Statistical mechanics of diffusion in polymers: Conductivity and electroosmosis in ion exchange membranes

The dependency of swelling of an ion exchange membrane and its ion-exchange capacity on the conductivity and electroosmosis are investigated. The analysis is based on a rigorous statistical mechanics theory employing the formalism of the generalized Nernst–Planck equation in the dusty gas membrane model. The simulation uses binary diffusivities computed from experimental data. Some unexpected conclusions can be drawn from the computed transport characteristics: at constant swelling of the polymeric membrane the equivalent conductivity decreases with the exchange capacity; the enhancement of conductivity by electroosmosis is rather poor, in all cases smaller than 15 %; conductivity of the material is more dependent on its exchange capacity than on swelling.

The calculations confirm that an optimized membrane with low electroosmosis is a highly charged membrane with low swelling. We show that the simple binary theories lead to wrong predictions of the conductivity even qualitatively. Finally, we propose a simple empirical theory, compatible with the generalized Nernst–Planck equation, where the diffusivities increase exponentially with swelling.     

Investigation of artificial biomembrane systems in biopartitioning micellar chromatography by method of mathematical design

An attempt to create and study an artificial membrane system was realized via biopartitioning micellar liquid chromatography. Towards this end the known formula of membrane permeability (on the basis of Fick's diffusion equation) was modified so that membrane permeability may be estimated in terms of chromatographic characteristics. The two-factoral experiments on the basis of mathematical design of second order were carried out. The regression equations are derived which describe the dependence of membrane permeability on the concentration of polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether in the mobile phase and its flow-rate for compounds with biomedical significance. Some regularities were revealed, which characterize the permeability of compounds of the different nature through membranes. The extremal dependence (with passing through minimum) of permeability on the concentration of non-ionic surfactant was observed for anionic compounds. The increasing character of permeability in relation with flow-rate of mobile phase was recognized for cationic samples. Both dependences were basically fulfilled for zwitterionic compounds.     

The cavity models and the curvature dependence of the surface tension. Spherical cavities in anisotropic solvents

In the present work the solution process of globular solutes (xenon, cyclohexane, cyclooctane and adamantane) in n-alkane solvents is analyzed. New experimental data on solution enthalpies of adamantane in those solvents are presented. The cavity model previously proposed is corrected with respect to the dependence of the surface tension on the curvature radius of the microscopic cavity and a new equation is proposed to describe this dependence.     

Development of Abraham model correlations for enthalpies of solvation of organic solutes dissolved in 1,3-dioxolane

Published excess enthalpy of mixing data has been assembled from the chemical literature for binary mixtures containing 1,3-dioxalane. The experimental data were converted into partial molar enthalpies of solution and enthalpies of solvation for solutes dissolved in 1,3-dioxolane using standard thermodynamic relationships. The compiled enthalpy of solvation data for 59 different organic solutes was used to derive mathematical correlations based on the Abraham solvation parameter model. The derived correlations describe the experimental enthalpy of solvation data in 1,3-dioxolane to within a standard deviation of 2.0 kJ mol^?1.     

四元交互体系Li+，K+/CL-，CO2-3-H2O在298 K时相平衡及物理化学性质研究

Zabuye Saline Lake, Tibet, China, is unrivalled in the world for its very high salinity, in particular, for the very high concentration of ions of lithium, potassium, and boron in the brine. It belongs to alkaline and carbonate-borate-type salt lake. As a part of the study on phase equilibrium of the 6component subsystem Li+, Na+, K+/C1-, CO2-3, B4O2-7-H2O of the brine system, a study on the reciprocal quaternary system Li+, K+/C1-, CO32-H2O at 298 K was done with isothermal dissolution equilibrium method in the present work. The phase equilibrium of the reciprocal quaternary system Li+,K+/C1, CO2-3-H2O at 298 K was studied with isothermal dissolution method in this work. The physicochemistry properties of the corresponding equilibrium solutions such as densities, viscosities, refractive index, conductivities and pH value were determined. The dried salt diagram of the system consists of four crystallization fields (KC1, Li2CO3, LiCI·H2O, K2CO3·3/2H2O) and five isothermal solubility curves.There are no double slat or solid solution found. Pitzer′s model of the electrolyte solution theory was used for parameterization from the results of solubility determination for subsystems and the prediction of solubilities for the reciprocal quaternary system was made. The solubility data of the experiment are in agreement with those calculated.     

Some model inhomogeneous electron liquid in D dimensions: relation between energy and chemical potential and a spatial generalisation of Kato's nuclear cusp theorem

After a brief survey on the application of the Thomas–Fermi statistical method to bare Coulomb potential satisfying Laplace equation in D dimensions, which then relates energy and chemical potential, we next focus attention on model atomic ions with merely one and two electrons in D dimensions. In particular, for a bare Coulomb field we use the nodeless radial eigenfunctions given by Herschbach in D dimensions to derive the spatial generalization of Kato's nuclear cusp theorem in D dimensions for D?>?1. The unbinding of H ^? as a function of dimensionality D is also briefly referred.     

Protonation of carbonate in aqueous tetraalkylammonium salts at 25 degrees C

Protonation constants of carbonate were determined in tetramethylammonium chloride (Me₄NCl_aq 0.1 ≤ I/mol kg⁻¹ ≤ 4) and tetraethylammonium iodide (Et₄NI_aq 0.1 ≤ I/mol kg⁻¹ ≤ 1) by potentiometric ([H⁺]-glass electrode) measurements. Dependence of protonation constants on ionic strength was taken into account by modified specific ion interaction theory (SIT) and by Pitzer models. Literature data on the protonation of carbonate in NaCl_aq (0.1 ≤ I/mol kg⁻¹ ≤ 6) were also critically analysed. Both protonation constants of carbonate follow the trend Et₄NI > Me₄NCl > NaCl. An ion pair formation model designed to take into account the different protonation behaviours of carbonate in different supporting electrolytes was also evaluated.