High-power TE11 and TM11 circular polarizers in oversized waveguides at 70 GHz

Elliptical deformation of oversized, smooth-wall circular waveguides can produce choosable elliptical or circular polarization from a linearly polarized TE11 or TM11 mode used as intermediate linearly polarized modes in TEO1 to HE11 mode conversion sequences in electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) of magnetically confined thermonuclear fusion plasmas with high-power gyrotrons. Mode coupling in elliptically distorted overmoded circular waveguides has been studied theoretically and experimentally in order to optimize TE11 (and TM11) polarizers (I.D.=27.79 mm) for the 1 MW/70 GHz long-pulse (3s) ECRH system on the Garching Stellarator W VII-AS. Coupling coefficients for ellipticity coupling of non-degenerate modes are given (coupled-mode differential equations formalism). The polarization converters essentially consist of smooth-wall circular waveguides which are gradually squeezed. A sine-squared function of the length coordinate is used to get an almost elliptical crosssection in the middle and circular cross sections at both ends. Arbitrary elliptical polarization states can be generated introducing an extremely low level (<<1%) of undesired spurious modes. Well defined differential phase characteristics have been achieved.     

Polarization characteristic calculation of three-layer elliptical single-mode fibres

A vector solution is obtained for fields of fundamental modes of an elliptical three-layer optical fibre, which is valid for small ellipticity of boundaries between the layers and for arbitrary differences of core and cladding indices. The modal birefringence is investigated as a function of fibre parameters on the basis of this solution. It is shown that the two-step fibre birefringence is larger than the W-fibre birefringence for equal differences of the core and inner cladding indices. The relationship is inverse for equal differences of the core and outer cladding indices. The correlation between the birefringence value and the effective diameter of the single-mode fibre is discussed.     

多叶应力区扭转光纤的耦合模理论

从线性极化模的耦合模理论出发,分析了双叶应力区扭转光纤,即扭转保偏光纤,和四叶应力区扭转光纤.推导应力引起的在光纤芯区各向异性的介质张量表达式;利用该表达式得到线性极化模在有转角时的多叶应力区光纤中传输的耦合模方程;从而推得多叶应力区扭转光纤中的超本地模,由超本地模的相位常数来确定该光纤的双折射.在双叶、四叶应力区理想对称的条件下,前者可以得到较高的椭圆双折射,而后者则无任何双折射.同样的结论可推广到8叶或16叶的扭转光纤,都无任何双折射.     

椭圆芯手征光纤的基模特性研究

对椭圆芯手征光纤进行了严格的求解，得到了模式场的解析解；推了了模式特征方程；并对基模的偶模和奇模特征方程进行数值求解，研究了手征参数对不同椭圆比下基模的色散曲线，双折射，模间色散等特性的影响。     

Design of temperature-compensated elliptical core birefringent fibres

A new type of temperature compensated birefringent optical fibre is reported. The proposed fibre is designed aiming to minimising the stress birefringence by matching the thermal expansion coefficients between the core and the cladding and maximising the geometric birefringence by increasing the refractive index difference between the core and the cladding and increasing the core ellipticity. The optimum dopant concentrations satisfying the requirements is determined by solving a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. The fibre aimed at satisfying the requirements is fabricated and characterised. The experimental results show that the temperature dependence of the fibre birefringence is 6.97 × 10⁻⁴/°C. Methods of further improvement of the compensation are discussed and an alternative dopant material, titanium, for the improvement is suggested.     

Versatile control of geometric birefringence in elliptical hollow optical fiber

A novel optical fiber fabrication technique was developed by converting the symmetry of the silica substrate into the germanosilicate ring core to efficiently introduce geometric birefringence in an elliptical hollow optical fiber. Due to high ellipticity in the hollow ring core, the fiber provides an extremely high group birefringence of 2.35 x 10(-3) at 1550 nm. Single-mode single-polarization guidance was also experimentally confirmed, with a bandwidth of approximately 35 nm. The generic adiabatic mode conversion capability in the taper also provided a stable fusion splice to conventional single-mode fiber with low loss and high tensile strength.     

A 1 × 7 fibre coupler with Kerr nonlinearity

We study for the first time the evolution of the guided field in a 1×7 fibre coupler with a third-order nonlinearity. An analytical solution of the nonlinear coupled-mode equations is presented in terms of the Weierstrass function. In particular, we found that contrary to the equal power distribution in the linear limit, a cross-state appeared if the coupler was initially excited in the central core and a certain input power was chosen. Finally, we analyse the far-field pattern of the coupler output.     

Electron energy gain in the fundamental mode of an elliptical waveguide in the presence of static helical magnet by microwave radiation

The dynamics and energy gain of an electron in the field of a transverse electric wave propagating inside an elliptical waveguide is analytically investigated by considering the existence of a helical magnet in which the field is perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide and rotating as a function of position along the magnet. Besides, by solving the relativistic momentum and energy equations, the deflection angle and the acceleration gradient of the electron in the waveguide are obtained. It is shown that the electron is deflected due to the field components of the transverse electric mode of this microwave, and at the same time, it is accelerated by these fields. Furthermore, the expressions of the acceleration gradient and deflection angle for an electron in the transverse electric mode inside the plasma elliptical waveguide without a static helical magnet are presented, which was injected initially along the propagation direction of the microwave. The results are graphically presented.     

Nonlinear coupled-mode equations

Nonlinear coupled-mode equations governing the modal coupling of a two-mode coupled system (such as twin core couplers) are integrable; power swapping in such a system follows a periodical manner and can be expressed analytically. When three or more modes (for systems such as multiple-core couplers) are involved, the nonlinear coupled-mode equations are no longer integrable and chaotic power swapping is expected. A numerical approach is required, in general, to solve such nonlinear coupled systems involving the coupling of three or more modes. We find, however, that for certain structural configurations, such as triple-core couplers with the cores arranged in the shape of an isosceles triangle, the nonlinear coupled-mode equations for multiple-core couplers can be solved analytically under a resonant condition. The analytical solution indicates that power swapping among, for example, the three cores placed in the shape of an isosceles triangle can be aperiodic at high power, although power may flow from core to core periodically at low power.     

Effective cut-offs for modes on helical fibres

Every mode of a single-mode or multimode helical fibre is always leaky but, for practical purposes, can be treated as being bound with an effective cut-off wavelength. The leakage loss for each mode is quantified, showing that, for fixed core offset and source wavelength, the cut-off pitch increases with increasing mode order. The value of the cut-off pitch for each mode is in agreement with experimental measurements.     

Light propagation in a helical medium with a large-scale periodicity

The propagation of light in helical media whose pitch greatly exceeds the radiation wavelength has been investigated. It is shown that such a system includes forbidden zones corresponding to the effect of ray turning. The propagation of an extraordinary ray corresponding to a very narrow forbidden zone has been analyzed in detail. The radiation wave field has been obtained both far from a turning point and in the close vicinity of such a point. It is shown that, in the vicinity of a turning point, mode transformation takes place and the wave acquires an elliptical polarization. The parameters of the ellipticity and the relations between the amplitudes of the waves passed through the forbidden zone and “reflected” from it are calculated.     

Polarization properties of elliptical core non-hexagonal symmetry polymer photonic crystal fibre

In this paper, polarization properties and propagation characteristics of polymer photonic crystal fibres with elliptical core and non-hexagonal symmetry structure are investigated by using the full vectorial plane wave method. The results show that the birefringence of the fibre is induced by asymmetries of both the cladding and the core. Moreover, by adjusting the non-symmetrical ratio factor of cladding $\eta$ from 0.4 to 1 in step 0.1, we find the optimized design parameters of the fibre with high birefringence and limited polarization mode dispersion, operating in a single mode regime at an appropriate wavelength range. The range of wavelength approaches the visible and near-infrared which is consistent with the communication windows of polymer optical fibres.     

Vectorial coupled—mode solitons in one—dimensional photonic crystals

We study the dynamics of vectorial coupled-mode solitons in one-dimensional photonic crystals with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. Starting from Maxwell's equations, the vectorial coupled-mode equations for the envelopes of two fundamental-frequency optical mode and one low-frequency mode components due to optical rectification are derived by means of the method of multiple scales. A set of coupled soliton solutions of the vectorial coupled-mode equations is provided. The results show that a modulation of the fundamental-frequency optical modes occurs due to the optical rectification field resulting from the quadratic nonlinearity. The optical rectification field disappears when the frequency of the fundamental-frequency optical fields approaches the edge of the photonic bands.     

Fast and accurate reflectivity calculations for shaped core optical fibres

A novel scalar (i.e. paraxial) free space radiation mode method is presented for calculating the normal incidence facet reflectivity of the main guided mode of a step-index optical fibre with generally shaped smooth core. Numerical results are presented and discussed for several cases of the Nth order super-elliptical core shape, including the circular, elliptical, rectangular-type and slab limiting cases.     

Resonant mode analysis in toroidal cavities with elliptical crosssections

Resonant cavity modes in a torus with elliptical cross section are studied by means of a direct variational method. The nonlinear effects of toroidicity and ellipticity on the frequency of the basic mode are analyzed simply and systematically without the restriction of linear theory. It is shown that the toroidicity effect on the m=0 transverse magnetic mode is ⩽11%. The frequency of the mode shifts ~11-29% when the elongation of the cross section changes from 1 to 2. The effects of toroidicity and ellipticity differ for each resonant mode     

Analysis of polarization mode dispersion fluctuations in single mode fibres due to temperature

We have studied the effect of temperature on the birefringence and polarization mode dispersion PMD in standard single mode fibre (SSMF) with elliptical core cross section by using numerical computations. On the basis of simulation we have concluded that PMD fluctuates more rapidly than the stress-induced birefringence. In addition, DGD is inversely proportional to temperature.     

加绕变升角宽频带椭圆螺旋天线

 椭圆螺旋天线的结构比传统的圆柱螺旋天线更加适合于卫星通信的终端,然而由于其圆极化特性变差而限制了其广泛应用。把改善轴向模螺旋天线辐射特性的两种方法结合起来应用于椭圆螺旋天线,提出了带有附加螺旋线的变升角轴向模椭圆螺旋天线。以一个5圈、短轴长轴之比为0.65的椭圆螺旋天线为例,用FEKO软件对其辐射特性进行了仿真。结果表明,这种方法提高了椭圆螺旋天线的方向性系数,同时具有较好的圆极化特性。在2.2~4.2 GHz频率范围内,最高增益为12.86 dB,比单绕均匀升角的椭圆螺旋天线提高了1.2 dB。     

A comparison of the effect of the ellipticity on the small and large solid-core PCF’s characteristics

In this paper we study small and large solid-core PCFs with elliptical shaped air-holes for the hexagonal lattice, which were constructed by omitting one air-hole (small core) and seven air-holes (large core), respectively, and we compare their characteristics with those with circular holes. We use two types of ellipticity: vertical and horizontal. Birefringence, dispersion, and the numerical apertures of the fundamental modes are analyzed using commercial simulation software. Also, the confinement loss is obtained. The effect of ellipticity on these characteristics is investigated in detail. It is found that the type of ellipticity of the air holes affects the numerical aperture and hence confinement loss significantly, but it has no crucial effect on either the dispersion or the birefringence for the small and large core PCFs.     

Modular interference characteristic of two-mode fiber

The modular interference characteristics of circular-core and elliptical-core two-mode fibers are investigated in theory. The intensity distribution and figure of two-lobe mode patterns are evaluated and simulated quantitatively for different phase difference change between LP01 and LPeven11 mode. The interference mode patters of elliptical-core and circular-core two-mode fibers are compared, the result shows that the two-lobe interference patters of the two-mode fibers generate energy exchange and oscillation, and thedifference is that the interference mode patterns of circular-core two-mode fiber are almost elliptical, while the interference mode pattern of elliptical-core two-mode fiber is approximately circular on condition that proper selection of the ellipticity. Their two-dimensional (2D) profile determines the choice of the core shape of the information pick-up fiber.