A method for automatic reverberation time measurement

A method for the automatic measurement of reverberation time is described. In order to reduce the influence of flutter a curve fitting method, based on integration of the decay curve, is applied. The method allows the reverberation time to be measured without subjective interactions, both in the field and in the laboratory. A comparison between various methods shows that the described method exhibits a high degree of reliability.     

Estimation of the direction of auditory events in the median plane

An instrumental method based on parametrically described spectral cues is proposed to estimate the direction of auditory events in the median plane. In contrast to a previous method where the shapes of two spectra are compared, the current method is based on known psychoacoustic features of the auditory system. The algorithm is described and the results of verification experiments are reported.     

The measurement of sound radiation from room surfaces in lightweight buildings

When investigating the transmission of sound within a building it is useful to measure the sound powers being radiated by individual room surfaces. This is normally accomplished using the ‘accelerometer method’. This method is shown to be unsuitable for use in lightweight buildings, and a new ‘direct’ method, suitable for general application, is described. The equipment required by the direct method is detailed, and the magnitudes of the inaccuracies involved in its use are estimated. An account is given of the successful testing of the method on lightweight panels radiating into an anechoic chamber, and the application of the method to actual constructions is described.     

Nonequilibrium diagram technique for tunneling problems in the effective mass approach

It is shown how the general formulas of the nonequilibrium diagram technique can be used in problems of tunnel planar structures described in the effective mass approach. The relation between such a “continual” approach and the tunneling Hamiltonian method is established, and the applicability conditions for this method are determined. The effects beyond the applicability limits of the tunneling Hamiltonian method, which can be described by the continual approach, are considered.     

A new method for phase grating testing and measurement

A setup in described that gives a very simple visual demonstration of phase grating non-uniformities, such as modulation variations. The principle of the method is that the amplitude transmittance of a phase grating is a chromatic function. We show how this setup can be modified to measure the modulation in the case of a uniform grating. The method is described here in the case of the binary phase grating.     

A plane wave generation method by wave number domain point focusing

A method for generation of a wave-field that is a plane wave is described. This method uses an array of loudspeakers phased so that the field in the wave-number domain is nearly concentrated at a point, this point being at the wave-number vector of the desired plane wave. The method described here for such a wave-number concentration makes use of an expansion in spherical harmonics, and requires a relatively small number of measurement points for a good approximate achievement of a plane wave. The measurement points are on a spherical surface surrounding the array of loudspeakers. The input signals for the individual loudspeakers can be derived without a matrix inversion or without explicit assumptions about the loudspeakers. The mathematical development involves spherical harmonics and three-dimensional Fourier transforms. Some numerical examples are given, with various assumptions concerning the nature of the loudspeakers, that support the premise that the method described in the present paper may be useful in applications.     

用于纳米测量的混合型外差干涉信号处理方法

通过对外差干涉信号同时进行相位检测和锁相倍频计数,可得到存在一定冗余度的一组测量结果,经过一定的逻辑混合;可实观测量分辨率优于０．１ｎｍ,测量范围不受λ／２周期限制,从而克服了以往单一采用相位测量法测量范围限于一个周期和锁相倍频计数法分辨率不易提高的难题。给出了在实际纳米测量干涉仪采用这种外差信号处理方法的测量结果。     

Estimation of resonant peak amplitudes

A simple method is proposed for estimating the resonant peak response levels of damped structures, by using an analysis of undamped vibration. The method is based on a simple identity which is exact for a single degree of freedom system and approximate for more general systems. However, since the level of damping in practical structures can seldom be described with any precision, it is argued that a simple approximate method for predicting resonant vibration levels is the most appropriate. A number of examples and applications are described.     

Separable single-particle Hamiltonian and its local equivalent

By using a method developed by Coz, Arnold and MacKellar the local equivalent of a single-particle potential discussed in a previous work is constructed and analyzed. The accuracy of the method is checked in the present case. The numerical examples refer to the low-energy elastic scattering of neutrons from nuclei described by a hole in a closed shell. The single-particle bound states are approximately described by harmonic oscillator wave functions. The results are similar to those derived by Coz, Arnold and MacKellar from non-local Hartree-Fock potentials.     

Three-component one-pot synthesis of 4,6-diarylpyrimidin- 2(1H)-ones under solvent-free conditions in the presence of sulfamic acid as a green and reusable catalyst

A rapid and efficient one-pot method for the synthesis of 4,6-diarylpyrimidin-2(1H)-ones and related heterocycles is described. The condensation of acetophenone derivatives, aldehydes and urea in the presence of sulfamic acid was employed to synthesize a variety of pyrimidinones in moderate to excellent yields. The scope and limitations of this method are described.     

粉末衍射谱图分解的模拟退火法

将模拟退火法应用于中子和x射线粉末衍射谱图分解研究中. 该方法有两个主要优点：一是 解谱结果不依赖于峰参数初始值的选取，可以任意给定峰参数初始值而不影响收敛性，因而 能克服传统最小二乘拟合法在拟合多峰严重重叠的复杂谱图时遇到的初始解的选取困难；二 是具有寻找全局最优解的能力，可有效解决谱图分解在数学上的多解性问题，这对于因多峰 重叠而可能存在多个局部最优解的谱图分解很有益处. 详细描述了方法的计算步骤，讨论了 有关参数设置，并通过模拟谱和实际谱例子对模拟退火法与传统最小二乘拟合法进行了比较 ，阐明了前者在处理复杂谱图时的独特优越性. 原则上该方法也可应用到与粉末衍射谱类似 能用峰形函数描述的其他实验谱的拟合研究中. 关键词： 谱图分解 模拟退火法 粉末衍射 分峰     

Reception plate method for characterisation of structure-borne sound sources in buildings: Installed power and sound pressure from laboratory data

In a companion paper, a laboratory method is described to obtain the structure-borne sound power of machines before they are installed in heavy-weight buildings. The laboratory method is based on the concept of the reception plate. In this paper, the method is shown to provide appropriate input data for the prediction of the installed structure-borne power, and thence the resultant sound pressure level in rooms removed from the room containing the machine. Case studies of two common sources are described: a whirlpool bath and a water cistern. It is shown that the method can be incorporated into recently proposed standard prediction models and that sound pressure levels in buildings can be predicted.     

Acoustic radiation impedance of duct-nozzle system

A method is described to evaluate the radiation impedance spectra of a duct-nozzle system with and without mean flow by using measured reflection coefficient data. In this method the impedance at the junction of the duct and nozzle is first evaluated by using complex reflection coefficient data measured experimentally with an impulse technique. This impedance is then transferred to the nozzle exit by using a solution of the wave equation appropriate for the duct-nozzle system. The application of this method is described and results are presented to show the effect of nozzle geometry and the effect of mean flow on the radiation impedance of the duct-nozzle system. The results derived by using this method are compared with the similar results derived by using some approximate methods.     

Research on Community Structure in Bus Transport Networks

We abstract the bus transport networks (BTNs) to two kinds of complex networks with space L and space P methods respectively. Using improved community detecting algorithm (PKM agglomerative algorithm), we analyze the community property of two kinds of BTNs graphs. The results show that the BTNs graph described with space L method have obvious community property, but the other kind of BTNs graph described with space P method have not. The reason is that the BTNs graph described with space P method have the intense overlapping community property and general community division algorithms can not identify this kind of community structure. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel community structure called N-depth community and present a corresponding community detecting algorithm, which can detect overlapping community. Applying the novel community structure and detecting algorithm to a BTN evolution model described with space P, whose network property agrees well with real BTNs', we get obvious community property.     

Fabrication of planar optical phase elements

A method is described for obtaining thin film planar optical phase elements using photolithographic and specially developed evaporation/etching techniques. As an example of the method, the fabrication of a phase Fresnel zone plate in which the outermost zone measures 4.3 microns, is described.     

A one-wavelength,in situ alignment method for rotating analyser ellipsometers

The mathematical background and method of an in situ alignment method for rotating analyser ellipsometers, that requests only one wavelength, is described. The method is especially useful in combination with a microcomputer. As a further consequence a balancing technique is obtained that confines the error to the pure statistical fluctuations.     

Free vibration of circular cylinders of variable thickness

Flexural vibrations of finite length circular cylinders with shear diaphragm ends and symmetric circumferential wall thickness variations are described by using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Both symmetric and asymmetric solutions are presented. Only circumferential variations in the wall radial dimension are considered; the method is amenable, however, to consideration of longitudinal variations in wall thickness as well. The cylinder wall thickness variation is described as a Fourier series and the vibration is described as a series of modes of a uniform cylinder with the same mean radius. The theory has been applied to a cylinder whose inner bore is circular but is non-concentric with the circular outer surface. The mode shapes have been investigated experimentally by using time-averaged holograms of the vibrating cylinder and the results compare well with the predictions of the theory. The frequencies of the modes agree with the theoretical predictions to within 2%.     

Pulsed method for measuring the capacitance of semiconductor structures using a ballast capacitor

An easily implemented method for measuring the capacitance of semiconductor structures using small-amplitude current pulses is described. It is shown that the accuracy of the method described can be improved significantly when a ballast capacitor is employed and, in addition, a calibration procedure is performed. The influence of the ballast capacitor on the measurement process is analyzed in detail. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 82–84 (March 1999)     

Mise en œuvre d'une méthode d'approximation diffuse adaptative pour la résolution des équations de diffusion et de transport

An adaptative diffuse approximation method for convection diffusion problems has been developed. The grid refinement method is first described and two examples are reported to illustrate the validity of the proposed method. The first one is a two-dimensionnal diffusion problem and the second one is a one-dimensionnal convection-diffusion problem.