EO chemical compositions, usually in terms of the normalised relative abundance of selected markers, for comparison to reference values reported in pharmacopoeias and/or international norms. Common adulterations of EO consist of the addition of cheaper EO or synthetic materials. This adulteration can be detected by calculating the percent normalised areas of selected markers or the enantiomeric composition of chiral components. The dilution of the EO with vegetable oils is another type of adulteration. This adulteration is quite devious, as it modifies neither the qualitative composition of the resulting EO nor the marker’s normalised percentage abundance, which is no longer diagnostic, and an absolute quantitative analysis is required. This study aims at verifying the application of the two above approaches (i.e., normalised relative abundance and absolute quantitation) to detect EO adulterations, with examples involving selected commercial EO (lavender, bergamot and tea tree) adulterated with synthetic components, EO of different origin and lower economical values and heavy vegetable oils. The results show that absolute quantitation is necessary to highlight adulteration with heavy vegetable oils, providing that a reference quantitative profile is available.     

减压提取与常压提取柴胡挥发油品质比较

对比减压和常压条件下提取的柴胡挥发油在成分、含量及药效方面的差异,考察挥发油的品质,优选提取方法.采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法分析柴胡挥发油成分及其相对含量,再采用气相色谱法建立挥发油中己醛、庚醛、正辛醛和反式-2,4-癸二烯醛的含量检测方法,测定不同压力下提取的柴胡挥发油有效成分含量,通过背部皮下注射酵母混...     

柱色谱分离、气相色谱-质谱法定性分析F-T合成油中的含氧化合物

在柱色谱柱中填充100～200目的硅胶,以二甲亚砜为洗脱剂,将F-T合成油产物分离为烃类及有机含氧化合物两部分。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对有机含氧化合物部分进行了分析,共鉴定出有机含氧化合物139种,并对其出峰规律进行了总结。     

Analysis of Volatile Compounds from Different Parts of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

Houttuynia cordata Thunb. is a medicinal and edible plant that has been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. This study used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and direct injection, combined with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), to identify the volatile compounds in H. cordata. Extraction from different parts of the plant using different extraction techniques for the identification of volatile compounds were determined. A total of 93 volatile components were analyzed in the leaves, stems, rhizomes, and whole plant samples of H. cordata. The leaves contained more (Z)-3-hexenal, β-myrcene, (Z)-β-ocimene, and (4E,6E)-allo-ocimene; the stems contained more geranyl acetate and nerolidol; and rhizomes contained more α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, 2-undecanone, and decanoyl acetaldehyde. Among them, the essential oil extracted by HS-SPME could produce more monoterpenes, while direct injection could obtain higher contents of aliphatic ketones, terpene esters, sesquiterpenes, and was more conducive to the extraction of 2-undecanone and decanoyl acetaldehyde.     

麻叶千里光挥发油抗病毒活性及成分分析

利用体外细胞病变效应(CPE)法,发现菊科千里光属植物麻叶千里光(Senecio cannabifoliusLess.)挥发油对呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)和单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-Ⅰ)致HeLa细胞病变有显著的抑制作用,能不同程度地延缓副流感病毒、柯萨奇病毒B3、腺病毒Ⅲ型和流感病毒致细胞病变作用。为进一步确定麻叶千里光挥发油抗病毒的活性成分,经气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其进行了成分分析。麻叶千里光挥发油得率0.22%(mL/100g),从中初步鉴定了26种化合物,占挥发油总量的88.47%,主要为正十六(烷)酸(27.01%)、胡萝卜次醇(13.73%)、9,12-十八碳二烯酸(9.99%)、α-蒎烯(9.28%)和β-蒎烯(5.58%)。在鉴定出的化合物中,萜烯占47.42%,脂肪酸类占37.61%,其它成分仅占3.44%,故提示麻叶千里光挥发油中高含量的萜烯和脂肪酸类可能与其抗病毒活性有关。     

稠李果、茎、叶、皮及树干挥发油化学成分的分析

采用气相色谱．质谱联用技术,对稠李果、茎、叶、皮及树干挥发油进行了成分分析。首次从稠李果、茎、叶、皮及树干分别鉴定出了29、31、35、29和21种化合物,已鉴定挥发油成分占总挥发油含量分别为98.14％、96．96％、94．34％、99．16％及96．73％。5个部位中挥发油化学组成各有异同,但其主要成分均是苯甲酸和苯甲醛。皮中苯甲酸相对含量高达64．43％,因苯甲酸具有防腐作用,故认为稠李木材是天然的防腐木材。本研究结果为稠李的综合开发利用提供理论依据。     

酸性酯交换-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定植物油中氯丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯

建立了一种气相色谱-质谱同时测定植物油中3-氯丙二醇酯、2-氯丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯的方法.称取0.25 g样品,依次加入内标工作液、四氢呋喃和酸性溴化钠溶液,50℃水浴反应15 min,加入6 g/L碳酸氢钠溶液终止反应,使用正己烷提取,上层液经氮气吹干后用四氢呋喃溶解.随后加入1.8％(v/v)硫酸-甲醇溶液于40℃...     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定果蔬清洗剂中12种防腐剂和抗氧化剂

建立了气相色谱-质谱同时检测果蔬清洗剂中12种防腐剂和抗氧化剂的方法。果蔬清洗剂样品先加入乙醇,经旋转蒸发除去样品中的水分,然后用正己烷饱和的乙腈溶液提取,饱和氯化钠溶液洗涤净化,净化后的样品溶液浓缩后用乙腈定容。被测组分经HP-5MS UI石英毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）分离后在选择离子监测模式下测定。12种防腐剂和抗氧化剂在0.1~10 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r²）>0.999;检出限和定量限分别为0.010~0.030 mg/kg和0.030~0.090 mg/kg。按照建立的方法进行0.2、2.0和10 mg/kg 3个添加水平的加标回收试验,回收率为68.3%~115.3%,相对标准偏差为3.1%~11.3%。该法灵敏度高,定性准确,前处理净化效果好,适用于果蔬清洗剂中防腐剂和抗氧化剂的检测。     

Phytochemical characterisation of Phlomis linearis Boiss. & Bal and screening for anticholinesterase,antiamylase, antimicrobial,and cytotoxic properties

In the present work, essential oil and fatty acids and extracts obtained from aerial parts of Phlomis linearis Boiss. & Bal. were investigated for chemical composition and biological activities. The phytochemical analyses were conducted with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionisation detector (GC-MS/FID) and liquid chromatography-mass spectromtetry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. The extracts and essential oil were studied for α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase activities with two different spectrophotometric methods. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were investigated by microdilution. The extracts were evaluated in vitro for cytotoxic effects against cancer and normal cell lines by MTT assay. The essential oil (EO) contained α-pinene (12.5%) and β-caryophyllene (10.7%) as main compounds. Palmitic (26.5%) and nonadecanoic acids (26.6%) were determined as fatty acids. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts found phenolic acids, phlinosides, verbascoside, and flavonoids. The extracts and essential oil demonstrated poor α-amylase inhibitory activity. The best acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was obtained for diethly ether extract of P. linearis (67.2 ± 3.4%) at 10 mg /mL concentration. Ethyl acetate extract found to be effective against Staphlococcus aureus at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 156.26 µg/mL. Diethyl ether extract of P. linearis was active on A549 cell lines with an IC₅₀ = 316 ± 4.16 µg/mL when compared with cisplatin IC₅₀ = 24.43 ± 0.14 µg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first comprehensive report on anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-α-amylase, and antimicrobial activities, as well as cytotoxic effects of P. linearis.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定玩具中单甲基锡迁移量及其假阳性的确证方法

基于欧盟玩具安全标准EN 71-3∶2013/A2∶2017中胃液迁移程序,建立了测定玩具中单甲基锡迁移量的气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）,并首次针对由此引起的单甲基锡假阳性问题建立了确证方法。经优化迁移条件、衍生步骤及色谱条件,单甲基锡在0.02~1.0 mg/L范围内呈现良好线性关系,相关系数（R²）为0.9992,方法检出限和定量限分别为0.11 mg/kg和0.32 mg/kg。单甲基锡在不同加标水平（0.1、0.5和1.5 μg）下的回收率为86.2%~104.2%,相对标准偏差为3.1%~8.2%（n=6）。实际样品测定表明,马口铁（锡铁合金）材质玩具表面涂层中检出了单甲基锡,迁移量为0.44~0.67 mg/kg,并以甲醇和丙酮为迁移溶剂对结果进行确证,经证实其为假阳性结果。     

HS-SPME/GC-MS结合化学计量学分析不同产地路路通中的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱技术(HS-SPME/GC-MS)分析了不同产地路路通中的挥发性成分,采用正交试验设计优化了影响顶空固相微萃取技术的各项因素,以主成分分析、聚类分析两种化学计量学方法分析评价了8个产地路路通的挥发性成分。优化实验结果为1 g样品量在80℃下提取40 min,解析1 min。8个产地的路路通共鉴定出48种挥发性组分,不同产地的化学成分大致相同,含量差异较大。两种统计分析方法均表明,湖南、江苏、四川、辽宁4个产地的路路通挥发性成分比较相似,贵州、广西、安徽、河北4个产地的路路通比较接近。主成分分析结果表明,氧化石竹烯、δ-杜松烯、橙花叔醇可作为区分两大类路路通的代表性化合物。HS-SPME/GC-MS结合化学计量学方法可以有效地对不同产地的路路通进行质量评价,从而为中药路路通的药物开发和科学栽培管理提供重要参考。     

Salvia officinalis L. from Italy: A Comparative Chemical and Biological Study of Its Essential Oil in the Mediterranean Context

Salvia officinalis L. (sage) is one of the most appreciated plants for its plethora of biologically active compounds. The objective of our research was a comparative study, in the Mediterranean context, of chemical composition, anticholinesterases, and antioxidant properties of essential oils (EOs) from sage collected in three areas (S1–S3) of Southern Italy. EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory properties were investigated by employing Ellman’s method. Four in vitro assays, namely, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric-reducing ability power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching tests, were used to study the antioxidant effects. Camphor (16.16–18.92%), 1,8-cineole (8.80–9.86%), β-pinene (3.08–9.14%), camphene (6.27–8.08%), and α-thujone (1.17–9.26%) are identified as the most abundant constituents. However, the content of these constituents varied depending on environmental factors and pedoclimatic conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Based on Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI), S2 essential oil exhibited the highest radical potential with an IC₅₀ value of 20.64 μg/mL in ABTS test and presented the highest protection of lipid peroxidation with IC₅₀ values of 38.06 and 46.32 μg/mL after 30 and 60 min of incubation, respectively. The most promising inhibitory activity against BChE was found for S3 sample (IC₅₀ of 33.13 μg/mL).