Numerical study of dynamic phase transitions in shock tube

Shock tube problem of a van der Waals fluid with a relaxation model was investigated.In the limit of relaxation parameter tending towards zero,this model yields a specific Riemann solver.Relaxing and relaxed schemes were derived.For an inci- dent shock in a fixed tube,numerical simulations show convergence toward the Riemann solution in one space dimension.Impact of parameters was studied theoretically and nu- merically.For certain initial shock profiles,nonclassical reflecting wave was observed.In two space dimensions,the effect of curved wave fronts was studied,and some interesting wave patterns were exposed.     

On the asymptotic behavior of a phase-field model for elastic phase transitions

We study the asymptotic behavior of a one-dimensional, dynamical model of solid-solid elastic transitions in which the phase is determined by an order parameter. The system is composed of two coupled evolution equations, the mechanical equation of elasticity which is hyperbolic and a parabolic equation in the order parameter. Due to the strong coupling and the lack of smoothing in the hyperbolic equation, the asymptotic behavior of solutions is difficult to determine using standard methods of gradient-like systems. However, we show that under suitable assumptions all solutions approach the equilibrium set weakly, while the phase field stabilizes strongly.     

Flow-induced mixing,demixing, and phase transitions in polymeric fluids

In polymer solutions or blends, flow can strongly influence the degree of mixing of the components. In a shearing flow, droplets in a dispersion can be broken down to sizes comparable to the dimensions of the polymer molecules themselves, thereby inducing molecular-scale mixing. Demixing can also occur when the two components of the mixture differ greatly in viscoelastic properties. Shear or extensional flow can induce polymer migration in nonhomogeneous flows or in flows with curved streamlines, and can render turbid solutions or blends that are otherwise transparent. Flow can also induce polymer gelation, and can induce ordering transitions in liquid crystals or block copolymers. Here, we review these phenomena, discuss proposed mechanisms, and assess the degree to which recent theories can account for the observations. Because the phenomena are complex, multiple experimental probes and theoretical methods are required to study them. Successful theories must incorporate polymer/polymer or polymer/solvent thermodynamics, critical phenomena, and phase transitions, as well as polymer theology and the kinetics of diffusion or crystallization. The experimental techniques used to study these phenomena are equally wide ranging, and include turbidity measurements, light, x-ray, and neutron scattering, fluorescence quenching, microscopy, and theology.     

Shear induced phase transitions in highly dilute aqueous detergent solutions

Aqueous solutions of some cationic detergents show rheopectic behaviour at very low concentrations. Rheological measurements and the electrical anisotropy of the streaming solutions indicate that the rheopectic behaviour of the solutions is due to a shear induced phase transition.     

A compressible single‐temperature conservative two‐phase model with phase transitions

A model for multidimensional compressible two‐phase flow with pressure and velocity relaxations based on the theory of thermodynamically compatible system is extended to study liquid–gas flows with cavitation. The model assumes for each phase its own pressure and velocity, while a common temperature is considered. The governing equations form a hyperbolic system in conservative form and are derived through the theory of a thermodynamically compatible system. The phase pressure‐equalizing process and the interfacial friction are taken into account in the balance laws for the volume fractions of one phase and for the relative velocity by adding two relaxation source terms, while the phase transition is introduced into the model considering in the balance equation for the mass of one phase the relaxation of the Gibbs free energies of the two phases. A modification of the central finite‐volume Kurganov–Noelle–Petrova method is adopted in this work to solve the homogeneous hyperbolic part, while the relaxation source terms are treated implicitly. In order to investigate the effect of the mass transfer in the solution, a 1D cavitation tube problem is presented. In addition, two 2D numerical simulations regarding cavitation problem are also studied: a cavitating Richtmyer–Meshkov instability and a laser‐induced cavitation problem. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TiNi合金的动态伪弹性行为和率相关相变本构模型

采用万能材料试验机和SHPB实验技术对TiNi形状记忆合金在10-3s-1和102s-1应变率下的伪弹性相变行为进行了实验研究。实验数据表明:TiNi合金的相变过程具有应变率效应,其原因主要是相变阻力受应变率影响应变率越大,相变阻力越大。在三线性热弹性相变模型的基础上,考虑了应变率对相变阻力的影响,并给出了相变阻力的具体形式,建立了一个一维率相关相变本构模型。模型对TiNi合金相变行为的模拟与实验数据吻合较好。     

基于相变松弛法则的水下爆炸空化模型研究

水下爆炸过程中存在着大量的空化现象,空化的产生、演化及其溃灭过程对于水下冲击波传播、爆炸气泡运动以及水下结构物冲击损伤都会产生重要影响。本文基于多相可压缩流体理论模型,考虑空化发生过程中汽-液两相流体亚平衡状态下两相之间发生的热力学-化学平衡机制,分析汽-液两相介质之间的质量和热量交换,从而实现对相变过程的自动捕捉。该系统的控制方程采用分步法处理,首先利用二阶MUSCL-Hancock格式和HLLC黎曼求解器来求解齐次双曲型方程,再采用牛顿迭代法求解相变方程。数值测试结果表明,本文的计算模型对于空化相变过程具有较好的捕捉能力。最后将该模型应用到水下近水面爆炸空化的数值模拟当中,研究发现空泡的溃灭压力峰值约为冲击波压力峰值的15%,有效作用时间是冲击波载荷有效作用时间的2倍以上。本文的空化相变模型能够为水下爆炸空化现象的机理研究提供重要支撑。     

Dynamics and thermodynamics of a model with long-range interactions

The dynamics and thermodynamics of particles/spins interacting via long-range forces display several unusual features compared with systems with short-range interactions. The Hamiltonian mean field (HMF) model, a Hamiltonian system of N classical inertial spins with infinite-range interactions represents a paradigmatic example of this class of systems. The equilibrium properties of the model can be derived analytically in the canonical ensemble: in particular, the model shows a second-order phase transition from a ferromagnetic to a paramagnetic phase. Strong anomalies are observed in the process of relaxation towards equilibrium for a particular class of out-of-equilibrium initial conditions. In fact, the numerical simulations show the presence of quasi-stationary states (QSSs), i.e. metastable states that become stable if the thermodynamic limit is taken before the infinite time limit. The QSSs differ strongly from Boltzmann-Gibbs equilibrium states: they exhibit negative specific heats, vanishing Lyapunov exponents and weak mixing, non-Gaussian velocity distributions and anomalous diffusion, slowly decaying correlations, and aging. Such a scenario provides strong hints for the possible application of Tsallis generalized thermostatistics. The QSSs have recently been interpreted as a spin-glass phase of the model. This link indicates another promising line of research, which does not preclude to the previous one.Received: 8 July 2003, Accepted: 27 October 2003, Published online: 11 February 2004PACS: 05.70.Fh, 89.75.Fb, 64.60.Fr, 75.10.NrCorrespondence to: A. Rapisarda     

拱坝-地基动力体系的简化计算模型及其在地震作用下的动力反应分析

通过对拱坝地基的半无限空间动力体系的分析,提出了拱坝－地基动力相互作用问题的简化求解途径,并结合小湾拱坝进行了实际分析。结果表明,这种直接应用于时域求解的简化模型,既反映了影响相互作用的主要因素,又使计算工作量大大减少,结果可靠合理,便于工程上的推广应用,同时为进一步进行非线性体系在时域中的简化计算打下了基础。     

管道流固耦合振动的行波方法研究

应用波动方法分析载流管道流固耦合振动问题。采用直梁模型，推导了管道流固耦合系统的轴向、横向波导方程及平面管系的坐标转换矩阵，通过节点位移连续和力平衡条件建立了耦合系统的散射模型。最终分析了两种耦合对载流管道振动的影响机理及流速变化对管道振动稳定性的影响。数值算例表明本文方法的正确性及有效性。     

Phase transitions in the shape memory alloy CuAlNi

Shape memory alloys exhibit a complex load-deformation temperature behaviour. In CuAlNi different maximal recoverable deformations may be observed in tensile experiments. We have found five phases and their corresponding phase transitions, two of them are reversible and the others exhibit hysteresis. We use a thermodynamic theory to calculate the energy landscape that describes the behaviour of the CuAlNi specimen.Received: 8 March 2004, Accepted: 9 March 2004, Published online: 12 May 2004 Correspondence to: A. Musolff     

Combined stress waves with phase transition in thin-walled tubes简

The incremental constitutive relation and governing equations with combined stresses for phase transition wave propagation in a thin-walled tube are established based on the phase transition criterion considering both the hydrostatic pressure and the deviatoric stress. It is found that the centers of the initial and subsequent phase transition ellipses are shifted along the σ-axis in the στ-plane due to the tension-compression asymmetry induced by the hydrostatic pressure. The wave solution offers the "fast" and "slow" phase transition waves under combined longitudinal and torsional stresses in the phase transition region. The results show some new stress paths and wave structures in a thin-walled tube with phase transition, differing from those of conventional elastic-plastic materials.     

激波的传播与干扰

激波的传播特性既取决于激波的产生条件,也与所处的传播环境密切相关。驱动条件、几何边界、介质的物理化学属性等发生变化时,都会引起激波传播特性的改变,而激波的变化反过来又会对其波及的流场产生影响。尽管激波传播及其干扰现象广泛存在于自然界和人类科技活动之中,其复杂机理的认识、规律的描述乃至应用潜力的挖掘仍有漫长的路要走。本文根据气体中激波传播和干扰现象以及与之相关的理论描述特征,在对激波传播以及反射、折射等基本现象进行简要阐述的基础上,重点围绕目前的热点问题,包括激波/激波干扰、激波/边界层干扰、激波与湍流作用、激波的聚焦与点火以及激波作用下气体界面不稳定性等研究进行了介绍和讨论,旨在对近年来该领域的进展及获得的成果做一个概述和归纳,期望对将来的深入研究有一个鉴借意义。     

Some remarks on nonlocal interactions and hysteresis in phase transitions

This paper examines models of shape memory alloys in which the usual multiwell, nonconvex elastic energy is modified by the addition of a nonlocal interaction term. It is shown that minimizing such an energy over uniform Young-measures yields a good prediction of hysteresis in a material subjected to biaxial loading. In addition, the relationship between the nonlocal interaction energy and the coherency energy is discussed.This work has been partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grants number DMS-9204304 and DMS-9403844     

Shock wave propagation and interactions

激波的传播特性既取决于激波的产生条件,也与所处的传播环境密切相关.驱动条件、几何边界、介质的物理化学属性等发生变化时,都会引起激波传播特性的改变,而激波的变化反过来又会对其波及的流场产生影响.尽管激波传播及其干扰现象广泛存在于自然界和人类科技活动之中,其复杂机理的认识、规律的描述乃至应用潜力的挖掘仍有漫长的路要走.本文根据气体中激波传播和干扰现象以及与之相关的理论描述特征,在对激波传播以及反射、折射等基本现象进行简要阐述的基础上,重点围绕目前的热点问题,包括激波/激波干扰、激波/边界层干扰、激波与湍流作用、激波的聚焦与点火以及激波作用下气体界面不稳定性等研究进行了介绍和讨论,旨在对近年来该领域的进展及获得的成果做一个概述和归纳,期望对将来的深入研究有一个鉴借意义.     

Relaxation of the Navier–Stokes–Korteweg equations for compressible two‐phase flow with phase transition

The Navier–Stokes–Korteweg (NSK) system is a classical diffuse‐interface model for compressible two‐phase flow. However, the direct numerical simulation based on the NSK system is quite expensive and in some cases even not possible. We propose a lower‐order relaxation of the NSK system with hyperbolic first‐order part. This allows applying numerical methods for hyperbolic conservation laws and removing some of the difficulties of the original NSK system. To illustrate the new ansatz, we first present a local discontinuous Galerkin method in one and two spatial dimensions. It is shown that we can compute initial boundary value problems with realistic density ratios and perform stable computations for small interfacial widths. Second, we show that it is possible to construct a semi‐discrete finite‐volume scheme that satisfies a discrete entropy inequality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hybrid dynamic Smagorinsky model for large eddy simulation

A hybrid dynamic subgrid-scale model (HDSM) pertaining to Large-eddy simulation (LES) has been developed. The coefficient obtained by German dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM) was integrated with a new dynamic coefficient, based on the dynamic subgrid characteristic length and controlled by the subgrid-scale (SGS) motions. In HDSM, the characteristic wave number determining the characteristic length of the dynamic subgrid is calculated from a new energy weighted mean method when the subgrid scale turbulent kinetic energy and the dissipation wave number are known. The dissipation wave-number is derived from the SGS turbulent kinetic energy spectrum equation. The total dissipation rate spectrum equation is based on the Pao energy spectrum and local equilibrium assumption. The dynamic subgrid characteristic length could take into account the rapidly fluctuating small scale behaviours and the spatial variation of turbulent characteristics. HDSM was used to simulate the fully developed channel and turbulent flow past a circular cylinder, and to determine the impact of the dam-break flow on downstream structure. The HDSM is robust in respect to anisotropic mesh and is less sensitive to grid resolution, and would accurately describe the energy transfer from large-scale to SGS fluctuations and capture more fluctuations of turbulence with same meshes compared to the DSM.     

Finite element simulations of martensitic phase transitions and microstructures based on a strain softening model

A new approach for modeling multivariant martensitic phase transitions (PT) and martensitic microstructure (MM) in elastic materials is proposed. It is based on a thermomechanical model for PT that includes strain softening and the corresponding strain localization during PT. Mesh sensitivity in numerical simulations is avoided by using rate-dependent constitutive equations in the model. Due to strain softening, a microstructure comprised of pure martensitic and austenitic domains separated by narrow transition zones is obtained as the solution of the corresponding boundary value problem. In contrast to Landau-Ginzburg models, which are limited in practice to nanoscale specimens, this new phase field model is valid for scales greater than 100 nm and without upper bound. A finite element algorithm for the solution of elastic problems with multivariant martensitic PT is developed and implemented into the software ABAQUS. Simulated microstructures in elastic single crystals and polycrystals under uniaxial loading are in qualitative agreement with those observed experimentally.     

A cellular automaton model for a bridge traffic bottleneck

A cellular automaton (CA) model is proposed in this paper to analyze a bridge traffic bottleneck. The simulation results with this model show that there are several phase transitions in the traffic average density, velocity and flow for each lane under a periodic boundary condition. An unstable phase in the traffic average density and velocity for the upstream and downstream lanes of the bridge is shown in a range of initial traffic densities. The critical points of the phase transitions and the phenomenon of the unstable phase found in the simulation are also explained with the mean-field theory.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(70371067 and 10347001), the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(02115) and the New Century Talent Plan of Guangxi Province in China(2001204).The English text was polished by Ron Marshall.