带有反射腔的相对论返波管初步实验研究

 阐述了带有反射腔的相对论返波管的初步实验研究进展。反射腔是一段不规则的圆波导,在相对论返波管中起到截止颈的作用。初步实验的结果为：外加磁场B_z =0.82T时,输出微波功率为170MW,微波频率8.874GHz,脉宽为10ns;外加磁场B_z =1.7T时,微波功率为370MW,频率与脉宽不变;根据辐射场功率密度分布判定传输模式为TM₀₁模。结果表明：带有反射腔的返波管在较低外加磁场下也能够工作。     

High-power relativistic microwave sources based on the backward wave oscillator with a modulating resonant reflector

Results of theoretical and experimental investigations into a relativistic backward wave oscillator with a modulating resonant reflector are generalized. The modulating resonant reflector is used to reflect a counter propagating wave and guide it toward an electron collector. It is shown that premodulation of the electron beam near the reflector may have a significant effect on the starting conditions of oscillation; selective properties of the oscillator; and its efficiency, which may reach 40% when a high-current beam is transported by a strong magnetic field. In the reduced magnetic fields that were employed in the pulsed-periodic regime and were 1.5–2.0 times lower than those at which cyclotron resonance with the counter propagating wave is observed, the oscillator efficiency (30–35% at a wavelength of 8 mm) is limited by position and velocity spreads of particles. Mechanical pulsewise frequency tuning within about 10% at a repetition rate of 1–50 Hz and a multigigawatt microwave power, as well as a rise in the power and energy of microwave pulses via an increase in the cross-sectional dimensions of the slow-wave structure, are demonstrated to be feasible.     

Cyclotron suppression of generation in a relativistic backward-wave oscillator of Čerenkov type

We consider the self-consistent system of equations describing the combined interaction of an eigenwave of the periodic structure with the space-charge waves and one of the cyclotron waves of a magnetized relativistic electron beam. A planar model of a relativistic backward-wave oscillator is studied. The main attention is paid to quenching of self-oscillations due to excitation of fast cyclotron waves. The appearance of hard oscillation modes and hysteresis phenomena in the backward-wave oscillator is observed when the value of the guiding magnetic field is close to the resonant one. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 105–120, February 2006.     

带有反射腔的双频相对论返波管的粒子模拟

 设计了一种带有反射腔的能在X波段实现稳定双频输出的圆柱结构相对论返波管,采用2.5维相对论全电磁PIC粒子模拟软件行粒子模拟研究。仿真结果表明:在输入电压433 kV、引导磁场2.2 T的条件下,实现了9.53,10.09 GHz的双频稳定输出,平均输出功率340 MW,平均功率效率24.1%。     

3cm相对论返波荡器的粒子模拟研究

 运用全电磁的相对论的25维粒子模拟程序MAGIC模拟分析了3cm相对论返波管中注波互作用的非线性过程，得到了器件微波输出功率，效率，工作频率等参量，模拟结果与实验数据较好地一致。对电子注特性参数，慢波结构尺寸，引导磁场进行了优化，获得了器件最佳化运行的工作参数。     

X波段高效双频同轴相对论返波管粒子模拟

提出了一种能在X波段实现稳定双频输出的带有谐振反射器的高效率同轴相对论返波振荡器,并使用2.5维全电磁粒子PIC模拟软件进行了粒子模拟研究。模拟结果显示:在电子束电压520 kV、电流8.5 kA、轴向引导磁场2.35 T的条件下,器件实现了9.41 GHz和10.29 GHz的稳定双频输出,平均输出功率为1.35 GW,波束互作用效率为30.5%。此外,双频频谱及双频中较小的频率随着漂移段的变化而准周期地变化,实现了带宽约400 MHz的频率捷变输出。     

X波段长脉冲同轴多注相对论速调管放大器的分析与设计

为了提高相对论速调管放大器的工作频率、输出功率以及转换效率, 结合三重轴相对论速调管和多注速调管的特点, 采用三维电磁粒子模拟软件分析与设计了工作在X波段的长脉冲同轴多注相对论速调管放大器, 通过优化设计有效地抑制了X波段长脉冲相对论速调管放大器的自激振荡, 避免了脉冲缩短现象的产生, 使X波段相对论速调管放大器在长脉冲状态下能够稳定工作, 在注入微波功率为70 kW、束压为600 kV、束流为5 kA、轴向引导磁感应强度为0.8 T的条件下, 输出微波功率达到了1.23 GW, 效率为41%, 增益为42 dB.     

C波段谐振式相对论返波振荡器设计及其高频特性

设计了一种C波段谐振式相对论返波振荡器,分析了其结构特点和工作的物理机制。利用粒子模拟方法研究了器件的工作特性,发现插入段长度和反射器半径的选取对该类器件的效率非常关键;在二极管电压为0.5~1.0 MV范围内,所设计的器件的效率为20%~25%,频率保持在4.25 GHz附近。结合对器件实际高频结构的电动力学特性分析,重点研究了纵向谐振模式、品质因数等特点,结果表明该器件工作在2π/5模、品质因数约为100时功率效率最高。在此基础上,解释了谐振式相对论返波振荡器具有适用的电子束范围宽、频率稳定等特点的原因,并对该类器件的相关设计原则进行了分析验证。     

Development of the relativistic backward wave oscillator with a permanent magnet

Firstly, an X-band relativistic backward wave oscillator with a low guiding magnetic field is simulated, whose output microwave power is 520 MW. Then, an experiment is carried out on an accelerator to investigate a relativistic backward wave oscillator with a permanent magnetic field whose strength is 0.46 T. When the energy of the electron is 630 keV and the current of the electron beam is 6.7 kA, a 15 ns width pulsed microwave with 510 MW output power at 8.0 GHz microwave frequency is achieved.     

Optimization of the parameters of a virtual-cathode oscillator with an inhomogeneous magnetic field

A two-dimensional numerical model is used to study the generation of powerful microwave radiation in a vircator with an inhomogeneous magnetic field applied to focus a beam. The characteristics of the external inhomogeneous magnetic field are found to strongly affect the vircator generation characteristics. Mathematical optimization is used to search for the optimum parameters of the magnetic periodic focusing system of the oscillator in order to achieve the maximum power of the output microwave radiation. The dependences of the output vircator power on the characteristics of the external inhomogeneous magnetic field are studied near the optimum control parameters. The physical processes that occur in optimized virtual cathode oscillators are investigated.     

Landau levels for relativistic particles: Einstein–Brillouin–Keller quantization approach

The effects of a transverse magnetic field on relativistic particles in two dimensions are treated by using the semiclassical quantization rules and the role played by the spin is emphasized. The Landau levels? energies are analyzed by focusing on the square-root dependence on level index obtained for relativistic spinless particles. This result will be compared to the energies calculated for relativistic particles with spin that are governed by the Dirac equation in relativistic quantum mechanics. Then relativistic massless fermions are discussed. The approach provides a conceptual and intuitive introduction to the grounds of quantum Hall effect in carbon based nanostructures.     

透明阴极实现相对论磁控管跳频的仿真北大核心CSCD

基于一个6腔同腔结构相对论磁控管,透明阴极金属条个数与磁控管腔数相同时相对论磁控管易于工作在2π模式,减少为腔体数目一半时易于工作在π模式,提出了旋转扇形透明阴极金属条角向位置实现相对论磁控管中心频率跳变的方案.经仿真优化,设计了外径15mm,6个扇形金属条的透明阴极,每个扇形金属条的角向宽度为20°.运用粒子模拟软件,仿真分析了角向位置金属条与阳极块相对应及金属条与谐振腔相对应两种情况,在工作磁场保持0.75T,调节工作电压在600~800kV 内变化时,模拟结果表明,相对论磁控管可以很稳定地分别工作在2π模式和π模式,即通过旋转透明阴极实现相对论磁控管频率跳变.     

拉曼型自由电子激光器中相对论电子运动稳定性的比较研究

拉曼型自由电子激光器作为一种兆瓦级高功率毫米波、太赫兹波辐射源, 其电子的运动稳定性对整体器件的性能至关重要.本文采用科尔莫戈罗夫熵方法, 以典型的麻省理工学院公布的实验数据为例, 比较研究拉曼型正向导引磁场和反向导引磁场两类自由电子激光器中相对论电子的运动稳定性. 结果表明:摇摆器绝热压缩磁场对电子运动的稳定性无实质性影响, 但对电子运动影响大; 电子束自身场在拉曼型正向导引磁场自由电子激光器中使电子运动稳定性变差, 而在拉曼型反向导引磁场自由电子激光器中则可改善电子运动稳定性. 关键词： 拉曼型自由电子激光器 相对论电子运动稳定性 科尔莫戈罗夫熵 电子束自身场     

X波段相对论返波管谐振反射器

基于TPG2000强流电子束加速器和带谐振反射器的相对论返波管振荡器,开展了X波段高功率微波产生实验研究,获得了功率约2.5 GW,脉宽约20 ns的微波输出。理论分析及模拟了不同倒角大小对谐振反射器的表面电场及截止性能的影响,并对不同倒角开展了实验研究。结果表明,对谐振反射器倒角可增加输出微波脉冲宽度,且随着倒角增加,微波脉宽增加,效率略有降低。在谐振反射器倒角5 mm情况下,利用电压900 kV,电流9 kA的强流电子束,实验获得了功率约2.5 GW、脉宽大于25 ns的微波输出。     

S波段多注相对论速调管放大器的数值模拟

利用3维电磁场与粒子模拟软件对S波段多注相对论速调管放大器进行了分析设计和模拟计算。通过对谐振腔本征模的计算确定腔体的冷腔高频特性,采用3维的粒子模拟软件（PIC）模拟分析速调管各腔及整管的束波互作用过程。模拟结果表明:通过引入同轴谐振腔结构,使电子注不必集中在谐振腔中心通过,降低了电场不均性对束波互作用的不利影响;通过引入多电子注,电子在相对较低的轴向聚焦磁场下依然拥有较高的通过率,降低了速调管对聚焦磁场的要求。模拟中采用3个同轴谐振腔进行束波互作用,在输入电压700 kV、束流5.8 kA和聚焦磁场0.4 T的情况下,得到了功率1.4 GW的输出微波,效率为35%。     

On the development of plasma relativistic microwave oscillator without strong magnetic field

A method for generating microwave pulses with a power of ～1 GW and a frequency controlled in a band from 2 to 15 GHz during the interaction of relativistic electrons with plasma without strong magnetic field is proposed in the numerical model. The combination of a broadband plasma relativistic microwave oscillator and a monochromatic magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) allows the development of a device combining advantages of both prototypes.     

New NRD guide MM wave oscillators

A new millimenter-wave Gunn oscillator is described. The present structure makes use of NRD guide and metal resonant cap. The field expressions and the design considerations of NRD guide are discussed. Some experimental results of 8mm and 6mm band oscillators show that the new Gunn oscillator has a future as an integrated millimeter-wave source.This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Gain of a free-electron laser in the Magneto-Compton regime

The gain of a free-electron laser in the presence of a guide magnetic field is calculated for the Raman and Compton regimes. It is found that the external magnetic field enhances the gains, and that for non-monoenergetic relativistic electron beams with a guide magnetic field the Compton process can become important.     

Three-dimensional evolution of a relativistic current sheet: triggering of magnetic reconnection by the guide field

The linear and nonlinear evolution of a relativistic current sheet of pair (e(+/-)) plasmas is investigated by three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. In a Harris configuration, it is obtained that the magnetic energy is fast dissipated by the relativistic drift kink instability (RDKI). However, when a current-aligned magnetic field (the so-called "guide field") is introduced, the RDKI is stabilized by the magnetic tension force and it separates into two obliquely propagating modes, which we call the relativistic drift-kink-tearing instability. These two waves deform the current sheet so that they trigger relativistic magnetic reconnection at a crossover thinning point. Since relativistic reconnection produces a lot of nonthermal particles, the guide field is of critical importance to study the energetics of a relativistic current sheet.     

S波段长脉冲相对论返波振荡器实验研究

从物理机制上定性地分析了导致脉冲缩短的主要原因,给出了长脉冲重复频率运行下的相对论返波振荡器(RBWO)设计原则。结合传统谐振式返波振荡器的基本设计理论,设计和模拟优化了工作在S波段的长脉冲RBWO,并利用本实验室现有长脉冲脉冲功率驱动源开展了S波段长脉冲RBWO的实验研究。实验结果表明:在单次运行条件下,微波输出功率达到约2 GW、脉宽约90 ns;在10 Hz重复频率运行条件下,输出微波功率达到约1 GW、脉宽约100 ns。器件产生的微波频率为3.6 GHz,输出模式为TM01模,效率约20%。对实验结果分析表明,器件截止颈和第一个慢波结构结合处的爆炸发射是导致脉冲缩短的主要原因之一。