谐波齿轮传动减速器的固体润滑失效机理

在同型号的谐波轮传动减速器和相同的试验条件下，考察了不同固体润滑薄膜体系的润滑性能和磨损特性；结合试验后柔轮和刚轮的工作表面形貌和磨粒的分析，初步探讨了固体薄膜润滑下谐波减速器的磨损机理及其润滑失效机理，结果表明，谐波减速器齿轮磨擦副的润滑膜配伍是影响谐波减速器润滑状态和运行寿命的重要因素。在分析研究的基础上，提出了改进谐波减速器齿轮副固体润滑的设想，并且研制出在给定条件下适用的固体润滑薄膜体系。     

空间润滑谐波减速器失效机理研究

为研究空间环境下谐波减速器失效机理,并为其可靠性寿命试验提供理论基础,对空间润滑谐波减速器进行5 000 h真空寿命试验.结果表明:DLC薄膜与润滑脂(Braycote601)复合润滑的柔轮-刚轮齿面运转良好,Braycote601油脂单独润滑的柔轮内壁-柔性轴承外圈出现严重磨损.对其进行混合润滑数值分析,结果显示在3～150 r/min的转速范围内,该接触区域始终处于混合润滑状态并由此导致磨损产生,微凸体直接接触所负担的载荷比例随转速的增加而减小,随温度与载荷的增加而增大;低速运转时,温度与载荷对微凸体接触程度的影响效果明显,但随着转速的增大,温度与载荷的影响快速减弱.     

谐波减速器柔性轴承混合润滑分析

以谐波减速器FB815型柔性球轴承为研究对象,基于赫兹接触理论和弹流润滑理论,建立了柔性球轴承的混合润滑数学模型,并对滚珠和内圈滚道的接触区进行了摩擦学性能分析.通过研究承载区滚珠在额定工况下的油膜厚度、压力、膜厚比等润滑参数,得到了危险点分布位置,并研究了载荷、转速、温度等因素对危险点润滑性能的影响.研究结果表明:在一定范围内,适当提高转速和降低温度能够有效减小疲劳点蚀,提高柔性轴承的可靠性和使用寿命.     

脂润滑下二硫化钼溅射膜的摩擦特性

ＭｏＳ＿２溅射膜通常是用于干摩擦的场合，因而对它在脂润滑下的摩擦学行为，特别是对其在边界润滑状态下的作用都还很少有人进行研究。以解决空心圆柱滚子轴承早期磨损失效为主要目的，利用球－盘摩擦磨损试验机考察了在脂润滑下ＭｏＳ＿２溅射膜的摩擦特性。结果表明，脂加ＭｏＳ＿２溅射膜可以在比较宽的速度和载荷范围内表现出良好的减摩性能，此外，还利用Ｘ射线光电子能谱方法测定了射频溅射ＭｏＳ＿２固体润滑膜的元素化学状态、成分深度分布和膜层厚度等，分析了成膜条件对ＭｏＳ＿２溅射膜的影响，为获得理想的ＭｏＳ＿２薄膜提供了科学依据。     

激光表面织构化对GCr15钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

本文利用Nd:YAG固体脉冲激光对GCr15钢样品表面进行了微坑织构化处理,考察了激光表面织构参数对其摩擦性能的影响,同时通过扫描电镜等对磨斑表面进行了分析.结果表明:与光滑面试样相比,经织构化处理的样品表面在干摩擦条件下虽然摩擦系数较高,但表现出了较好的抗磨性能;在贫油润滑条件下,织构面的摩擦系数与磨损均明显小于光滑面;在低载低速下较小孔径织构面摩擦系数较小,随着速度及载荷的增大,较大孔径织构面表现出更好的摩擦学性能.采用Stribeck曲线探讨了织构化表面与光滑面在贫油润滑下的润滑机理,结果表明织构面在试验条件下均保持油膜流体润滑状态.     

随机不确定性下Kriging辅助的谐波减速器柔轮疲劳寿命预测

柔轮作为谐波减速器核心传动件,在循环交变载荷作用下容易发生疲劳失效,其疲劳寿命直接影响谐波减速器的工作寿命。为揭示随机不确定性因素对谐波减速器柔轮疲劳寿命的影响规律,本文考虑材料属性和载荷等不确定因素对谐波减速器柔轮开展疲劳寿命预测研究,以期实现更客观地评估柔轮疲劳寿命。首先,建立柔轮的三维模型和有限元模型,通过有限元分析及寿命计算获得确定性条件下的柔轮寿命。然后,将材料属性及载荷考虑为随机变量,采用拉丁超立方抽样方法对柔轮进行试验设计。最后,基于主动学习Kriging模型和柔轮材料P-S-N曲线,通过逐一加点的方式对柔轮进行疲劳寿命分析,获得疲劳寿命统计结果,并与确定性条件下的柔轮疲劳寿命结果进行对比。结果表明,随机不确定因素影响下柔轮疲劳寿命预测结果与确定性条件下相比有所降低,对柔轮抗疲劳设计具有一定指导意义。     

KK-3号高低温航空润滑脂的性能及其应用

本文介绍了KK-3号润滑脂的理化性能和模拟航空条件的台架试验以及对经过十年贮存后的脂进行评定的结果。试验结果表明,这种脂具有优异的高低温性能,可在-60～180℃的宽温度范围内使用。它具有特别好的长期贮存性能。加入其它适当的固体润滑剂,可进一步改善其润滑性能。     

渗硫层与FeS粉末摩擦学机理的对比研究

为了改善GCr15轴承钢在脂润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,通过2种方法将FeS固体润滑材料应用于脂润滑下轴承钢材料的摩擦过程中.通过低温离子渗硫处理在轴承钢表面制取渗硫层;将FeS材料研磨成微米粉末添加到润滑脂中.在球-盘摩擦磨损试验机上对比研究了轴承钢渗硫层和使用FeS微米粉末的摩擦学性能.研究表明:在材料表面制取渗硫层和使用FeS粉末均可有效改善轴承钢在脂润滑条件下的减摩抗磨性能.在较低转速和载荷下,轴承钢表面渗硫层的摩擦磨损性能较使用FeS粉末更好,而在高速重载的工况下,轴承钢表面在使用FeS粉末时体现出更好的抗磨性能.     

高温热效应对复合锂基润滑脂性能影响规律研究

作者在本文中主要研究了热效应对复合锂基润滑脂基础脂以及含有二烷基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP)的复合锂基润滑脂微观结构、润滑性能以及流变学性能的影响规律. 复合锂基润滑脂经120和150 ℃恒温热处理24 h后,对其外观、红外光谱、边界润滑性能、弹流润滑性能和流变学性能进行了测试. 研究结果表明:120 ℃热处理对复合锂基润滑脂性能影响较小,但基础脂以及含有抗磨添加剂的润滑脂在经历150 ℃热处理后,增稠剂纤维结构变得更为松散,发生明显断裂、网状结构严重破坏,在150 ℃下含有添加剂的复合锂润滑脂的结构强度和触变性明显变差. 上述研究表明,高温条件下的热效应对润滑脂微观结构破坏更大,更容易造成润滑脂性能的显著变化.      

连续加载条件下纳米Al_2O_3/FeS固体润滑复合涂层的摩擦学性能

在连续加载条件下,考察了纳米Al2O3/FeS固体润滑复合层在不同温度时的减摩抗磨性能;利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了不同温度下磨损表面所含元素及其化学价态.结果表明:纳米Al2O3/FeS固体润滑复合层在室温至150℃范围内,具有优异的减摩性能和抗磨性能;磨损表面存在S元素,并以硫化物和硫酸盐形式存在,但未发现Al元素,表明磨损表面形成了主要由硫化物和硫酸盐组成的摩擦化学反应膜.     

STICTION AND ANTI—STICTION IN MEMS AND NEMS

Stiction in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been a major failure mode ever since the advent of surface micromachining in the 80s of the last century due to large surfacearea-to-volume ratio. Even now when solutions to this problem are emerging, such as self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and other measures, stiction remains one of the most catastrophic failure modes in MEMS. A review is presented in this paper on stiction and anti-stiction in MEMS and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). First, some new experimental observations of stiction in radio frequency (RF) MEMS switch and micromachined accelerometers are presented. Second, some criteria for stiction of microstructures in MEMS and NEMS due to surface forces (such as capillary, electrostatic, van der Waals, Casimir forces, etc.) are reviewed. The influence of surface roughness and environmental conditions (relative humidity and temperature) on stiction are also discussed. As hydrophobic films, the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) turn out able to prevent release-related stiction effectively. The anti-stiction of SAMs in MEMS is reviewed in the last part. The project supported by the Distinguished Young Scholar Fund of NSFC (10225209), key project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-SW-L2) and National “973” Project (G1999033103)     

水和水蒸汽热力学物性参数及导数的计算与应用

本文针对现代换热设备设计、两相流动与传热研究的需要,介绍了可供科研使用的水和水蒸汽物性计算方法,完善了计算程序。根据超临界锅炉设计中的超临界水的物性计算,两相流研究和换热设备动态特性研究中对物性导数计算的需要,提供了两个算例,并进行了定性分析。     

Sound and vorticity interactions: transmission and scattering

We review several aspects of the propagation of sound in vortical flows. We restrict ourselves to isothermal, humidity-free flows at low Mach number M. Since vorticity plays a major role in vortex-flow interactions we focus on vortical flows. We consider two main canonical situations. The first concerns the transmission of sound. We analyze the evolution of acoustic wavefronts as they propagate across a single vortex. The second situation addresses the scattering of sound waves by nonstationary vortices. We study the evolution of the acoustic pressure emitted in the far field, at an angle with the initial direction of propagation. In this geometry one performs direct spectroscopy of the flow vorticity field. In each case, we review theoretical results and compare with experimental measurements and numerical simulations when available. We also briefly report how the following new acoustic techniques have recently been used to study complex or turbulent flows: time-resolved acoustic spectroscopy, speckle interferometry and Lagrangian particle tracking. PACS 43.25, 43.28, 47.32, 67.40     

Data-driven modeling and learning in science and engineering

In the past, data in which science and engineering is based, was scarce and frequently obtained by experiments proposed to verify a given hypothesis. Each experiment was able to yield only very limited data. Today, data is abundant and abundantly collected in each single experiment at a very small cost. Data-driven modeling and scientific discovery is a change of paradigm on how many problems, both in science and engineering, are addressed. Some scientific fields have been using artificial intelligence for some time due to the inherent difficulty in obtaining laws and equations to describe some phenomena. However, today data-driven approaches are also flooding fields like mechanics and materials science, where the traditional approach seemed to be highly satisfactory. In this paper we review the application of data-driven modeling and model learning procedures to different fields in science and engineering.     

Fracture and stability of materials and structural members with cracks: approaches and results

A new alternative approach to fracture problems for materials and structural elements with cracks is set out. It is based on the mechanism of local instability near defects. The approach is used to study the fracture of materials compressed along interacting cracks and the fracture of thin structural members with cracks under tension with allowance for local buckling.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 18–64, December 2004.     

Electrogas- and electrohydrodynamic control of gas and liquid jets and flows

The physical and mathematical principles of the method of electrogas-and electrohydrodynamic conversion of electrical signals to pneumatic (hydraulic) signals and vice versa for control of gas and liquid jets and flows in electropneumohydraulic systems are considered. St. Petersburg State Technical University, St. Petersburg 195251. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 25–31, March–April, 2000.     

Flows around two airfoils performing fling and subsequent translation and translation and subsequent clap

The aerodynamic forces and flow structures of two airfoils performing “fling and subsequent translation“ and “translation and subsequent clap“ are studied by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations in moving overset grids. These motions are relevant to the flight of very small insects. The Reynolds number, based on the airfoil chord length c and the translation velocity U, is 17. It is shown that: (1) For two airfoils performing fling and subsequent translation, a large lift is generated both in the fling phase and in the early part of the translation phase. During the fling phase,a pair of leading edge vortices of large strength is generated; the generation of the vortex pair in a short period results in a large time rate of change of fluid impulse, which explains the large lift in this period. During the early part of the translation, the two leading edge vortices move with the airfoils;the relative movement of the vortices also results in a large time rate of change of fluid impulse, which explains the large lift in this part of motion. (In the later part of the translation, the vorticity in the vortices is diffused and convected into the wake.) The time averaged lift coefficient is approximately 2.4 times as large as that of a single airfoil performing a similar motion. (2) For two airfoils performing translation and subsequent clap, a large lift is generated in the clap phase. During the clap, a pair of trailing edge vortices of large strength are generated; again, the generation of the vortex pair in a short period (which results in a large time rate of change of fluid impulse) is responsible for the large lift in this period. The time averaged lift coefficient is approximately 1.6 times as large as that of a single airfoil performing a similar motion. (3) When the initial distance between the airfoils (in the case of clap, the final distance between the airfoils) varies from 0.1 to 0.2c, the lift on an airfoil decreases only slightly but the torque decreases greatly. When the distance is about lc， the interference effects between the two airfoils become very small.     

Fatigue and static strength of notched and unnotched aluminum-alloy and steel specimens

This paper describes a method of presentation of fatigue data on three commonly used aircraft materials, 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys and normalized SAE 4130 steel, such that variations in fatigue strength with stress-concentration factor can be shown. Comparisons of the fatigue strengths of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum are made for the most useful range of stress-concentration factors. Static-strength results of notched and unnotched specimens of the three materials are presented to show how the strength varies with some parameters of the stress concentration. Comparison of the data with one theory for the strength of cracked specimens was made.