一种阿霉素/NO供体光敏纳米复合物的合成与性质研究

以硫化铜纳米晶(CuS-NCs)为核心,聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺接枝壳聚糖(PNIPAM-g-CS)微粒为壳合成一种新型光敏纳米复合材料.在温度的调节下,N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)包覆CuS纳米晶,并接枝壳聚糖(CS),合成CuS杂PNIPAM-g-CS纳米复合材料.CuS在近红外光(980 nm)照射下具有光热效应,导致纳米复合物中PNIPAM-g-CS微粒受热体积收缩.负载阿霉素,这种纳米复合物就可作为光热诱导释放阿霉素的多功能纳米载体.再负载NO光敏供体(RBS),就可制备出阿霉素/RBS双负载的CuS杂PNIPAM-g-CS纳米载体.在可见光(365 nm)照射下,RBS光解释放NO.近红外光和可见光分别触发纳米载体释放阿霉素和NO,加上CuS纳米晶的光热效应,这种纳米载体可实现光触发双药物释放协同光热化疗杀伤肿瘤细胞.     

金纳米笼探针用于线粒体成像和光热损伤细胞

线粒体是许多细胞行为的关键调节细胞器,线粒体膜电位降低被认为是细胞凋亡所发生的最早事件之一,因此线粒体成像及其膜电位的检测分析,对疾病的检测与治疗有重要的科学意义.采用金纳米笼(Aunanocages,Au NCs)介导的光热损伤与温度敏感的药物释放相结合,开发了一种线粒体靶向的荧光纳米探针AuNCs/PLEL/JC/KLA.引入一种线粒体靶向肽(KLAKLAKKLAKLAK,KLA),作为纳米探针的“指向标”,指引着探针特异地靶向到细胞线粒体部位,随后在近红外光的照射下, AuNCs吸收光能转化为热量,实现光热介导的细胞损伤.同时,高温促使外层温敏水凝胶发生凝胶-溶胶转变,实现荧光染料(JC-10)的释放.所释放的JC-10荧光染料可根据线粒体的活力表现出两种荧光信号,用于监测线粒体膜电位的变化.总之,该荧光纳米探针不仅实现了线粒体靶向的荧光成像与损伤细胞,同时还可以监测线粒体膜电位的变化.     

还原和温度双重敏感P(NIPAM-AA)纳米凝胶的合成及载药性能

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)和丙烯酸(AA)为单体,N,N'-双丙烯酰胱胺(BAC)为交联剂,采用自由基沉淀聚合方法制备了一系列温度和还原敏感聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸(PNA)纳米凝胶.利用红外光谱、拉曼光谱、动态光散射、紫外-可见光谱和扫描电子显微镜等方法表征了纳米凝胶的结构、粒径、Zeta电位和形貌等,研究了PNA纳米凝胶对阿霉素盐酸盐(DOX)的负载和释放行为.结果表明,BAC的浓度对PNA纳米凝胶的温敏性和还原敏感性及载药率和药物缓释性能有较大影响.当BAC的浓度为0.32和1.6mmol/L时,PNA纳米凝胶具有很好的载药率,但BAC的浓度为0.32 mmol/L时,纳米凝胶交联密度较低,低温时DOX也能轻易扩散出来,释放4 h时,25和37℃的释放率分别为56%和58%,温度控制释放不明显.当BAC的浓度为1.6 mmol/L时,释放4 h时,25和37℃及模拟细胞还原微环境下[37℃,二硫苏糖醇(DTT)浓度为4 mmol/L]的释放率分别为56%,61%和77%,可见PNA纳米凝胶有一定的温度和还原敏感性,能很好地控制药物释放,适合作为药物载体.     

多重响应性介孔二氧化硅纳米微球的制备及载药研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了以油酸稳定的Fe3O4为核, 十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂的磁响应性的介孔二氧化硅纳米微球; 通过孔道内修饰羧基和巯基, 链转移反应修饰线性的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-co-N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺)共聚物得到多重响应性的介孔二氧化硅纳米微球P(NIPAM-co-NHMA)@M-MSN(-COOH). 利用Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外光谱(UV/Vis)表征了微球的物理化学性质. 阿霉素(DOX)被用作模型药物研究了这种多重响应性的介孔二氧化硅纳米微球作为药物载体的载药及药物释放行为, 结果显示这种纳米微球载药率高达48%, 药物释放呈现对温度和pH的双重响应性, 可以实现对药物的控制释放.     

功能化金纳米星作为药物载体用于乳腺癌光热和化疗的协同治疗研究

采用一步合成法将氯金酸(HAuCl_4)与pH=7.4的4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(HEPES)缓冲溶液合成尺寸约为25 nm的星形金纳米颗粒(金纳米星),其吸收峰位于750 nm。通过Au-S键将16-巯基十六烷基酸(C_(16)H_(32)O_2S)修饰于金纳米星表面,然后负载抗肿瘤药物盐酸阿霉素(DOX),所得材料的吸收峰红移至800 nm,同时在480 nm处出现DOX特征吸收峰。用牛血清白蛋白(BSA)对其进行包覆,以增加其稳定性和生物相容性,材料的吸收峰红移至806 nm,粒径也显著增大,说明BSA被成功包覆于载药纳米材料表面。将上述载药纳米复合材料与乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)孵育,考察其光热治疗与化疗的协同治疗效果。细胞活力实验结果表明,单纯的激光照射对细胞存活率基本没有影响;加入未负载DOX的金纳米复合物,并经过激光照射后,相对于对照组细胞存活率为85%;只加入同浓度的DOX并经过激光照射后,细胞的相对存活率为70%;加入负载DOX的金纳米复合材料并经过激光照射后,细胞存活率仅为对照组的25%。上述结果表明,所合成的载药纳米复合材料可对乳腺癌进行光热治疗与化疗的协同治疗,提高对乳腺癌的治疗效率。     

AuNPs/PNIPAM复合颗粒的制备及其温敏性质

将金纳米颗粒(AuNPs)组装到聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)水凝胶微球表面制备出AuNPs/PNIPAM复合颗粒. 将PNIPAM 凝胶的温敏特性与AuNPs的光学性质结合, 通过改变温度调节AuNPs的局部表面等离子共振(LSPR)吸收峰位置. 研究结果表明, 温度升高使AuNPs的LSPR吸收峰发生红移, 并且这种效应是可逆的. 同时发现, AuNPs的光学性质还可以作为表征PNIPAM水凝胶微球温敏行为的一种手段. 利用透射电镜、紫外-可见光谱仪及动态光散射仪对AuNPs/PNIPAM复合颗粒的形貌、光学性质、粒径变化等进行了分析.     

新型壳聚糖基自组装纳米胶束紫杉醇药物释放载体

以N-胆甾醇琥珀酰基-O-羧甲基壳聚糖(CCMC, 胆甾醇基取代度6.9%)为原料, 在水溶液中通过探头超声处理制备其自组装凝胶纳米胶束, 采用稳态荧光探针法考察临界胶束浓度, 并通过透射电镜和动态激光散射仪检测胶束的形态大小. 以紫杉醇为模型药物, 采用透析法制备载药CCMC纳米胶束, 并通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)考察其在纳米胶束中的包载及释放情况. 结果显示, CCMC为两亲性高分子, 在水溶液中能形成粒径为198.4 nm的规则球状胶束, 临界胶束浓度为0.018 mg/mL. 紫杉醇顺利包载于CCMC-纳米胶束内, 载药量高达34.9%; 随着载药量的增加, 胶束粒径呈增大的趋势. 体外释放实验结果显示, CCMC纳米胶束能延缓紫杉醇的释放, 释药速度和释放介质pH值密切相关.     

pH/酶/光热多重响应的金纳米笼/透明质酸核壳结构纳米载体的制备与性能

以金纳米笼(AuNC)为核, 巯基化改性的透明质酸(LC-HA)为壳, 盐酸阿霉素(DOX)为药物模型, 通过简单的一锅法制备了核壳结构载药纳米粒子DOX@AuNC@HA(DAH). 金纳米笼为药物装载提供容器且赋予载体光热性能, 改性的透明质酸对金纳米笼进行包封并提供pH/酶响应及靶向介导功能. 对DAH的结构进行了表征, 并进行了载药、 控释性能以及细胞摄取和细胞毒性的研究. 结果表明, 核壳结构纳米微粒DAH具有较高的载药能力, 在激光源的照射下具有较好的循环稳定性和较高的光热转换率. 在pH=7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液中, DAH具有较高的稳定性, 20 h的药物泄露率低于20%; 而在酸性环境、 透明质酸酶(HAase)及光热作用下, DAH均能较快地释放出装载的药物, 展现出较好的刺激响应性. 此外, DAH能够更多地被肿瘤细胞摄取, 表现出一定的靶向性; 当化疗与光热疗法共同作用时, 肿瘤细胞的活性大大减弱, 展现出了联合疗法的优势及潜力.     

可注射的壳聚糖/纳米金温敏性水凝胶的构筑及其光热性能研究

为提高对恶性肿瘤的治疗效率,制备了具有光热性能的壳聚糖/纳米金可注射性水凝胶用于肿瘤的多次光热治疗.选用生物基大分子壳聚糖(CS)原位还原制备了壳聚糖-纳米金(CS-Au NPs)复合物.再加入β-甘油磷酸钠(β-GP)制备了相转变温度接近人体体温的温敏性水凝胶(CGP/Au NPs).实验结果表明,CGP/Au NPs在室温下为溶胶,具有可注射性;达到人体体温后,快速形成凝胶.由于Au NPs的表面等离子体共振效应,基于壳聚糖/纳米金的复合凝胶在激光照射下具有优异的光热转换性能,最高温度可达55°C,而且在多次激光照射后仍可以保持较好的光热转换能力.Au NPs可在壳聚糖水凝胶的帮助下长时间固定于病灶,用于肿瘤的多次光热治疗.另外,CGP/Au NPs复合水凝胶具有良好的稳定性,Au NPs在凝胶内部分布均匀一致,可有效避免Au NPs聚集而产生局部高温或从凝胶内部泄漏而影响光热治疗的效果.同时,CGP/Au NPs具有优异的生物相容性和生物可降解性能.因此,基于壳聚糖与Au NPs的可注射性水凝胶,有望实现肿瘤的“一次注射,多次光热治疗”的目的.     

聚多巴胺-阿霉素纳米颗粒对癌细胞的化疗-光热治疗协同作用

通过在水相中加入乙醇和氨水, 将单分子多巴胺聚合成具有良好光热转换能力的聚多巴胺纳米颗粒(PDA), 并利用π-π作用与共价键作用, 将抗癌药物阿霉素(Dox)负载到聚多巴胺纳米颗粒的表面, 制备了聚多巴胺纳米颗粒负载阿霉素(PDA-Dox), 研究了PDA-Dox的药物缓释性能. 结果发现, PDA-Dox能够在酸性环境下增加药物释放. 细胞实验显示, PDA-Dox配合激光照射, 能够通过化疗和光热治疗高效地杀死癌细胞.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.