H2,CH4,CO多元爆炸性混合气体的爆炸极限及其容器因素

对多元爆炸性混合气体爆炸特性进行了系统的研究,完成了1278次有效试验,获得了28000余个实验数据.仅对H₂,CH₄,CO多元爆炸性混合气体浓度爆炸极限及其容器影响因素进行了探讨,推得了支链爆炸的充要条件式与复相链终止概率的统一表达式.实验表明: H₂,CH₄,CO多元爆炸性混合气体浓度爆炸极限与诸多因素有关,随着容器的扩展性(线性尺度、几何形状、火焰传播方向等)的增大,浓度爆炸极限会增宽.对有关工业安全指标的修订,相关工业尾气与废气的安全回收,有关工业与矿井混合气体爆炸事故的预防,指导支链燃烧与支链爆炸的实践,均具有积极的指导意义.     

H2、CO、CH4混合气体爆炸极限的多元回归分析

H2,CO,CH4是化工生产中常遇到的混合气体,若与空气混合,一定条件下就构成多元爆炸性混合气体,浓度爆炸极限是一个关键性数据。对于多元可燃性混合气体,主要采用Le Chatelier经验方程或对其进行改进后的公式进行估算,但Chatelier经验方程只适用于烃类的混合气体与空气的混合物,对于含氢的多元爆炸性混合气体,预测误差很大。本文对大量的浓度爆炸极限数据进行了多元线性回归分析,建立了爆炸极限预测模型,对于指导多元混合气体支链燃烧与爆炸的理论研究和实践,具有一定的参考价值。     

(H_2+CO+CH_4+Air)多元爆炸性混合气体爆炸形态与波形的区划

对H2,CO,CH4多元体系支链爆炸的爆炸特性与形态进行了系统的研究.探索了浓度爆炸极限、爆炸形态与波形及其影响因素;测定了爆炸危险度、火焰蔓延极限、最小点火能等爆炸特性参数;根据爆炸形态与波形的不同,提出了爆炸形态与波形的新区划理念,在爆炸极限内,可进一步区划为上下限冷焰区、上下限爆燃区、爆轰区、下爆燃向爆轰转化区等6个爆炸形态区,并探讨了不同爆炸形态压力波的发展机制,对进一步研究相关的多元支链爆炸体系,促进多元支链爆炸理论的发展,具有一定的理论价值.实验测得的爆炸危险度、火焰蔓延极限、最小点火能等特性参数,与引进‘关键组分'的概念,对预防混合气体支链爆炸事故的发生,指导防爆电气设备与阻火器设计,修订相关工业的安全指标,指导支链燃烧与支链爆炸的实践,具有积极的现实意义.     

氢氯混合气体光照爆炸实验和氢氧化亚铁制备实验的再改进

对文献报道的氢氯混合气体光照爆炸实验和氢氧化亚铁制备实验的实验设计进行了探讨,优化了实验设计,使实验更易准备,更易操作,更易成功。     

分子诱导效应指数与脂肪族醛酮的沸点

利用分子诱导效应指数，建立了三参数方法计算脂肪族醛酮沸点的关系式： ln(820．5—Tb)＝6．38327—1．23961×10^-1Nc+1．95353△I+6．68434×10^- 2N，式中Nc为脂肪族醛酮中烷基部分的有效碳链长度；△I为具有相同碳原子数目 的支链烷基与直链烷基的诱导效应指数的差值，它表示羟基对醛酮沸点的影响；N 为碳原子数．     

自流平聚氨酯的制备及阻尼甲板的降噪性能

为降低船舶甲板的振动和空气噪声,以支化和线性多元醇,低粘度聚合多异氰酸酯(PMDI)为主要原料制得阻尼聚氨酯,并将其铺设于钢甲板与浮动甲板之间。 探讨了基体结构、阻尼填料等对阻尼层固化时间、流平、阻尼和力学等性能的影响,以及铺设阻尼层前后甲板整体的隔声性能。 结果表明,调节支链和线性多元醇的质量比,可以改变基体的交联程度与结构,支化多元醇提高了聚氨酯的固化速率,硬度,以及力学性能;线性多元醇降低了体系的玻璃化转变温度,使阻尼温域移向低温,损耗因子峰值提高。 铺设于现有浮动甲板结构下2 mm聚氨酯阻尼层,可以有效增加整个甲板平均3 dB的隔声量,且在低频区增加量更大。 制得的聚氨酯阻尼层流动性优越,室温固化时间可控,可方便快捷的一次性自流平施工,对于提高现有浮动甲板的降噪性能具有实际的意义。     

Cu+和Ag+叠氮盐晶体的周期性ab initio计算

过渡金属叠氮盐为化学结构简单的爆燃爆炸性物质．可作为起爆剂或快速反应研究的模型体系。在炸药化学、固体化学和固体物理等领域受到广泛关注．其晶体结构、物理、化学和爆炸性质已有许多报道．但迄今对该类化合物的理论研究方法仅局限于半经验的DV-Xa方法和EH-CO法．     

从能量和信息理论视角理解单取代烷烃的异构化（英文）

对直链烷烃和支链烷烃的相对稳定性统一的解释仍然没有定论,并且一直在进行着。以单取代的烷烃体系C_nH_(2n+1)―R(n=3,4,5,6;R=OH,OCH_3,NH_2,NO_2,F,Cl,CN,CHO)为例,本文对支链效应的有效性和本质进行了研究。与传统的基于轨道的描述不同的是,本文采用了密度泛函理论的总能量和基于新能量分配方案的能量分量[见Liu,S.B.J.Chem.Phys.2007,126,244103]。新型能量分解方法计算结果表明,静电效应和立体效应等对支链效应的存在都起着重要作用,但是它们均不能单独用来解释支链效应的本质。用双变量(静电势和空间位阻)组合,发现单取代烷烃衍生物的异构化反应主要影响因子是静电势作用,空间位阻效应的影响是次要的。此外还发现了香农熵差与Fisher信息差之间的线性关系,未能发现总能量差或者分能量差值和Fisher信息或者Shannon熵之间的关系。这与前人发现是一致的。     

氢、氯混合气光照实验浅析

本文通过对氢、氯混合气体光照下反应机理的分析,找出了影响实验成败的关键因素有混合气体的纯度、氢气是否逸散及光照的间隔时间等,对实验操作进行了改进,保证氢、氯混合气的光照爆炸实验容易成功。     

从能量和信息理论视角理解单取代烷烃的异构化

对直链烷烃和支链烷烃的相对稳定性统一的解释仍然没有定论,并且一直在进行着。以单取代的烷烃体系C_nH_2n+1―R (n = 3, 4, 5, 6;R = OH, OCH₃, NH₂, NO₂, F, Cl, CN, CHO)为例,本文对支链效应的有效性和本质进行了研究。与传统的基于轨道的描述不同的是,本文采用了密度泛函理论的总能量和基于新能量分配方案的能量分量[见Liu, S. B. J. Chem. Phys. 2007, 126, 244103]。新型能量分解方法计算结果表明,静电效应和立体效应等对支链效应的存在都起着重要作用,但是它们均不能单独用来解释支链效应的本质。用双变量(静电势和空间位阻)组合,发现单取代烷烃衍生物的异构化反应主要影响因子是静电势作用,空间位阻效应的影响是次要的。此外还发现了香农熵差与Fisher信息差之间的线性关系,未能发现总能量差或者分能量差值和Fisher信息或者Shannon熵之间的关系。这与前人发现是一致的。     

Explosive limits and its container factors of polybasic explosive mixture gas containing H<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and CO

Explosive characteristics of polybasic explosive mixture gas are systematically researched. Over 28000 experimental data have been obtained from 1278 effective experiments. The paper probes into the concentration explosive limits and the container factors of polybasic explosive mixture gas which contains H2, CH4 and CO. It has worked out the sufficient and necessary condition for branch-chain explosion and the unified expression of the probability of the heterogeneous chain termination. Experiments indicate that the concentration explosive limits of polybasic explosive mixture gas (H2, CH4, CO) relate to many factors. They enlarge with the augmentability of the container (linear size, geometric shape, and flame spread direction). This will be of great significance to guiding the revision of related industrial safety targets, reclaiming and reusing related industrial tail gas and waste gas, taking precautions against the explosion hazard of mixture gas in correlated industry and mines, and applying the br     

Analysis of the effect mechanism of water and CH4 concentration on gas explosion in confined space

In order to study the effect of water and CH₄ concentration on gas explosion, a 20L spherical explosive device was used to carry out a water-containing gas explosion experiment, and the explosion simulation was carried out with CHEMKIN-PRO, the mechanism of water on gas explosion was analyzed from the perspective of free radicals and energy. The results showed that the upper limit of gas explosion, maximum explosion pressure and temperature decreased significantly with the increase of water content. The higher the concentration of CH₄, the more obvious the inhibitory effect of water on gas explosion pressure, and the optimal explosion concentration of CH₄ decreased with the increase of water content. As the water content and CH₄ concentration increase, the residual CH₄ content increases after the explosion, the O₂ content decreases, and the CO content produced increases. When the CH₄ concentration is lower than the optimal concentration, water promotes the formation of CO₂ to a certain extent; when the CH₄ concentration is higher than the optimal explosive concentration, the CO₂ content decreases with the increase of water content. Overall, water inhibits methane explosion, the addition of water on the one hand reduces the concentration of active free radicals H, O, OH, on the other hand, it interferes with the generation of gas explosion energy and consumes the kinetic energy of the gas explosion flame shock wave through heat absorption, thus inhibiting the intensity of gas explosion.     

Research on the explosion characteristics of chlorine dioxide gas

The explosion characteristics of chlorine dioxide gas have been studied for the first time in a cylindrical exploder with a shell capacity of 201. The experimental results have indicated that the lower concentration limit for the explosive decomposition of chlorine dioxide gas is 9.5% （[ClO2]/[air]）, whereas there is no corresponding upper concentration limit. The maximum pressure of explosion relative to the initial pressure was measured as 0.024 MPa at 10% ClO2 and 0.641 MPa at 90% ClO2. The induction time （the time from the moment of sparking to explosion） at 10% ClO2 was 2195 ms, but at 90% ClO2 the induction time was just 8 ms. The explosion reaction mechanism of ClO2 is of a degenerate chain-branching type involving the formation of a stable intermediate （Cl2O3）, from which the chain branching occurs.     

H(2) and CO(2) coadsorption effects in CO adsorption over nanosized Au/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalysts

The present study is focused on the kinetic investigation of the effects of H(2) and CO(2) on the rates related to the elementary steps of CO sorption over Au/gamma-Al(2)O(3). The kinetic study was carried out in a wide temperature range (50-300 degrees C) by the novel methodology of reversed flow gas chromatography (RF-GC). The findings of preliminary coadsorption studies of CO with H(2), O(2) and O(2)+H(2) indicate that a reductive pre-treatment of the Au catalyst with a mixture of CO in excess of H(2) can be more beneficial concerning CO oxidation activity at low temperatures, compared to the usual reduction in a diluted hydrogen atmosphere, most probably due to the easier activation of oxygen molecules. At high temperatures the rate of reversed water gas shift reaction becomes significant resulting in H(2) and CO(2) consumption. The kinetic findings indicate that hydrogen strongly influences the adsorption of CO over Au/gamma-Al(2)O(3), by enhancing CO adsorption at lower temperatures and weakening the strength CO binding. On the other hand, CO(2) adsorption competes that of CO under hydrogen-rich conditions. However, the strength of CO(2) bonding is higher compared to that of CO and it further increases at higher temperatures, in agreement with the observed deactivation of the selective CO oxidation in the presence of CO(2).     

Molecular insight into the high selectivity of double-walled carbon nanotubes

Combining experimental knowledge with molecular simulations, we investigated the adsorption and separation properties of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) against flue/synthetic gas mixture components (e.g. CO(2), CO, N(2), H(2), O(2), and CH(4)) at 300 K. Except molecular H(2), all studied nonpolar adsorbates assemble into single-file chain structures inside DWNTs at operating pressures below 1 MPa. Molecular wires of adsorbed molecules are stabilized by the strong solid-fluid potential generated from the cylindrical carbon walls. CO(2) assembly is formed at very low operating pressures in comparison to all other studied nonpolar adsorbates. The adsorption lock-and-key mechanism results from perfect fitting of rod-shaped CO(2) molecules into the cylindrical carbon pores. The enthalpy of CO(2) adsorption in DWNTs is very high and reaches 50 kJ mol(-1) at 300 K and low pore concentrations. In contrast, adsorption enthalpy at zero coverage is significantly lower for all other studied nonpolar adsorbates, for instance: 35 kJ mol(-1) for CH(4), and 14 kJ mol(-1) for H(2). Applying the ideal adsorption solution theory, we predicted that the internal pores of DWNTs have unusual ability to differentiate CO(2) molecules from other flue/synthetic gas mixture components (e.g. CO, N(2), H(2), O(2), and CH(4)) at ambient operating conditions. Computed equilibrium selectivity for equimolar CO(2)-X binary mixtures (where X: CO, N(2), H(2), O(2), and CH(4)) is very high at low mixture pressures. With an increase in binary mixture pressure, we predicted a decrease in equilibrium separation factor because of the competitive adsorption of the X binary mixture component. We showed that at 300 K and equimolar mixture pressures up to 1 MPa, the CO(2)-X equilibrium separation factor is higher than 10 for all studied binary mixtures, indicating strong preference for CO(2) adsorption. The overall selective properties of DWNTs seem to be superior, which may be beneficial for potential industrial applications of these novel carbon nanostructures.     

Theoretical and experimental correlations of gas dissolution, diffusion, and thermodynamic properties in determination of gas permeability and selectivity in supported ionic liquid membranes

Supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) has the potential to be a new technological platform for gas/organic vapour separation because of the unique non-volatile nature and discriminating gas dissolution properties of room temperature ionic liquids (ILs). This work starts with an examination of gas dissolution and transport properties in bulk imidazulium cation based ionic liquids [C(n)mim][NTf2] (n=2.4, 6, 8.10) from simple gas H(2), N(2), to polar CO(2), and C(2)H(6), leading to a further analysis of how gas dissolution and diffusion are influenced by molecular specific gas-SILMs interactions, reflected by differences in gas dissolution enthalpy and entropy. These effects were elucidated again during gas permeation studies by examining how changes in these properties and molecular specific interactions work together to cause deviations from conventional solution-diffusion theory and their impact on some remarkably contrasting gas perm-selectivity performance. The experimental perm-selectivity for all tested gases showed varied and contrasting deviation from the solution-diffusion, depending on specific gas-IL combinations. It transpires permeation for simpler non-polar gases (H(2), N(2)) is diffusion controlled, but strong molecular specific gas-ILs interactions led to a different permeation and selectivity performance for C(2)H(6) and CO(2). With exothermic dissolution enthalpy and large order disruptive entropy, C(2)H(6) displayed the fastest permeation rate at increased gas phase pressure in spite of its smallest diffusivity among the tested gases. The C(2)H(6) gas molecules "peg" on the side alkyl chain on the imidazulium cation at low concentration, and are well dispersed in the ionic liquids phase at high concentration. On the other hand strong CO(2)-ILs affinity resulted in a more prolonged "residence time" for the gas molecule, typified by reversed CO(2)/N(2) selectivity and slowest CO(2) transport despite CO(2) possess the highest solubility and comparable diffusivity in the ionic liquids. The unique transport and dissolution behaviour of CO(2) are further exploited by examining the residing state of CO(2) molecules in the ionic liquid phase, which leads to a hypothesis of a condensing and holding capacity of ILs towards CO(2), which provide an explanation to slower CO(2) transport through the SILMs. The pressure related exponential increase in permeations rate is also analysed which suggests a typical concentration dependent diffusion rate at high gas concentration under increased gas feed pressure. Finally the strong influence of discriminating and molecular specific gas-ILs interactions on gas perm-selectivity performance points to future specific design of ionic liquids for targeted gas separations.     

Hydrate-based carbon dioxide capture from simulated integrated gasification combined cycle gas

The equilibrium hydrate formation conditions for CO2/H2 gas mixtures with different CO2 concentrations in 0.29 mol% TBAB aqueous solution are firstly measured.The results illustrate that the equilibrium hydrate formation pressure increases remarkably with the decrease of CO2 concentration in the gas mixture.Based on the phase equilibrium data,a three stages hydrate CO2 separation from integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) synthesis gas is investigated.Because the separation efficiency is quite low for the third hydrate separation,a hybrid CO2 separation process of two hydrate stages in conjunction with one chemical absorption process (absorption with MEA) is proposed and studied.The experimental results show H2 concentration in the final residual gas released from the three stages hydrate CO2 separation process was approximately 95.0 mol% while that released from the hybrid CO2 separation process was approximately 99.4 mol%.Thus,the hybrid process is possible to be a promising technology for the industrial application in the future.