自生纳米纤维增强SiO2气凝胶的制备及性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和乙醇超临界干燥工艺制备ZrO_X/SiO₂复合气凝胶,再经1200℃高温热处理得到自生纳米纤维增强SiO₂复合气凝胶。利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、热重和氮气吸附等手段对气凝胶的结构和性能进行了分析,并且测试了样品的压缩强度及真密度。实验结果表明：自生纳米纤维增强SiO₂复合气凝胶具有均匀的多孔网络结构,锆氧纳米纤维是以化学键连接复合的方式无序穿插在气凝胶中,对复合气凝胶的机械强度和隔热性能有明显的改善。经1200℃热处理后的ZrO_X/SiO₂复合气凝胶比表面积为827.22m₂·g^-1,压缩强度为9.68MPa,真密度为0.23g·cm^-3。     

轻质高强度C/Al2O3复合气凝胶的制备及表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法和CO2超临界干燥工艺制备RF/Al2O3复合气凝胶,再经高温热处理过程得到轻质高强度C/Al2O3复合气凝胶,研究了不同热处理温度对气凝胶结构的影响,利用氮气吸附、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等手段对气凝胶的结构和性能进行了分析并且测试了不同热处理温度样品的压缩强度。实验结果表明:C/Al2O3复合气凝胶具有均匀的三维网络结构且成块性好,随着热处理温度的升高,气凝胶比表面积和强度均先增大后减小,当1 400℃时,C/Al2O3复合气凝胶比表面积最高,为831 m2.g-1,压缩强度最大,为9.5 MPa。     

勃姆石纤维增强二氧化硅气凝胶的制备及性能

以六水合氯化铝为铝源, 通过水热法制备勃姆石纤维; 以甲基三甲氧基硅烷和正硅酸乙酯为硅源共前驱体, 采用溶胶-凝胶法进而常压干燥制备了勃姆石纤维掺杂的二氧化硅复合气凝胶; 探究了勃姆石纤维的掺杂量对复合气凝胶性能的影响. 当勃姆石纤维的掺杂量(质量分数)为1%时, 气凝胶的机械性能最好, 能够承受17.1%的压缩应变, 最大压缩强度为1.12 MPa, 压缩模量高达2.57 MPa, 复合气凝胶在150 ℃仍然具有较低的导热系数(0.0670 W·m^?1·K^?1). 勃姆石纤维能够一定程度地抑制二氧化硅颗粒在高温下的烧结和相转变, 对二氧化硅气凝胶的耐高温性能有显著的提升作用, 复合气凝胶在1100 ℃高温热处理后, 仍能保持良好的隔热性能和较高的机械强度.     

TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶：常压干燥制备及性能表征

以廉价的四氯化钛和工业水玻璃为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制得TiO2-SiO2复合湿凝胶,用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)/乙醇(EtOH)/正己烷(Hexane)混合溶液对湿凝胶进行改性,常压干燥制备了TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)及N2吸附/脱附法对复合气凝胶的形貌和性质进行了分析.结果表明,TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶具有连续多孔结构,150℃干燥后复合气凝胶的比表面积为1 076 m2·g-1,孔体积为4.96 cm3·g-1;经550 ℃热处理后,复合气凝胶仍然具有高的孔隙率,比表面积为856 m2·g-1,孔体积为3.46 cm3·g-1.吸附和光催化降解罗丹明B的结果表明,复合气凝胶同时具有较好的吸附和光催化性能,其吸附/光催化协同作用活性优于纯SiO2气凝胶和锐钛矿TiO2粉末;且重复利用四次降解率仍然可达到89%.     

纳米孔莫来石陶瓷材料的制备

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)提供硅源、纳米氧化铝(d90=50 nm)提供铝源,通过溶胶-凝胶法与超临界干燥技术,制备了分散纳米氧化铝的SiO2气凝胶块体,所得复合气凝胶块体经1200℃、1300℃热处理后,得到了纳米孔莫来石陶瓷材料。XRD测试表明:凝胶体在1 200℃热处理后发生了莫来石化,1300℃莫来石化基本完成。压汞仪与场发射扫描电镜结果显示:凝胶块体经1 200、1 300℃热处理后,形成了具有纳米多孔结构的莫来石陶瓷材料,其骨架结构包含有200~400 nm的大孔,以及大量位于其孔壁上的6~30 nm的介孔。由于莫来石化的进行,热处理后的陶瓷材料的纳米孔结构具有更高的热稳定性。     

添加三甲基乙氧基硅烷制备耐高温硅/铝复合气凝胶

以仲丁醇铝(ASB)和三甲基乙氧基硅烷(TMEO)为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法,经乙醇超临界干燥制备了耐温高、成型性好的硅/铝复合气凝胶。用透射电子显微镜、N2吸附分析仪、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、hot disk热分析仪等仪器表征了气凝胶的形貌、孔结构、表面基团、晶相、热学等性能。在溶胶-凝胶过程中,通过添加TMEO在氧化铝纳米颗粒表面引入了-Si-(CH_3)_3基团,该基团经高温热处理后会在Al_2O_3表面形成SiO_2纳米颗粒,有效地抑制了Al_2O_3纳米颗粒在高温下的晶体生长,使得该复合气凝胶具有优异的耐温性能。在1 200℃高温处理后,线性收缩低至16%,比表面积可达141 m~2·g~(-1),这将进一步促进气凝胶材料在高温保温隔热、吸附、催化等领域的广泛应用。     

耐高温核/壳结构TiO2/SiO2复合气凝胶的制备及其光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为源, 采用苯胺-丙酮原位生成水溶胶-凝胶法, 在乙醇超临界干燥过程中用部分水解的钛醇盐和硅醇盐对TiO₂凝胶进行超临界修饰制备了具有核/壳纳米结构的块体TiO₂/SiO₂复合气凝胶. 制备的复合气凝胶具有优异的机械性能, 其杨氏模量可达4.5 MPa. 复合气凝胶同时具有极好的高温热稳定性. 经过1000 ℃热处理后, 线性收缩由纯TiO₂气凝胶的31%降至复合气凝胶的10%, 且比表面积由纯TiO₂气凝胶的31 m²·g^-1提升至复合气凝胶的143 m²·g^-1. 此外, 该复合气凝胶经1000 ℃热处理后具有优异的光催化降解亚甲基蓝的性能. 其优异的光催化性能得益于TiO₂/SiO₂复合气凝胶1000 ℃处理后高的比表面积和小的颗粒尺寸. 优良的耐热性能、力学性能和光催化性能使获得的具有核/壳纳米结构的TiO₂/SiO₂复合气凝胶在光催化领域具有良好的应用前景.     

结构强健的Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶的 制备及可重复使用性能

通过纳米晶组装技术, 构筑了Al₂O₃-SiO₂复合气凝胶; 利用不同组分耐温性的差异, 经过热处理过程得到了骨架强健的Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶. 研究了不同配比及热处理温度对材料微观结构和组分的影响, 确定了最佳制备条件, 得到了比表面积为123.9 m ²/g, 密度为 0.25 g/cm ³, 导热系数为0.029 W·m ^-1·K ^-1的气凝胶材料. 在泡水和冰冻等极端环境下, 气凝胶材料未发生结构的破坏, 模拟10次重复隔热应用(800 ℃, 30 min)后导热系数保持不变. 该隔热性气凝胶的开发有望解决未来飞行器隔热材料需重复使用的技术瓶颈, 为开发新型气凝胶隔热材料提供了新思路.     

纤维复合基石墨烯气凝胶在水处理中的应用

采用静电纺丝制备聚丙烯腈（PAN）纳米纤维,把PAN纳米纤维、氧化石墨烯（GO）和氨基三亚甲基膦酸（ATMP）交联剂采用水热法制备成PAN纤维含量不同的复合石墨烯气凝胶。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）等表征气凝胶的结构和化学组成,用紫外分光光度计（Uv-vis）研究气凝胶的吸附性能。气凝胶对亚甲基蓝（MB）的吸附动力学和等温线模型分别符合准二阶动力学和Langmuir等温吸附。同时,复合气凝胶在50%压缩应变下的应力随着电纺纤维含量的增加而增加。当氧化石墨烯（GO）与纤维的重量比为1∶4时,50%压缩应变下的应力达到7.34 kPa,比没有纤维的气凝胶提高183%。     

块状TiO2/SiO2气凝胶的非超临界干燥法制备及其表征

分别通过TiO2和SiO2的单独溶胶和TiO2/SiO2复合凝胶,并添加干燥控制化学添加剂甲酰胺,形成比较完善的凝胶网络结构,同时通过正硅酸乙酯的乙醇溶液浸泡,低表面张力溶剂替换和分级陈化以及干燥等步骤,实现了块状TiO2/SiO2复合气凝胶的非超临界干燥制备.所得TiO2/SiO2气凝胶为无色或乳白色轻质块状多孔固体,表观密度约0.4～0.9g/cm3,孔隙率约80%～95%.它由直径约10nm的TiO2和SiO2微粒相互分散复合而成,孔洞直径约几十纳米.其相态SiO2为无定形,TiO2为锐钛矿晶型.随着焙烧温度的升高,直到800℃不发生相变化.     

Crystal growth, structure determination, and optical properties of new potassium-rare-earth silicates K3RESi2O7 (RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)

Single crystals of K₃RESi₂O₇ (RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) were grown from a potassium fluoride flux. Two different structure types were found for this series. Silicates containing the larger rare earths, RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb crystallize in a structure K₃RESi₂O₇ that contains the rare-earth cation in both a slightly distorted octahedral and an ideal trigonal prismatic coordination environment, while in K₃LuSi₂O₇, containing the smallest of the rare earths, lutetium is found solely in an octahedral coordination environment. The structure of K₃LuSi₂O₇ crystallizes in space group P6₃/mmc with a=5.71160(10) Å and c=13.8883(6) Å. The structures containing the remaining rare earths crystallize in the space group P6₃/mcm with the lattice parameters of a=9.9359(2) Å, c=14.4295(4) Å, (K₃GdSi₂O₇); a=9.88730(10) Å, c=14.3856(3) Å, (K₃TbSi₂O₇); a=9.8673(2) Å, c=14.3572(4) Å, (K₃DySi₂O₇); a=9.8408(3) Å, c=14.3206(6) Å, (K₃HoSi₂O₇); a=9.82120(10) Å, c=14.2986(2) Å, (K₃ErSi₂O₇); a=9.80200(10) Å, c=14.2863(4) Å, (K₃TmSi₂O₇); a=9.78190(10) Å, c=14.2401(3) Å, (K₃YbSi₂O₇). The optical properties of the silicates were investigated and K₃TbSi₂O₇ was found to fluoresce in the visible.     

Li_(1.3)Ti_(1.7)Al_(0.3)(PO_4)_3,Na_(1.3)Ti_(1.7)Al_(0.3)(PO_4)_3的离子交换研究

研究了在不同温度下的NaNO3和AgNO3水溶液中Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3和Na1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3离子交换行为.实验表明Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3和Na1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3均显示出了高选择性与Na+和Ag+进行离子交换的特征,且对Ag+的选择性高于Na+.升高温度可显著提高Ag/Li和Ag/Na的交换反应速度.     

The crystal chemistry of Bi6TP2O15+x, T=Fe, Ni, Zn: Isomorphism and polymorphism, structural relationship to Bi6TiP2O16

The crystal structures of compounds with nominal compositions Bi₆FeP₂O_15+x (I), Bi₆NiP₂O_15+x (II) and Bi₆ZnP₂O_15+x (III) were determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. They are monoclinic, space group I2, Z=2. The lattice parameters for (I) are a=11.2644(7), b=5.4380(3), c=11.1440(5) Å, β=96.154(4)°; for (II) a=11.259(7), b=5.461(4), c=11.109(7) Å, β=96.65(1)°; for (III) a=19.7271(5), b=5.4376(2), c=16.9730(6) Å, β=131.932(1)°. Least squares refinements on F² converged for (I) to R1=0.0554, wR₂=0.1408; for (II) R₁=0.0647, wR₂=0.1697; for (III) R₁=0.0385, wR₂=0.1023. The crystals are complexly twinned by 2-fold rotation about , by inversion and by mirror reflection. The structures consist of edge-sharing articulations of OBi₄ tetrahedra forming layers in the a-c plane that then continue by edge-sharing parallel to the b-axis. The three-dimensional networks are bridged by Fe and Ni octahedra in (I) and (II) and by Zn trigonal bipyramids in (III) as well as by oxygen atoms of the PO₄ moieties. Bi also randomly occupies the octahedral sites. Oxygen vacancies exist in the structures of the three compounds due to required charge balances and they occur in the octahedral coordination polyhedron of the transition metal. In compound (III), no positional disorder in atomic sites is present. The Bi-O coordination polyhedra are trigonal prisms with one, two or three faces capped. Magnetic susceptibility data for compound (I) were obtained between 4.2 and 350 K. Between 4.2 and 250 K it is paramagnetic, μ_eff=6.1 μ_B; a magnetic transition occurs above 250 K.     

Near infrared study of aqueous rare-earth ethylsulfates

The near infrared spectra of aqueous solutions of the ethylsulfates of La, Nd, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb, Lu, Y, and Na have been determined from about 0.2 mol-dm^–3 to nearly saturation. The extinction coefficients of water have been calculated taking into account the absorption of ethylslfate anions determined in separate experiments. Their values appeared to be nearly the same as that of pure water. The relative contents of free OH groups in 0.5 and 0.7M solutions have been estimated from the absorbances at 1160 nm. They were lower in solutions of the heavy rare-earth ethylsulfates (Tb, Er, Yb, Lu) than in equimolar solutions of the lighter ones (La, Nd), confirming our previous view that secondary hydration of the heavy trivalent rare-earth cations is distinctly stronger than that of the lighter ones. A comparison of the spectra of these aqueous ethylsulfates with those of perchlorates shows that the structure-breaking ability of the C₂H₅SO ₄ ^– ion is much smaller than that of perchlorate anion.     

电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-AES)测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量

针对银精矿样品复杂,难消解的特点,研究了不同酸溶法和碱熔法对样品的消解情况,建立了硝酸,盐酸,氢氟酸,高氯酸消解银精矿的方法。根据元素灵敏度和抗干扰性,选定各元素的测定波长。通过酸溶样和碱熔样测定结果比对,验证了方法准确性。建立了四酸消解-电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的方法,元素的线性相关系数均在0.9999以上。通过共存元素干扰实验,确定了银精矿中高含量元素(铜、铅、锌、铁、锑、铋等)对测定元素结果没有影响。方法检出限：Cu 0.0063 mg/L, Pb 0.0159 mg/L ,Zn 0.0090 mg/L,As 0.0192 mg/L, Cd 0.0093 mg/L ,Ca 0.0084 mg/L, Mg 0.0075 mg/L, Mn 0.0081 mg/L。测定下限：Cu 0.0105mg/L,Pb 0.0265 mg/L, Zn 0.0150 mg/L, As 0.0320 mg/L, Cd 0.0155 mg/L, Ca 0.0140 mg/L, Mg 0.0125 mg/L,Mn 0.0135 mg/L。3个样品的相对标准偏差在0.87%~3.56%之间,加标回收率在95.00%~103.56%之间。方法流程短,操作简单,快速,灵敏度和再现性高,结果准确可靠,可以满足银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的测定。     

Structural studies of five layer Aurivillius oxides: A2Bi4Ti5O18 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb)

The room temperature structures of the five layer Aurivillius phases A₂Bi₄Ti₅O₁₈ (A=Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb) have been refined from powder neutron diffraction data using the Rietveld method. The structures consist of [Bi₂O₂]²⁺ layers interleaved with perovskite-like [A₂Bi₂Ti₅O₁₆]²⁻ blocks. The structures were refined in the orthorhombic space group B2eb (SG. No. 41), Z=4, and the unit cell parameters of the oxides are a=5.4251(2), b=5.4034(1), c=48.486(1); a=5.4650(2), b=5.4625(3), c=48.852(1); a=5.4988(3), b=5.4980(4), c=50.352(1); a=5.4701(2), b=5.4577(2), c=49.643(1) for A=Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb, respectively. The structural features of the compounds were found similar to n=2-4 layers bismuth oxides. The strain caused by mismatch of cell parameter requirements for the [Bi₂O₂]²⁺ layers and perovskite-like [A₂Bi₂Ti₅O₁₆]²⁻ blocks were relieved by tilting of the TiO₆ octahedra. Variable temperature synchrotron X-ray studies for Ca and Pb compounds showed that the orthorhombic structure persisted up to 675 and 475 K, respectively. Raman spectra of the compounds are also presented.     

B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Al2O3玻璃助烧剂对BaTiO3陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响

通过调节B₂O₃-Bi₂O₃-ZnO-Al₂O₃(BBZA)玻璃的添加量研究其对钛酸钡(BaTiO₃)陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适量的BBZA玻璃能够有效地将BaTiO₃陶瓷烧结温度由1 350℃降至950℃,并使其致密化。同时,添加BBZA玻璃后,BaTiO₃的晶体结构随着烧结温度的升高而发生转变(立方相→四方相)。另外,BBZA玻璃的引入使BaTiO₃陶瓷的居里峰得到了有效的抑制和拓宽。陶瓷微观形貌显示,玻璃相均匀分布在BaTiO₃晶粒表面。优化的BaTiO₃陶瓷制备条件如下：BBZA添加量(质量分数)为2.0%,烧结温度为950℃。在该条件下制备的BaTiO₃陶瓷介电常数达到1 364,介电损耗低至1.2%。     

Preparation of ZrO2-TiO2-CeO2 and Its Application in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3

TiO₂,ZrO₂-TiO₂,andZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ were prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area measurements (BET), temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). The results showed that ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ exhibited large number of surface strong acid, possessed some oxygen storage capacity, and strong redox property. The three materials were used as supports and the monolith catalysts were prepared with 1% (w) V₂O₅ and 9% (w)WO₃ for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of excessive O₂, and the results of catalytic activity showed that the catalyst used ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ as support yielded nearly 100% NO conversion at 275 °C at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 10000 h⁻¹, and it had the best catalytic activity and showed great potential for practical application.     

The Phase Relations in the System In2O3–TiO2–MgO at 1100 and 1350°C

The phase relations in the system In₂O₃–TiO₂–MgO at 1100 and 1350°C are determined by a classical quenching method. In this system, there are four pseudobinary compounds, In₂TiO₅, MgTi₂O₅ (pseudobrookite type), MgTiO₃ (ilmenite type), and Mg₂TiO₄ (spinel type) at 1100°C. At 1350°C, in addition to these compounds there exist a spinel-type solid solution Mg_2−xIn_2xTi_1−xO₄ (0≤x≤1) and a compound In₆Ti₆MgO₂₂ with lattice constants a=5.9236(7) Å, b=3.3862(4) Å, c=6.3609(7) Å, β=108.15(1)°, and q=0.369, which is isostructural with the monoclinic In₃Ti₂FeO₁₀ in the system In₂O₃–TiO₂–MgO. The relation between the lattice constants of the spinel phase and the composition nearly satisfies Vegard's law. In₆Ti₆MgO₂₂ extends a solid solution range to In₂₀Ti₁₇Mg₃O₆₇ with lattice constants of a=5.9230(5) Å, b=3.3823(3) Å, c=6.3698(6) Å, β=108.10(5)°, and q=0.360. The distributions of constituent cations in the solid solutions are discussed in terms of their ionic radius and site preference effect.     

Solid-solid interactions in pure and Li2O-doped manganese and magnesium mixed oxides system

The solid-solid interactions between manganese and magnesium oxides in absence and in presence of small amounts of Li₂O have been investigated. The molar ratios between manganese and magnesium oxides in the form of Mn₂O₃ and MgO were varied between 0.05:1 to 0.5:1. The mixed solids were calcined in air at 400-1000°C. The techniques employed were DTA, XRD and H₂O₂ decomposition at 20-40°C.The results obtained revealed that solid-solid interactions took place between the reacting solids at 600-1000°C yielding magnesium manganates (Mg₂MnO₄, Mg₆MnO₈, MgMnO₄ besides unreacted portions of MgO, Mn₂O₃ and Mn₃O₄). Li₂O-doping (0.75-6 mol%) of the investigated system followed by calcination at 600 and 800°C decreased progressively the intensity of the diffraction lines of Mn₂O₃ (Bixbyite) with subsequent increase in the lattice parameter 'a' of MgO to an extent proportional to the amount of Li₂O added. This finding might suggest that the doping process enhanced the dissolution of Mn₂O₃ in MgO forming solid solution. This treatment led also to the formation of Li₂MnO₃. Furthermore, the doping with 3 and 6 mol% Li₂O conducted at 800°C resulted in the conversion of Mn₂O₃ into Mn₃O₄, a process that took place at 1000°C in absence of Li₂O. The produced Li₂MnO₃ phase remained stable by heating at up to 1000°C. Furthermore, Li₂O doping of the investigated system at 400-1000°C resulted in a progressive measurable increase in the particle size of MgO.The catalytic activity measurements showed that the increase in the molar ratio of Mn₂O₃ in the samples precalcined at 400-800°C was accompanied by a significant increase in the catalytic activity of the treated solids. The maximum increase in the catalytic activity expressed as reaction rate constant measured at 20°C (k _20°C) attained 3.14, 2.67 and 3.25-fold for the solids precalcined at 400, 600 and 800°C, respectively. Li₂O-doping of the samples having the formula 0.1 Mn₂O₃/MgO conducted at 400-600°C brought a progressive significant increase in its catalytic activity. The maximum increase in the value of k _20°C due to Li₂O attained 1.93 and 2.75-fold for the samples preheated at 400 and 600°C, respectively and opposite effect was found for the doped samples preheated at 800°C.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.