多面转镜激光器扫频光学相干层析成像系统的全光谱重采样方法

在多面转镜激光器扫频光学相干层析成像系统中,激光器存在着输出光谱错位与扫频范围波动的问题.目前的重采样方法中,普遍利用互相关运算校正光谱错位,并进行大范围的截取,保证扫频范围的一致性,但这会导致成像信噪比与分辨率的降低.本文用马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)采集到的干涉信号对扫频范围波动的问题进行了详细的测量与分析,其中干涉信号的解缠相位曲线的非随机性和平行性,表明该类激光器输出光谱的波长分布具备一致性.在此基础上,提出了一种用最长扫频范围的MZI干涉信号,对样品干涉信号进行时域光谱对齐、然后进行一对多插值的重采样方法.实验与分析表明,该方法利用了所有的光谱信号,保证了样品干涉信号的能量利用率,能有效提高图像的信噪比与分辨率.     

扫频光学相干层析成像系统的波数校正与相位测量研究

相位敏感光学相干层析成像(OCT)系统可以用于高灵敏度的相位探测,在细胞分析、材料检测等方面具有重要应用,但扫频光源的不稳定性会影响扫频OCT系统的相位测量精度.本文提出了一种基于马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)时域相位信息的波数校正方法.利用MZI时域包裹相位的互相关运算确定各采集波数序列的相对偏移量,鉴于时域包裹相位的非严格周期特征,可确定偏移量的大小不受限制.依据相对偏移量对各序列信号进行时域同步,并基于同步后的MZI时域解包裹相位实施待测干涉信号在位相域的等间隔重采样.基于所提出的波数校正方法,实施了各扫频序列波数偏移量的校正,开展了基于位相信息的光程重复性测量实验.结果表明,即使在不稳定扫频光源的前提下,也能获得高精度的相位测量结果.     

基于受激辐射信号的谱域光学相干层析分子成像方法

鉴于不同生理病理状态下组织复折射率实部的变化不大,传统光学相干层析(OCT)成像技术在分子特异性识别上存在先天不足.为此,本文提出了基于受激辐射信号的OCT成像方法,可在实现传统散射成像的同时,实现基于受激辐射信号的分子成像.在超高分辨率谱域OCT系统的基础上,通过增设光谱分光与调制抽运光支路,建立了基于单宽谱光源的抽运探测谱域OCT系统,详细推导了调制抽运下受激辐射信号的获取与成像公式.利用搭建的抽运探测谱域OCT系统,实现了瞬态受激辐射信号的相干探测.基于同时获取的受激辐射OCT信号和传统OCT信号,成功重构了氮化物粉末构建样品的基于受激辐射信号的分子对比OCT图像.     

基于模拟退火的傅里叶变换成像光谱仪干涉图相位修正

相位修正是傅里叶变换成像光谱仪光谱复原的关键技术之一,针对现有算法对带有噪声的干涉图相位修正不足的问题,文章提出了一种基于模拟退火算法求解相位误差的修正方法.该方法通过控制相位下降函数,利用相位区间内产生的随机相位值修正干涉图数据得到同标函数值,依据Metropolis准则判断目标函数增最以确定相位最优解.该算法仿真结...     

高精度动态白光干涉测量方法

白光干涉测量技术具有精度高和非接触式测量的优点,是超精密加工领域中的一项重要测量手段。针对白光干涉测量技术容易受环境振动影响的问题,提出了一种动态垂直扫描干涉测量方法(DVSI)。该方法将白光干涉光路分为两个成像通道,得到与白光干涉图同步移相的准单色光干涉图。通过相位-倾斜迭代方法(PTI)对准单色光干涉图进行处理得到实际的移相扫描位置,对白光干涉信号进行相干峰位置的定位,并计算出粗糙的形貌分布,之后利用局部最小二乘方法(LLS)计算出精细的相位分布,将粗糙形貌以及精细相位相结合来复原出待测件的三维形貌。本研究通过数值仿真和实验对比对该方法进行了验证,结果表明本方法具有较好的抗振性能。     

一种复谱频域OCT成像方法

为了提高频域OCT成像系统的性能,提出一种复谱频域OCT成像方法。给出了系统结构及核心模块设计,从理论上论证了系统的设计原理。提出一种复振幅干涉光谱重构算法,并对该重构算法进行了理论分析。总结了该复谱频域OCT成像方法的实施步骤。利用复谱频域OCT的成像方法,进行了仿真试验。理论分析和仿真试验结果表明,利用该复谱频域OCT成像方法,无须使用参考相位移动或调制装置,所生成的被测样品OCT层析图,清除了复共轭镜像和寄生像的影响,能够反映被测样品的真实结构。     

基于快速扫描光学延迟线谐振扫描的相位调制方法

提出利用快速扫描光学延迟线(Rapid Scanning Optical Delay Line,RSOD)作为光学相干层析成像(Optical Coherence Tomography,OCT)系统的相位调制器,并采用正弦驱动方式(谐振扫描)来提高扫描频率,进而实现高频相位调制的方法.介绍了基于RSOD相位调制器的干涉信号包络解调方法,分析了大振镜低频率线性驱动、小振镜高频线性驱动和大振镜高速正弦驱动三种实施方案对OCT性能的影响,并针对谐振扫描方案中轴向扫描的非线性提出了图像畸变定量校正的方法.结果表明:RSOD大振镜谐振扫描的模式能够兼顾系统成像速度、成像范围以及系统信噪比的要求,是一种行之有效的相位调制方法.     

正向切片光学相干断层成像系统的信号提取方法

光学相干断层成像(OCT)技术因非入侵、非接触特点和断层成像能力,在眼科、血管内窥等临床医学与药物学中有广泛应用。OCT发展至今,根据成像方向的优先次序,产生了两类技术分支。一类是沿光束入射方向逐线(A-line)扫描的标准型OCT,可生成基于纵向断面扫描(B scan)的图像,常用于眼底组织的层析成像;另一类en-face OCT,也叫正向切片OCT,可在与入射光垂直的方向上生成样品层的横向切片图像,且以显微成像方式来显示生物组织的精细结构,大大丰富了OCT的图像采集与呈现方式。en-face OCT系统可采用不同的信号采集方式,在对其分析和归纳的基础上,对该技术的主要发展方向作了展望。     

基于法布里-珀罗调谐滤波器的傅里叶域锁模扫频激光光源

报道了一个光纤型1300 nm波段的傅里叶域锁模(Fourier domain mode locking, FDML)扫频激光光源, 用于扫频光学相干层析成像技术 (optical coherence tomography, OCT) 成像. 本实验扫频激光光源采用包含增益介质、调谐滤波器和延迟线组成的长腔激光谐振腔以及光功率增强单元. FDML扫频激光光源具有快速和高度稳定运转模式, 相位稳定性好. 基于法布里-珀罗调谐滤波器(fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter, FFP-TF)的FDML扫频激光光源扫频范围为130 nm, 半高全宽为70 nm, 输出平均功率是11 mW. 与基于FFP-TF的短腔的扫频光源做了对比研究, FDML扫频光源速度从短腔的8 kHz提高到了48.12 kHz, 对应生物组织OCT成像轴向分辨率为7.8 μm, 比短腔的减小了1.9 μm. 关键词： 光学相干层析技术 扫频激光光源 傅里叶域锁模 法布里-珀罗调谐滤波器     

超连续谱干涉方法测量古依相移

利用两束超连续光干涉得到的信号,测量了透镜焦点附近飞秒激光脉冲的古依(Gouy)相移。根据得到的光谱干涉信号,利用傅里叶变换得到相对相位值。激光光束在聚焦透镜后的束腰半径可以由成像方法测得。根据测量得到的激光光束束腰半径,用非线性拟合的方法得到了古依相移曲线,拟合曲线与实验结果符合得非常好。给出了古依相位在焦点前后1 mm区域内的移动量。     

Phase-shift extraction from twice-normalized light intensity changes recorded with random phase shifts

A simple phase-shift extraction algorithm is proposed for interferograms recorded with random phase shifts that vary over at least 2π. The phase-shift-dependent changes in the intensity at two pixels having different phases, selected from one frame, are taken out and normalized. The sum and difference of the two normalized changes are calculated, and both the changes are normalized again along the phase shifts. The normalized sum and difference become the cosine and sine of a term including the random phase shift, respectively. Thereby, the phase shifts are extracted from both twice-normalized intensity changes. An experiment using an interference microscope equipped with a piezoelectric-transducer positioner of an objective lens is conducted to estimate the validity of the algorithm. The algorithm is verified to have satisfactory results when the multiple interferograms used have a sample size of more than 15 frames recorded with random phase shifts.     

Theory of mirrored time domain sampling for NMR spectroscopy

A generalized theory is presented for novel mirrored hypercomplex time domain sampling (MHS) of NMR spectra. It is the salient new feature of MHS that two interferograms are acquired with different directionality of time evolution, that is, one is sampled forward from time t=0 to the maximal evolution time tmax, while the second is sampled backward from t=0 to -tmax. The sampling can be accomplished in a (semi) constant time or non constant-time manner. Subsequently, the two interferograms are linearly combined to yield a complex time domain signal. The manifold of MHS schemes considered here is defined by arbitrary settings of sampling phases ('primary phase shifts') and amplitudes of the two interferograms. It is shown that, for any two given primary phase shifts, the addition theorems of trigonometric functions yield the unique linear combination required to form the complex signal. In the framework of clean absorption mode (CAM) acquisition of NMR spectra being devoid of residual dispersive signal components, 'secondary phase shifts' represent time domain phase errors which are to be eliminated. In contrast, such secondary phase shifts may be introduced by experimental design in order to encode additional NMR parameters, a new class of NMR experiments proposed here. For generalization, it is further considered that secondary phase shifts may depend on primary phase shifts and/or sampling directionality. In order to compare with MHS theory, a correspondingly generalized theory is derived for widely used hypercomplex ('States') sampling (HS). With generalized theory it is shown, first, that previously introduced 'canonical' schemes, characterized by primary phases being multiples of π/4, afford maximal intensity of the desired absorptive signals in the absence of secondary phase shifts, and second, how primary phases can be adjusted to maximize the signal intensity provided that the secondary phase shifts are known. Third, it is demonstrated that theory enables one to accurately measure secondary phase shifts and amplitude imbalances. Application to constant time 2D [13C, 1H]-HSQC spectra recorded for a protein sample with canonical MHS/HS schemes showed that accurate CAM data acquisition can be readily implemented on modern spectrometers for experiments based on through-bond polarization transfer. Fourth, when moderate variations of secondary phase shifts with primary phase shift and/or sampling directionality are encountered, generalized theory allowed comparison of the robustness of different MHS/HS schemes for CAM data acquisition, and thus to identify the scheme best suited to suppress dispersive peak components and quadrature image peaks. Moreover, it is shown that for spectra acquired with several indirect evolution periods, the best suited scheme can be identified independently for each of the periods.     

AlCuFe quasicrystals: Local electronic properties of these new industrial materials

We present room temperature ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer centre (isomer) shift and electric field gradient (EFG) results in the Al_100-x-yCu_xFe_y icosahedral-quasicrystalline (i-) and crystalline phases. We have investigated the local electronic properties and atomic order along the existence domains of the quasicrystalline and approximant phases given by two close-lying parallel lines in the concentration diagram: the I-line, where the quasicrystal is stable, and the A-line, where the rhombohedral approximant is stable, and other high-order approximants (orthorhombic and pentagonal) as well as the quasicrystal phase are metastable. We have also studied a series of intermediate concentrations situated between the I- and A-lines retained in the metastable i-phase by quenching. It is found that the centre shift and EFG are linearly correlated to each other over the range of compositions and structures for both the I- and A-lines as well as the intermediate samples. This correlation results from systematic changes in the orbital occupations on Fe atoms with composition. We have investigated as well the new low-order cubic approximant phase containing Si. The results for this phase fall near to but not on the correlation line indicating small changes in the atomic binding as compared to the i- and high order approximant phases. In addition, we have studied several non-approximant phases which lie close to these phases in composition. The results for the non-approximant structures do not fall near the correlation line, indicating very different atomic binding.     

在随机和倾斜移相下光强归一化的迭代移相算法

由于存在振动和导向误差,干涉仪移相器在移相过程中产生随机的平移误差和倾斜误差,会给测量结果带来影响。因此高精度测量中对环境的稳定性和移相器的性能要求很苛刻。为了降低此种要求,针对随机和倾斜移相下干涉图背景光强和调制度的不均匀会影响移相平面计算的问题,对采集得到的干涉图做归一化处理,并利用迭代最小二乘法对归一化的干涉图做相位求解。迭代过程中,将干涉图分块来求解移相值,并对各移相值做平面拟合得到移相平面。仿真结果表明,该方法消除了背景光强和调制度的不均匀对倾斜系数计算的耦合作用,能够有效补偿倾斜移相误差对面形相位的影响,与其他方法相比,具有收敛速度快、求解精度高的特点。实验结果进一步验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于主元分析的随机相移算法

将统计理论中的主元分析应用到干涉条纹分析中,提出一种基于主元分析的随机相移算法。该算法先将多帧条纹数据分解成不相关的主元成分,然后从主元成分中提取2维相位信息。数值模拟结果表明:该算法不需要迭代运算就能从4帧完全随机相移干涉图中有效提取相位信息,运算时间少,精度高。实验结果表明主元分析相移算法比现有迭代相移算法更适合于随机相移干涉图分析。     

基于电子束剪切干涉的PIE成像技术研究

提出了基于M?llenstedt电子双棱镜的电压扫描剪切干涉全场ptychographic iterative engine(PIE)显微成像技术.从低到高逐步改变电子双棱镜的电压,并同时记录所形成的剪切干涉条纹,待测样品透射电子束的强度和相位分布就可以用PIE算法得以快速重建,而且双棱镜的方向、位置和实际电场强度分布等诸多实验中不可避免地偏差都可以在迭代过程中自动得以更正.所提技术能够克服现阶段用电子束进行PIE成像的诸多技术困扰,从而有望推动PIE技术在电子显微成像领域的发展和应用.     

Phase Retrieval of Phase-Shifting Interferometry with Iterative Least-Squares Fitting Algorithm: Experiments

We report our experimental results of phase-shifting interferometry with an iterative least-squares fitting technique to estimate both the wave front phases and the phase shifts. The method allows phase retrieval from phase-shifting interferograms even though the calibration data of the phase shifter is unknown. The algorithm is used to analyze two sets of experimental interferograms. One records by moving a piezoelectric transducer shifter randomly and therefore has embedded random phase shifter errors, and the other samples the interference movie recorded by a video recorder while driving a stepping motor and therefore has embedded random intensity noises. The results are comparable with that of the conventional M-frame algorithm. Investigation of the effects of the intensity noises and phase shift errors shows the algorithm to perform well in both. Problems such as convergence, unique solution and reliability are also discussed.     

Generalized phase shifting interferometry based on Lissajous calibration technology

The feasibility and limitation of directly using the Lissajous figure and ellipse fitting technology to correct the phase extraction error in generalized data reduction algorithm (GDRA) for phase extraction of randomly phase-shifted interferograms are analyzed and discussed. By combining Lissajous calibration technology, which represents the transformative process of Lissajous ellipse to circle (ETC), with advanced iterative algorithm (AIA) we propose a novel generalized phase shifting algorithm (GPSA), and here it is abbreviated as ETCI method. The phase distribution and phase shifts that extracted from randomly phase shifted interferograms by use of ETCI are more accurate and the whole process is far faster than AIA. Additionally, proposed method is less sensitive to non-uniform background intensity and modulation amplitude. Numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of ETCI, and some influential factors are elaborated. The experimental results further indicate proposed method is suitable for truly random phase shifted interferograms.