氧化镧表面反应性对甲烷和氧分子活化的影响

以氧化镧催化剂在甲烷氧化偶联(OCM)反应中的结构敏感性实验研究为基础, 采用周期性密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究氧化镧(001), (110)和(100)3个晶面及OCM反应物分子甲烷和氧在其上的吸附、 活化和解离. 结果表明, 氧化镧(001), (110)和(100)3个晶面的表面能大小顺序为(110)>(100)>(001), 3个晶面的价带和导带间隙大小顺序为(110)<(100)<(001), 即(001)是3个晶面中最稳定的晶面, 而(110)则是最活泼的晶面. 甲烷分子在氧化镧(001), (110)和(100)晶面上的吸附很弱(0.03 eV), H—CH₃解离吸附能分别为2.16, 0.68和0.90 eV, 解离反应的难易性与晶面的活性顺序一致; 而氧分子在氧化镧(001), (110)和(100)晶面上的分子吸附能分别为-0.04, -0.31和-0.12 eV, 解离吸附能分别为1.22, 0.53和1.52 eV, 即氧化镧晶面结构对氧分子吸附具有明显的影响, 其中, (001)晶面上吸附最弱, (110)晶面上吸附最强, 以致O—O在(110)晶面上可以较低能垒(0.53 eV)解离, 形成亲电的过氧物种. 由于氧分子在氧化镧表面的吸附较甲烷分子强, 因此, 氧化镧在OCM反应中结构敏感性应与氧分子的吸附和活化密切相关. 甲烷和氧分子在氧化镧表面上活化的本质源自于电子自表面流向甲烷和氧分子的反键轨道, 且表面结构的改变会导致不同强度的电子流动驱动.     

CePO4低指数晶面结构性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论系统研究了CePO₄三个低指数晶面的几何结构、原子弛豫和表面能。通过观察表面结构以及比较表面能大小得出最优晶面。结果表明：表面原子均存在不同程度的弛豫,表面原子弛豫程度导致表面能的差异。表面能的大小顺序为(010)<(100)<(001),(010)晶面是CePO₄晶体稳定表面。稳定表面几何结构表明,终止末端暴露原子为O原子。使用Wulff结构计算的平衡形态表明(001)晶面、(010)晶面和(100)晶面面积分别占总晶体形状面积的14%,45%和41%。低能表面在Wulff结构中起主导作用,表面能越低的晶面面积占比越大。稳定的CePO₄晶面存在不饱和键,有利于气体分子的吸附。这项工作对CePO₄在其他方面的密度泛函理论(DFT)研究具有指导性意义,并将为CePO₄基催化剂上的吸附和解离提供稳定表面。     

2,4,6-三硝基-2,4,6-三氮杂环己酮的晶体形貌预测

利用Materials Studio 5.0软件包中的Morphology模块所含的BFDH、Growth Morphology和Equilibri-um Morphology三种方法计算了2,4,6-三硝基-2,4,6-三氮杂环己酮的晶体形貌,得到了特定晶面的面积、附着能、表面能及晶面相对生长速率等参数,确定了形态学上重要的生长晶面.各晶面的表面结构分析结果表明,(101)和(111)晶面为强极性晶面,(002)、(110)和(021)晶面为极性晶面,而(020)晶面为非极性晶面.据此可以预测,在强极性的质子溶剂中,(101)和(111)晶面为形态学上重要的晶面,(002)、(110)和(021)晶面的显露面可能增加,而(020)晶面会变小或消失.在非极性溶剂中,情况则可能刚好相反.     

掺杂CaCO3及B4C对铬酸镧陶瓷连接体的影响

铬酸镧(LaCrO3)材料具有良好的高温化学稳定性与物理稳定性,被认为是理想的高温电解制氢的连接体隔板材料,然而其高温下电导性能的主要影响因素仍有待研究。采用固相法合成掺杂CaCO3和B4C铬酸镧粉体,并研究了掺杂量对铬酸镧陶瓷的烧结性能、电阻率的影响。应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、四探针法和排水法分析了铬酸镧连接体的结构、微观形貌、晶相组成、电阻率以及密度。研究表明:加入CaCO3,B4C能够促进晶粒细化,但B4C的加入不利于铬酸镧陶瓷致密化烧结。加入CaCO3能降低材料电阻率,B4C的加入可能改变晶界电阻,从而对陶瓷的电阻率形成影响。CaCO3=20%,B4C=0.1%(摩尔分数)配比的铬酸镧作为连接体材料,高温下具有较低且稳定的电阻率。     

MnO2上氧气第一个电子转移步骤的从头计算研究

采用裸露簇和嵌入簇模型, 对β-MnO₂ (001), (110), (111)三个晶面以及O₂在(110)晶面的单址吸附模式(Pauling和Griffths模式), 进行从头计算. 从β-MnO₂ (001), (110), (111)三个晶面的电子结构差异以及O₂在(110)晶面吸附的吸附能、几何结构、集居数以及净电荷数分析得到: (001), (110), (111)三个晶面中(110)晶面的催化活性最高, 其活性顺序为(110)＞(111)＞(001). 氧气在(110)晶面的吸附, Pauling和Griffths两种吸附模式均存在, 属于化学吸附中的离子吸附. 氧气与MnO₂固体间发生了单电子转移, 氧气得到电子被还原成O₂^-, 转移电子属于整个体系, 具有离域性.     

氮自掺杂暴露（001）晶面TiO2微米片的可见光光催化CO2还原性能增强

化石能源的使用可产生大量CO2,带来严重的温室效应。光催化CO2还原生产太阳燃料技术既有望缓解温室效应,又可以将低能量密度的太阳能转化为高能量密度的化学能储存起来方便使用。高效光催化材料的开发是发展光催化技术的关键。迄今,在已开发的所有半导体光催化材料中, TiO2仍是广泛研究的明星材料。在实际使用中, TiO2的光催化效率仍受限于其极弱的可见光利用率和较高的电子-空穴复合几率。近年来,越来越多的研究表明TiO2的结构与形貌特征极大地影响其光催化效率。尤其, TiO2的外露晶面设计与晶面效应研究引起了广泛关注。由于具有较高表面能和较多表面不饱和键,起初大多数理论和实验研究认为锐钛矿TiO2(001)晶面是光催化活性晶面。后来,越来越多研究表明并非锐钛矿TiO2(001)晶面的暴露比例越高其光催化活性就越高。最近,我们发现锐钛矿TiO2(001)晶面与(101)晶面在调控光催化CO2还原性能上具有良好的协同效应。密度泛函理论计算表明,锐钛矿TiO2的(001)晶面与(101)晶面的能带结构有差异,(001)晶面的导带位置相对于(101)晶面而言较高,而(101)晶面的价带位置相对于(001)晶面而言较低。基于此我们提出,具有合适比例的锐钛矿TiO2的(001)晶面与(101)晶面的交界处可以形成最佳的表面异质结或晶面异质结。表面异质结的形成导致光生电子倾向于向(101)扩散,光生空穴倾向于向(001)扩散,从而促进光生电子-空穴分离,降低光生电子-空穴复合几率。在此工作基础上,我们直接以氮化钛为原料,氢氟酸为添加剂,通过简单的水热反应一步合成了氮自掺杂的TiO2微米片。利用X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、氮气吸附-脱附以及电化学阻抗谱等方法手段对所制备的光催化剂进行了基本结构与理化性质表征分析,并研究了其可见光光催化CO2还原性能。电镜照片结果表明,我们所制备的氮自掺杂锐钛矿TiO2微米片的(001)晶面与(101)晶面比例分别为65%和35%。基于我们前期研究结果, TiO2微米片的(001)晶面与(101)晶面可以形成表面异质结,具有良好的电荷分离效率,这也得到了电化学阻抗谱研究结果的证明。同时,由于N的原位掺杂,所制备的TiO2微米片具有优异的可见光捕获能力。由于可见光利用效率增强与光生电子-空穴分离效率提高这两方面的综合作用,所制备的氮自掺杂TiO2微米片具有非常好的可见光光催化CO2还原制甲醇性能,比商用P25及氮掺杂TiO2纳米粒子等参考样品的可见光光催化性能更优异。研究表明,通过原位自掺杂方法与晶面设计方法相结合,可以同时改善TiO2的可见光利用效率和光生电子-空穴分离效率,优化TiO2的可见光光催化性能,这也为后续开发新型高效光催化材料提供了新思路。     

氮自掺杂暴露(001)晶面TiO_2微米片的可见光光催化CO_2还原性能增强（英文）

化石能源的使用可产生大量CO2,带来严重的温室效应.光催化CO2还原生产太阳燃料技术既有望缓解温室效应,又可以将低能量密度的太阳能转化为高能量密度的化学能储存起来方便使用.高效光催化材料的开发是发展光催化技术的关键.迄今,在已开发的所有半导体光催化材料中,Ti O2仍是广泛研究的明星材料.在实际使用中,Ti O2的光催化效率仍受限于其极弱的可见光利用率和较高的电子-空穴复合几率.近年来,越来越多的研究表明Ti O2的结构与形貌特征极大地影响其光催化效率.尤其,Ti O2的外露晶面设计与晶面效应研究引起了广泛关注.由于具有较高表面能和较多表面不饱和键,起初大多数理论和实验研究认为锐钛矿Ti O2(001)晶面是光催化活性晶面.后来,越来越多研究表明并非锐钛矿Ti O2(001)晶面的暴露比例越高其光催化活性就越高.最近,我们发现锐钛矿Ti O2(001)晶面与(101)晶面在调控光催化CO2还原性能上具有良好的协同效应.密度泛函理论计算表明,锐钛矿Ti O2的(001)晶面与(101)晶面的能带结构有差异,(001)晶面的导带位置相对于(101)晶面而言较高,而(101)晶面的价带位置相对于(001)晶面而言较低.基于此我们提出,具有合适比例的锐钛矿Ti O2的(001)晶面与(101)晶面的交界处可以形成最佳的表面异质结或晶面异质结.表面异质结的形成导致光生电子倾向于向(101)扩散,光生空穴倾向于向(001)扩散,从而促进光生电子-空穴分离,降低光生电子-空穴复合几率.在此工作基础上,我们直接以氮化钛为原料,氢氟酸为添加剂,通过简单的水热反应一步合成了氮自掺杂的Ti O2微米片.利用X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、氮气吸附-脱附以及电化学阻抗谱等方法手段对所制备的光催化剂进行了基本结构与理化性质表征分析,并研究了其可见光光催化CO2还原性能.电镜照片结果表明,我们所制备的氮自掺杂锐钛矿Ti O2微米片的(001)晶面与(101)晶面比例分别为65%和35%.基于我们前期研究结果,Ti O2微米片的(001)晶面与(101)晶面可以形成表面异质结,具有良好的电荷分离效率,这也得到了电化学阻抗谱研究结果的证明.同时,由于N的原位掺杂,所制备的Ti O2微米片具有优异的可见光捕获能力.由于可见光利用效率增强与光生电子-空穴分离效率提高这两方面的综合作用,所制备的氮自掺杂Ti O2微米片具有非常好的可见光光催化CO2还原制甲醇性能,比商用P25及氮掺杂Ti O2纳米粒子等参考样品的可见光光催化性能更优异.研究表明,通过原位自掺杂方法与晶面设计方法相结合,可以同时改善Ti O2的可见光利用效率和光生电子-空穴分离效率,优化Ti O2的可见光光催化性能,这也为后续开发新型高效光催化材料提供了新思路.     

MnO2上氧气第一个电子转移步骤的从头计算研究

采用裸露簇和嵌入簇模型, 对β-MnO₂ (001), (110), (111)三个晶面以及O₂在(110)晶面的单址吸附模式(Pauling和Griffths模式), 进行从头计算. 从β-MnO₂ (001), (110), (111)三个晶面的电子结构差异以及O₂在(110)晶面吸附的吸附能、几何结构、集居数以及净电荷数分析得到: (001), (110), (111)三个晶面中(110)晶面的催化活性最高, 其活性顺序为(110)＞(111)＞(001). 氧气在(110)晶面的吸附, Pauling和Griffths两种吸附模式均存在, 属于化学吸附中的离子吸附. 氧气与MnO₂固体间发生了单电子转移, 氧气得到电子被还原成O₂^-, 转移电子属于整个体系, 具有离域性.     

F掺杂制备具有高暴露(001)晶面的BiOCl纳米片及其光催化性能

采用溶剂热-煅烧法,通过F掺杂合成了一系列具有高暴露(001)晶面的BiOCl纳米片。应用X射线衍射、N_2物理吸附、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外可见漫反射光谱、红外光谱和光电流响应等物理化学方法对合成的样品进行了表征分析。结果表明,掺杂适量的F可以促进BiOCl(110)优势晶面的生长,形成高暴露(001)晶面,同时可抑制BiOCl晶粒的长大,并增大BiOCl纳米片的比表面积和提高其表面羟基的数量。在模拟太阳光下,光催化降解偶氮染料罗丹明B结果表明,F掺杂能显著提高BiOCl对罗丹明B的光催化降解活性。其中F_(1.0)-BiOCl对罗丹明B的降解速率是BiOCl的2.67倍。此外,F_(1.0)-BiOCl对酸性橙Ⅱ的光催化降解活性是商业光催化剂P25(TiO_2)的1.24倍。F掺杂引起光催化活性大幅提升的主要原因是,高暴露(001)晶面的生成提升了BiOCl纳米片对染料的吸附性能,同时加快了光生e~-和h~+分离。     

TiO2表面吸附三氟乙酸的密度泛函理论研究

探求全氟羧酸(Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids,PFCAs)的降解方法及其降解机理是当前亟待解决的问题.基于密度泛函理论的Materials Studio(MS)程序包中的CASTEP计算程序,优化了锐钛矿TiO2(101),(001),(110),(210);金红石TiO2(110),(001),(101),(210)和板钛矿TiO2(210),(101),(001),(110)晶面的几何结构,结果发现锐钛矿(101)晶面、金红石(110)晶面和板钛矿(210)晶面的能量最低,为最稳定的吸附面.对在最稳定三种TiO2吸附面上吸附三氟乙酸(Trifluoroacetic Acid,TFA)的18种吸附方式优化结构的吸附能计算表明,TFA被垂直吸附在板钛矿型TiO2(210)表面且羧基端H被Ti原子吸附的吸附方式吸附能最大,吸附结构最稳定,为TFA在TiO2表面吸附的最佳方式.分态密度计算表明,板钛矿(210)面与TFA间存在弱的共价相互作用,吸附后其表面结构的带隙因TFA中的O和F的2p轨道进入,带隙由吸附前的3.06 eV降低到吸附后的2.80 eV,光催化吸收波长由吸附前的385 nm增加到吸附后的443 nm,提高了可见光的吸收效率.     

Dilatometric and high temperature X-ray diffractometric studies of La1−xMxCrO3 (M=Sr, Nd, x=0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25) compounds

The phase transition, bulk and lattice thermal expansion behaviour of the strontium and neodymium substituted lanthanum chromites have been studied by dilatometry and high temperature X-ray powder diffractometry from room temperature to 1123 and 1073 K, respectively, in static air. The studies revealed that the temperature of the orthorhombic to rhombohedral phase transition, which occurred at 550 K in undoped LaCrO₃, decreased on substitution of Sr²⁺ ions and increased on substitution of Nd³⁺ ions, systematically. However, the coefficients of average linear and volume thermal expansion (_l and _v) of LaCrO₃ showed a marginal increase on Sr²⁺ substitution to different extent, whereas a reverse trend was observed with Nd³⁺ substitution. The phase transition temperatures and _l and _v of the compounds as determined by dilatometric and high temperature X-ray diffractometric methods are reported.     

Lanthanum chromites partially substituted by calcium,strontium and barium synthesized by urea combustion

Because of their electrical, magnetic and catalytic properties rare earth and transition metal mixed oxides are important compounds. Lanthanum chromites have been extensively used as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) interconnect materials. In this work, lanthanum chromites partially substituted by alkaline earth metals were synthesized by the urea combustion process. TG and DSC techniques were used to evaluate the presence of the organic material in the powder after reaction on the hot plate. The powders were calcinated at 900°C and characterized by XRD and SEM. The results show that the particles have nanometric dimensions and the perovskite structure was formed.     

Phase Formation Study of Alkaline Earth-doped Lanthanum Chromites

In this paper the influence of alkaline-earth admixtures on the synthesis of lanthanum chromites of La_1–xM_xCrO₃ (x=0; 0.3; M=Ca, Sr, Ca+Sr) type was studied. The formation mechanism as well as the phase composition evolution, under non-isothermal and isothermal conditions, were investigated by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The structure of the compounds and of the solid solutions formed depends on the solute type by means of the structural distortion induced. The crystallinity of the chromites obtained is obviously influenced by both the temperature and the thermal treatment plateau. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of calcination on microscopic and mesoscopic structures in Ca- and Sr-doped nano-crystalline lanthanum chromites

Calcination behavior of nano-crystalline lanthanum chromites doped with calcium and strontium has been probed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and small-angle neutron scattering as a function of temperature. Infrared spectroscopic results imply that over a range of temperatures, some intermediate phase of dopant chromates evolve and then dissolve back, which has also been confirmed by the XRD. Neutron scattering data reveal a fractal type correlation of building blocks in virgin powders. Increase in fractal dimension and reduction in upper cutoff vis-à-vis the densification of agglomerates were found with increasing calcination temperature. Calcination, beyond 900 °C, results in breaking down of the fractal morphology almost completely. Such shrinkage event also results in a modification of the microscopic structure. These changes have been attributed to the compaction of agglomerates of both Ca- and Sr-doped lanthanum chromites, assisted via liquid state sintering by the melting of the intermediate phases at intermediate calcination stages.     

Fabrication of nanoparticulate porous LaOF films through film growth and thermal decomposition of ion-modified lanthanum diacetate hydroxide

This paper first reports fabrication of macro/nanotextured rare-earth oxyfluoride films. Usage of ion-modified lanthanum diacetate hydroxide (LDAH) as self-templates was successful in producing nanoparticulate lanthanum oxyfluoride (LaOF) films. LDAH template films were deposited on glass substrates through a chemical bath deposition in solutions composed of lanthanum acetate sesquihydrate, methanol, trifluoroacetic acid, and aqueous ammonia. The LDAH films had a unique, nestlike morphology owing to a two-dimensional hexagonal crystal growth. Modification of LDAH with trifluoroacetate ions led to formation of LaOF after pyrolyzing the template films at temperatures of 400-600 degrees C in air. The resultant LaOF films had a nanoparticulate porous microstructure, maintaining the morphology of the original LDAH template films. It was also successful to incorporate Eu3+ ions into LaOF through deposition of the LDAH film in a solution containing europium acetate tetrahydrate. The characteristic photoluminescence from Eu(3+) was observed with an ultraviolet-light excitation at 273 nm, indicating that Eu3+ was homogeneously distributed in LaOF host crystals. Thus the ion-modification of LDAH was also demonstrated to be a useful method for preparing nanostructured rare-earth oxyfluoride materials havingvarious cationic compositions.     

Synthesis，Crystal Structure and Infrared Spectrum of Lanthanum Dinuclear Coordination Compound with Alanine：〔La_2（ala）_4（H_2O）_8〕·（ClO_4）_6

Ｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ，ＣｒｙｓｔａｌＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＩｎｆｒａｒｅｄＳｐｅｃｔｒｕｍｏｆＬａｎｔｈａｎｕｍＤｉｎｕｃｌｅａｒＣｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎＣｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｗｉｔｈＡｌａｎｉｎｅ：〔Ｌａ_２（ａｌａ）_４（Ｈ_２Ｏ）_８〕·（ＣｌＯ_４）_６...     

^29Si（^27Al）MAS NMR考察镧离子在LaDAlY型沸石中的作用

用~(29)Si(~(27)Al)MAS NMR和辅加乙酰丙酮(acac)处理样品的静态~(27)Al NMR研究了镧离子对脱铝Y型沸石(DAIY)骨架硅、铝和非骨架铝(EFAL)的影响.结果表明,~(29)Si MAS谱的化学位移及其形状不仅取决于连接[SiO_4]四面体的[AlO]-四面体数目,而且还与引入镧离子的量有关.镧离子的引入导致~(27)Al MAS谱的明显宽化和不对称形变.另外,还讨论了镧离子对非骨架铝的影响.     

Silver and lanthanum as effective modifiers in trace determination of cadmium in nickel-base alloys by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Trace cadmium in nickel-base superalloys was determined by a stabilized temperature platform furnace using atomic absorption spectrometry with a deuterium arc background correction system. The volatility of cadmium limits the pyrolysis temperature. This prevents the removal of the interfering alloy matrix at the thermal pretreatment step. Hence, an enormously high background signal has been observed. Chemical modifiers including ammonium citrate, 1-(2-pyridylazo)-naphthol, 4-(2pyridylazo)resorcinol, 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(diethylamino)-phenol, Triton-X 100, EDTA, potassium nitrate, palladium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, aluminum chloride, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, lanthanum oxide, lanthanum chloride and silver nitrate have been studied. Matrix interferences were effectively reduced by silver and lanthanum. The 100–300°C increase in the pyrolysis temperature effectively reduced the non-specific absorption from the alloy matrix. Interferences from foreign ions were also investigated. The merit of the proposed method was increased by the excellent agreement between the certified and the experimental values of Cd in the standard reference material, IN100, and the recovery obtained (100–104%). The precision of six successive replicate measurements was 4.9% with Ag modifier and 2.5% with La modifier, respectively. The results of analysing Tracealloy B were also satisfactory.     

Potentiometric behaviour of lanthanum polyalkoxylate complexes in PVC membrane electrodes: effect of plasticizers and applications

Tetraphenylborate salts of lanthanum complexes of nonylphenoxypolyethyleneoxyethanol (Antarox CO-880) and polypropylene glycol-425 (PPG-425) have been prepared and examined for their applicability as sensing species for lanthanum ions by incorporating them in a poly (vinyl chloride) membrane system in the presence of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl ether (NPPE), dioctylphenyl phosphonate or a mixture of both as plasticizers. Almost all of the systems studied showed an excellent response for lanthanum ions in pure solutions with a near Nernstian response of 18–20 mV per decade between 10^?5 and 10^?1 M lanthanum and a static response time of less than 1 min. Among the systems studied, lanthanum(Antarox CO-880)TPB/100% NPPE (TPB=tetraphenylborate) was the best in terms of tolerance to interfering ions. K⁺, Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Al³⁺ were serious interferents, but most other interferents investigated were tolerable at [La³⁺] > 10^?4 M. Plasticizers were found to be decisive in determining the sensor selectivity towards the different metal ions. A lanthanum(Antarox CO-880)TPB/100% NPPE PVC membrane electrode was utilized for the potentiometric titration of fluoride, in sodium fluoride, against lanthanum nitrate solutions. It proved to be successful for fluoride concentrations of ? 10^?3 M.     

Selective lanthanum ions optical sensor based on covalent immobilization of 4-hydroxysalophen on a hydrolyzed triacetylcellulose membrane

An optical sensor membrane is described for the determination of lanthanum(III) ions based on the immobilization of 4-hydroxysalophen on a hydrolyzed triacetylcellulose membrane. 4-Hydroxysalophen is covalently bonded to a transparent hydrolyzed triacetylcellulose film. The sensing membrane in contact with lanthanum ions at pH 4.0 changes color from white-yellow to orange (323 to 433 nm). Under the optimum conditions, the proposed membrane displayed a linear range from 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁻² M La(III) with a limit of detection of 1 × 10⁻⁷ M. The response time of the membrane was within 5–6 min depending on the concentration of La(III) ions. The selectivity of the probe towards lanthanum ions was found to be excellent. The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of La(III) in water, industrial waste water, and in NIST-615 (glass matrix) and NIST-3127a (lanthanum solution) samples with satisfactory results.