Ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis of licorice based on the simultaneous determination of saponins and flavonoids

Licorice is among the most popular herbal medicines and frequently used in traditional medicine, food products, and cosmetics. In China, only Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. are officially used and are usually processed with honey prior to use. To maintain the quality of commercially available herbal products, a simple, rapid, and reliable ultra high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed to investigate the major active constituents of commercially available licorice products. Nineteen components were accurately determined, including eight triterpenoid saponins, one triterpene, and ten flavonoids. Subsequently, multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed to further explore and interpret the experimental data. The results indicated that liquiritin apioside may be considered as a candidate index for the quality control of licorice as well as 18β‐glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin. In addition, both 18β‐glycyrrhizic acid and licorice‐saponin G2 can be used for discrimination between crude and honey‐processed licorice. Furthermore, using 18β‐glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin as markers, this work revealed that the quality of licorice products may have declined in recent years. This highlights the need for additional effort focused on good agricultural practice during the processing of licorice. In summary, this study provides a valuable reference for the quality assessment of licorice.     

麻黄-甘草药对配伍过程中的主要药效成分的分析

利用高效液相色谱串联质谱联用法(HPLC-MS/MS)和气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析了麻黄与甘草药对配伍前后水煎液中主要药效成分的变化,并通过小鼠的耳廓肿胀试验考察了甘草、麻黄单煎液及药对共煎液的抗炎活性变化。分别通过HPLC法和GC-MS法对甘草与麻黄中主要化学成分,甘草酸、甘草苷、麻黄碱和甲基麻黄碱进行了定量分析,通过单煎液和药对共煎液的对比,发现麻黄与甘草配伍共煎液中麻黄碱（含伪麻黄碱）的含量增加了14.52%;甲基麻黄碱（含甲基伪麻黄碱）的含量增加了64.0%;甘草酸含量增加了13.50%;而甘草苷含量降低了19.38%。药效实验证明,甘草与麻黄配伍后抗炎作用较甘草麻黄单煎液明显增强。从而在主要成分的变化程度上揭示了甘草与麻黄配伍过程中的增效机理。     

Combination of the advantages of chromatographic methods based on active components for the quality evaluation of licorice

A rapid, improved and comprehensive method including high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography, fingerprint technology and single standard to determine multiple components was developed and validated for the quality evaluation of licorice. In this study, a newly developed high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography method was first used for authentication of licorice, which achieved simultaneous identification of multiple bands including five bands for known bioactive components by comparing their retention factor values and colors with the standards. For fingerprint analysis, 8 of 16 common peaks were identified. Simultaneously, similarity analysis which showed very similar patterns and hierarchical clustering analysis were performed to discriminate and classify the 27 batches of samples. Additionally, the single standard to determine multiple components method was first successfully achieved to quantify the eight important active markers in licorice including liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquritin, neoisoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizic acid. The easily available glycyrrhizic acid was selected as the reference substance to calculate relative response factors. Compared with the normal external standard method, this alternative method can be used to determine the multiple indices effectively and accurately. The validation result showed that the developed method was specific, accurate, precise, robust and reliable for the overall quality assessment of licorice.     

多壁碳纳米管对甘草中3种有效成分的选择性吸附

考察了多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)对3种甘草有效成分异甘草苷、甘草苷和甘草酸的吸附性能。 分别用紫外分光光度法和HPLC法测定了吸附前后溶液中异甘草苷、甘草苷、甘草酸的含量,考察了静态吸附实验时间、料液起始浓度、溶液体积和pH值对各成分吸附的影响。 结果显示,MWNTs对甘草中3种主要有效成分的吸附量明显不同,对异甘草苷的吸附远大于甘草苷和甘草酸,并且不存在竞争吸附,具有明显的选择性吸附特点。     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of nine major bioactive components in normal and ulcerative colitis rats after oral administration of Lizhong decoction extracts by UPLC–TQ–MS/MS

Lizhong decoction (LZD), a classic formula, has been used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) for thousands of years in clinical practice. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of its major bioactive components in rats under different physiological and pathological states are not clear. Thus, in this study, a rapid and sensitive analytical method, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method, was developed and applied to simultaneously determine glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, glycyrrhizin, isoliquiritigenin, 6‐gingerol, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Re in normal and UC rats after oral administration of LZD extract. A Waters BEH C₁₈ UPLC column was used for chromatographic separation, while acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid were selected as mobile phase. The linearity of nine analytes was >0.9920. Inter‐ and intra‐day accuracy was ≤ 11.4% and precision was from 1.1 to 12.7%. Additionally, stable and suitable extraction recoveries were also obtained. The established method was validated and found to be specific, accurate and precise for nine analytes. Furthermore, it was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic investigation of nine major components after oral administration of LZD extracts to normal and model rats, respectively. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters (C_max, T_max, AUC_0–t, AUC_0–∞) in the plasma of UC rats were significantly different from those of normal rats, which could provide a reference for the clinical application of LZD.     

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Six Flavonoids from Smilax glabra Roxb

This study aimed to isolate, prepare and identify the main flavonoids from a standardized Smilax glabra flavonoids extract (SGF) using preparative HPLC, MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR, determine the contents of these flavonoids using UPLC, then compare their pharmacological activities in vitro. We obtained six flavonoids from SGF: astilbin (18.10%), neoastilbin (11.04%), isoastilbin (5.03%), neoisoastilbin (4.09%), engeletin (2.58%) and (−)-epicatechin (1.77%). The antioxidant activity of six flavonoids were evaluated by determining the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS⁺) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of six flavonoids were evaluated by determining the production of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and the NF-κB p65 expression using Western blotting in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that (−)-epicatechin, astilbin, neoastilbin, isoastilbin and neoisoastilbin had strong antioxidant activities, not only in DPPH and ABTS⁺ radicals scavenging capacities, but in FRAP system. Furthermore, all the six flavonoids could significantly inhibit the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, NO (p < 0.01) and the protein expression of NF-κB p-p65 (p < 0.01) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. This study preliminarily verified the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of six flavonoids in S. glabra.     

Phytochemical profiling,antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic potential of Bougainvillea glabra flowers

Abstract

In this study, phytochemical composition, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic activities of methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of Bougainvillea glabra (B. glabra) flowers were investigated. Methanol extract was found to have higher total bioactive contents and UHPLC-MS analysis of methanol extract revealed the presence of well-known phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Antioxidant activities were performed by radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (FRAP and CUPRAC), phosphomolybdenum (TAC) and metal chelating assays. From our result, we observed that methanol extract had many antioxidant compounds. The DCM extract exhibited higher cholinesterases and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, while methanol extract showed significant urease inhibition. Both extracts exhibited strong to moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, CaSki, DU-145 and SW-480 cancer cells with IC₅₀ values ranging from 88.49 to 304.7 µg/mL. The findings showed the B. glabra to possess considerable antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic potentials and therefore has potential to discover novel bioactive molecules.     

Chemical profiling by LC–MS/MS and HPLC fingerprint combined with chemometrics and simultaneous determination of 16 characteristic ingredients for the quality consistency evaluation of Shaoyao‐Gancao Decoction

In this paper, to evaluate the effect of the region of origin on the quality consistency of Shaoyao‐Gancao Decoction (SGD), the SGD fingerprint was developed for the first time. Chemometric methods including similarity analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis were employed to study the quality consistency of SGD. Meanwhile, high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was applied for comprehensive analysis of SGD and 93 compounds were tentatively characterized. Furthermore, a high‐performance liquid chromatography method with multi‐wavelength switching for simultaneous determination of 16 characteristic ingredients comprising gallic acid, oxypaeniflorin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, galloylpaeoniflorin, 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐galloyl‐d ‐galactopyranose (PGG), ononin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, glycyrrhizic acid, isoliquiritigenin and formononetin, was established. All 16 analytes show excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9990) with recoveries ranging from 96.58 to 104.61% and limits of detection and quantification of 0.022–0.291 and 0.037–0.635 μg/mL, respectively. Finally, it was successfully applied to determine 15 batches of SGD. The results of our research indicate that different regions of origin have a significant effect on the quality consistency of SGD, and its fingerprint combined with chemometrics and multi‐ingredient determination comprise an efficient and reliable approach for quality consistency evaluation.     

Simultaneous separation of triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch by pH‐zone‐refining counter‐current chromatography

Glycosides including triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides are the main constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch (licorice) and exhibit prominent pharmacological activities. However, conventional methods for the separation of glycosides always cause irreversible adsorption and unavoidable loss of sample due to their high hydrophilicities. The present paper describes a convenient method for the simultaneous separation of triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides from licorice by pH‐zone‐refining counter‐current chromatography. Ethyl acetate/n‐butanol/water (2:3:5, v/v) with 10 mM TFA in the upper organic stationary phase and 10 mM ammonia in the lower aqueous mobile phase was used as the biphasic solvent system. Three triterpenoid saponins and two flavonoid glycosides including licorice‐saponin A3 (63.3 mg), glycyrrhizic acid (342.2 mg), 3‐O‐[β‐d ‐glucuronopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐β‐d ‐galactopyranosyl]glycyrrhetic acid (56.0 mg), liquiritin apioside (232.6 mg), and liquiritin (386.5 mg) were successfully obtained from licorice ethanol extract (2 g) in one step. This method subtly takes advantage of the common acidic properties of triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides, and obviously is much more efficient and convenient than the previous methods. It is also the first time that the separation of acidic triterpenoid saponins by using pH‐zone‐refining counter‐current chromatography has been reported.     

Proximate Composition,Bioactive Compounds,and Antioxidant Potential of Wild Halophytes Grown in Coastal Salt Marsh Habitats

Halophytes have been characterized as a potential resource for fiber, food, fodder, and bioactive compounds. Proximate composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of five wild dominant halophytes (Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Limoniastrum monopetalum, Limoniastrum pruinosum, and Tamarix nilotica) naturally growing along the Nile Delta coast were assessed. The soil supporting these halophytes was sandy to sand-silty, alkaline, with low organic carbon, and relatively high CaCO₃. H. strobilaceum attained the highest moisture content, ash, crude fiber, lipids, and total soluble sugars. L. monopetalum showed the highest content of crude protein (18.00%), while T. nilotica had the highest content of total carbohydrates. The studied halophytes can be ranked according to their nutritive value as follows: H. strobilaceum > L. monopetalum > A. macrostachyum > L. pruinosum > T. nilotica. A. macrostachyum attained the highest amount of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. A. macrostachyum showed a high content of phenolic compounds, while H. strobilaceum was rich in tannins and saponin contents. The MeOH extract of A. macrostachyum and H. strobilaceum exhibited substantial antioxidant activity. The present results showed that the studied halophytes could be considered as candidates for forage production or used as green eco-friendly natural resources for bioactive compounds.     

Fast determination of flavonoids in Glycyrrhizae radix by capillary zone electrophoresis

A fast capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method has been developed for the determination of four flavonoids (liquiritin, licoisoflavone A, licochalconel A and calycosin) in Glycyrrhizae radix. After a series of optimization experiments, 100 mM borate buffer (pH 10.5), 30 kV applied voltage and 35 °C temperature were selected. The contents of four flavonoids in cultivated and wild crude drugs of Glycyrrhizae radix with different growth periods from one to four years, collected from different areas were successfully determined within 8 min, with satisfactory repeatability and recovery.     

Oxygen Transfer in Solid-State Cultivation Under Controlled Moisture Conditions

The aim of this work was to study oxygen transfer as a function of the initial moisture content in solid-state cultivation under controlled moisture conditions. The use of controlled moisture conditions prevents drastic changes in the medium during cultivation, allowing the use of a pseudo-steady-state model to estimate the overall oxygen mass transfer coefficient (K _L a) in the biofilm around the solid particles. Drechslera (Helminthosporium) monoceras, an aerobic mold that produces allergenic proteins, was cultured on wheat bran in a packed bed column bioreactor. The bed height (30 mm) and air flow rate (0.4 L/min) were selected to implement moisture control. The results show that there is an optimal moisture content (35 %) at which a lower biofilm thickness and packing of the bed improves K _L a. However, a higher biomass growth was obtained at 45 % moisture. The different patterns of biomass growth demonstrate the importance of the balance between aerial and film growth in solid-state cultivation. These results contribute to the understanding of oxygen transfer in solid fermentation, optimization of processes, and production of allergen extracts from D. (Helminthosporium) monoceras biomass.     

Extraction and characterization of total phenolic and flavonoid contents from bark of Swietenia macrophylla and their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties

In the current study, the bioactive compounds such as total phenols, flavonoids, hydrolyzable tannins, and gallic acid were extracted from the bark of Swietenia macrophylla using four different solvents such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, and water. Among them, acetone exhibited the highest contents of bioactive compounds. To optimize the extraction process, a statistical approach was adopted using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The five parameters at five different levels were chosen in the design of the experiments. A total of 32 experimental runs given by the design were fitted into the second-order regression model equation. The analysis of the model shows the best fit of the experimental data with an R² of 0.9971 and a model F-value of 191.73. The optimal conditions of acetone concentration (56 %), the volume of acetone (22 mL), agitation speed (173 rpm), extraction temperature (31 °C), and extraction time (28 h) were noted from desirability function and showed a 2.0-fold increase in the contents of bioactive compounds when compared to unoptimized conditions. Further, the antimicrobial activity of 5 % (w/v) extract was tested against two-gram positive strains Bacillus sp, and Staphylococcus aureus, and two-gram negative strains Escherichia coli, and S. marcescens. The extract exhibited the 21 mm and 18 mm clear zone of diameter with 5 mm standard disc against the gram-positive strains tested whereas no clear zone was found against gram-negative strains. Finally, the antioxidant property was electrochemically analyzed using cyclic voltammetry and Differential pulse voltammetry, which confirmed the presence of multiple antioxidants in the extract.     

Extraction of Tropical Fruit Peels and Development of HPMC Film Containing the Extracts as an Active Antibacterial Packaging Material

In recent years, instead of the use of chemical substances, alternative substances, especially plant extracts, have been characterized for an active packaging of antibacterial elements. In this study, the peels of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), and mango (Mangifera indica) were extracted to obtain bioactive compound by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and maceration with water, ethanol 95% and water–ethanol (40:60%). All extracts contained phenolics and flavonoids. However, mangosteen peel extracted by MAE and maceration with water/ethanol (MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E, respectively) contained higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, and exhibited greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, both extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis, α-mangostin conferring antibacterial property was found in both extracts. The MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E films exhibited 30.22 ± 2.14 and 30.60 ± 2.83 mm of growth inhibition zones against S. aureus and 26.50 ± 1.60 and 26.93 ± 3.92 mm of growth inhibition zones against E. coli. These clear zones were wider than its crude extract approximately 3 times, possibly because the film formulation enhanced antibacterial activity with sustained release of active compound. Thus, the mangosteen extracts have potential to be used as an antibacterial compound in active packaging.     

Establishment and Quality Assessment of Tissue Cultures in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

In this study, seedling, callus, cell, and adventitious root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. have been established. In order to find the best one for producing G. uralensis active constituents, triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids in native root and tissue cultures were determined, and the contents in different G. uralensis materials were analyzed using cluster analysis. The contents of triterpenoid saponins and glycyrrhizic acid in tissue cultures were much lower than that in native G. uralensis. The total flavonoids content we determined in adventitious root was 6.31 mg?g^?1, which was close to that of native root (9.82 mg?g^?1). Based on the cluster analysis, we found that G. uralensis cultures were not suitable for production of glycyrrhizic acid, while adventitious root had a greater capability of flavonoids production comparing to seedling, callus, and cell.     

RP-HPLC Method for the Quantitation of Glabridin in Yashti-madhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method is developed for the quantitation of glabridin in Glycyrrhiza glabra, using C₁₈ column with acetonitrile-water containing 2% AcOH (70:30) as an eluent. Glabridin is detected by UV absorption at 280 nm after separation by the chromatographic system. Good linearity was obtained in the working range of the concentration (0.01–0.1 mg mL^?1), with correlation coefficients 0.999. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.0195 and 0.065 mg mL^?1. The method was validated under ICH guidelines. The described method can be utilized for routine analysis (assays and stability tests) of G. glabra extracts and Ayurvedic medicine based on Yashti-madhu.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Water Content and Flow Processes in Natural Soils by Pulse Sequences with Ultrashort Detection

Magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable tool for three-dimensional mapping of soil water processes due to its sensitivity to the substance of interest: water. Since conventional gradient- or spin-echo based pulse sequences do not detect rapidly relaxing fractions of water in natural porous media with transverse relaxation times in the millisecond range, pulse sequences with ultrafast detection open a way out. In this work, we compare a spin-echo multislice pulse sequence with ultrashort (UTE) and zero-TE (ZTE) sequences for their suitability to map water content and its changes in 3D in natural soil materials. Longitudinal and transverse relaxation times were found in the ranges around 80 ms and 1 to 50 ms, respectively, so that the spin echo sequence misses larger fractions of water. In contrast, ZTE and UTE could detect all water, if the excitation and detection bandwidths were set sufficiently broad. More precisely, with ZTE we could map water contents down to 0.1 cm³/cm³. Finally, we employed ZTE to monitor the development of film flow in a natural soil core with high temporal resolution. This opens the route for further quantitative imaging of soil water processes.     

An integrated study for mapping the moisture distribution in an ancient damaged wall painting

An integrated study of microclimate monitoring, IR thermography (IRT), gravimetric tests and portable unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied in the framework of planning emergency intervention on a very deteriorated wall painting in San Rocco church, Cornaredo (Milan, Italy). The IRT investigation supported by gravimetric tests showed that the worst damage, due to water infiltration, was localized on the wall painting of the northern wall. Unilateral NMR, a new non-destructive technique which measures the hydrogen signal of the moisture and that was applied directly to the wall, allowed a detailed map of the distribution of the moisture in the plaster underlying the wall panting to be obtained. With a proper calibration of the integral of the recorded signal with suitable specimens, each area of the map corresponded to an accurate amount of moisture. IRT, gravimetric tests and unilateral NMR applied to investigate the northern wall painting showed the presence of two wet areas separated by a dry area. The moisture found in the lower area was ascribed to the occurrence of rising damp at the bottom of the wall due to the slope of the garden soil towards the northern exterior. The moisture found in the upper area was ascribed to condensation phenomena associated with the presence of a considerable amount of soluble, hygroscopic salts. In the framework of this integrated study, IRT investigation and gravimetric methods validated portable unilateral NMR as a new analytical tool for measuring in situ and without any sampling of the distribution and amount of moisture in wall paintings.     

Preparative separation of liquiritigenin and glycyrrhetic acid from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch using hydrolytic extraction combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography

The objective of this paper was to develop a preparative method for the isolation and purification of liquiritigenin and glycyrrhetic acid from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch using hydrolytic extraction combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC). Liquiritigenin and glycyrrhetic acid were well hydrolyzed from liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid by hydrochloric acid, respectively. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained by single-factor and orthogonal experiments, which were 100% ethanol, 1.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 1:25 ratio of solid to liquid, and extracted 2 h for one time. Using the two-phase solvent system of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol–water (4:5:4:5, v/v), 2.1 mg liquiritigenin (the purity was 96.5% with a recovery of 87.6%) and 12.3 mg glycyrrhetic acid (the purity was 97.1% with a recovery of 74.4%) were obtained from 315-mg crude extraction by HSCCC. The retention ratio of stationary phase was 47.2%. Their structures were identified by HPLC, melting points, UV, Fourier-transform infrared, Electrospray ionization-MS, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ¹³C NMR spectra. According to the antioxidant activity assays, liquiritigenin and glycyrrhetic acid had some scavenging abilities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals; liquiritigenin had stronger scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals.     

New Freeze-Dried Andean Blueberry Juice Powders for Potential Application as Functional Food Ingredients: Effect of Maltodextrin on Bioactive and Morphological Features

Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) fruits are an underutilized source of anthocyanins and other valuable bioactive phytochemicals. The purpose of this work was to obtain Andean blueberry juice powders via freeze-drying processing and evaluate the effect of maltodextrin as a drying aid on their physicochemical, technological, microstructural, and bioactive characteristics. Andean blueberry juices were mixed with variable proportions of maltodextrin (20–50%); freeze-dried; and characterized in terms of their tristimulus color, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), moisture content, water activity, morphology, water solubility, flow properties, total polyphenols and anthocyanins content, and DPPH^•-scavenging capacity. The powders obtained presented suitable characteristics in terms of their water activity (<0.5), solubility (>90%), and bioactive compound recovery (>70% for total phenolics, and >60% for total monomeric anthocyanins), with antioxidant activities up to 4 mg equivalent of gallic acid/g of dry matter. Although an increased content of maltodextrin resulted in lower concentrations of phytochemicals, as expected, it also favored an increased % recovery (over 90% of total phenolics at the highest maltodextrin proportion) and improved their flow properties. Freeze-dried juice powders are a potential alternative for the stabilization and value addition of this fruit as a new source of functionality for processed foods.