聚乙烯醇水凝胶/钛合金摩擦磨损特性的正交试验研究

利用冷冻-解冻法制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶,运用正交试验法在球-盘摩擦磨损试验机上研究滑动速度、载荷和润滑状态对PVA水凝胶/钛合金摩擦副摩擦系数的影响及在不同载荷下的磨损性能.结果表明:滑动速度、载荷和润滑状态3种因素对PVA水凝胶/钛合金球摩擦副的摩擦系数影响显著程度由高到低依次为载荷＞滑动速度＞润滑状态;在干摩擦和水润滑状态下,摩擦系数变化甚微,平均摩擦系数随滑动速度的增加而下降,随着载荷增加而升高;当转速从110 r/min升至220 r/min时,平均摩擦系数从0.038降至0.031,降幅达19.4%;当载荷从5 N增至10 N时,平均摩擦系数从0.027增至0.042,增幅达51.8%;PVA水凝胶的磨损率随载荷增加而降低且载荷对磨损率影响的显著程度逐渐降低;当载荷从5 N增至10 N时,磨损率降幅高达2.6倍,当载荷从10 N增至15 N时,仅下降35%.     

纸浆模塑制品冲击承载能力和能量吸收分析

应用 INSTRON 9250HV 型落锤冲击试验系统和有限元技术研究了不同湿度下纸浆模塑制品的冲击压缩过程、承载能力、能量吸收特性。结果表明：纸浆模塑材料的弹性模量和屈服应力均随相对湿度的增高显著下降,90%相对湿度下纸浆模塑材料的弹性模量和屈服应力分别仅为50%环境湿度下的弹性模量和屈服应力的44.5%和37.6%;有限元分析得到的纸托制品含有湿度信息的冲击压缩载荷-变形曲线、能量吸收曲线与相应实验结果一致;纸浆模塑制品的冲击承载能力和吸能性能随着湿度的增大显著下降,90%相对湿度下纸托制品第一次和第二次的屈曲载荷分别仅为50%相对湿度下的屈曲载荷的44.8%和47.9%;纸托制品设计时应以下层支撑结构冲击压溃为设计限度,下层支撑结构压溃时的名义应力值和能量吸收值即为纸托制品设计的最佳吸能点(吸能设计限值)。     

基于外贴压电陶瓷的钢管砼界面剥离检测机理的数值模拟研究

界面剥离的存在会给钢管混凝土构件的力学性能带来负面影响,本文提出了一种利用外贴式压电陶瓷的应力波测量小波包分析的钢管混凝土构件界面剥离检测的方法。考虑压电陶瓷片的压电效应及与钢管混凝土构件的耦合效应,建立了二维多物理场耦合有限元模型;采用外贴压电陶瓷片作为驱动器和传感器,通过数值模拟研究了在简谐激励下不同缺陷试件压电传感器电压信号幅值及扫频信号激励下,不同缺陷试件传感器测量信号的小波包能量评价指标的变化规律。结果表明,界面剥离引起外贴压电陶瓷传感器电压信号幅值和测量信号的小波包能量下降,界面剥离越大,二者下降得越多。     

相对湿度对材料表面粘附力影响的研究

利用自制微摩擦及粘附力测试装置考察了在微载荷条件下,相对湿度对Si(100)材料表面粘附力的影响,分析了在大气环境中水分子的毛细作用力和范德华力对粘附力的贡献,并以BET吸附模型为基础推导出考虑湿度影响的粘附力计算公式.结果表明:在微载荷条件下,相对湿度对材料表面的粘附力影响十分显著,随着相对湿度升高粘附力增加,特别是相对湿度RH在40%～80%之间时,粘附力变化最为显著;当相对湿度RH小于20%时,范德华力大于水的毛细作用力且占主导地位;当相对湿度RH大于20%后,水分子的毛细作用力不断增加,同时范德华力因水膜的存在而降低,水的毛细作用力占主导地位.     

Cr8型模具钢耐磨性能研究

在环/块对摩型磨损试验机上对比测试了不同载荷下4种Cr8型模具钢的干滑动磨损性能,测量磨痕宽度,观察磨损形貌,分析磨损机制.结果表明:不同载荷下均有磨粒磨损,随载荷增大氧化加剧并伴有粘附磨损,高载荷下氧化磨损的作用变大;磨损损失体积随载荷增加而增大,磨损损失体积总量与M7C3共晶碳化物量呈正线性关系:摩擦系数随载荷增加先升高后下降.     

摩擦信号分形维数与载荷和速度的关系研究

在立式万能摩擦磨损试验机上对GCr15/45#钢摩擦副进行不同接触载荷和滑动速度下的摩擦磨损试验,对初始滑动距离1 000 m内的摩擦系数信号进行数据采集,运用结构函数测度方法对摩擦系数信号进行分形表征,计算不同载荷和速度下的分形维数,研究摩擦信号的分形维数随载荷和速度的变化规律.结果表明,摩擦系数信号具有显著的分形特征,其分形维数随载荷和速度而变化.在相同载荷下,分形维数随滑动速度增加而增大;在相同速度下,分形维数随着接触载荷增加而增大.磨损率与摩擦系数信号的分形维数正相关.     

基于自旋梁的压电振动能量采集与动力学分析

为研究轴向载荷及梁上外激励共同作用下自旋梁结构强迫振动的压电振动能量采集问题,文章提出运用格林函数法求解自旋梁压电俘能器强迫振动下的电压解析解.基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,采用扩展Hamilton原理及PZT-5A压电本构,建立了自旋梁压电俘能器强迫振动的力电耦合模型.采用Laplace变换法求得耦合振动方程的格林函数解,并根据线性叠加原理和格林函数的物理意义,对耦合的系统方程进行解耦,进而求得强迫振动下自旋梁压电俘能器的电压解析解.数值计算中,通过与现有文献中的解析解以及实验结果进行对比,验证了本文解的有效性,并分别分析了自旋梁压电俘能器的压电响应与电阻、转速等重要物理参数之间的关系.数值分析研究表明:(1)自旋梁俘能器的压电响应随电阻阻值的增大而增大,直至阻值达到最优负载电阻;(2)通过调高转速,可以提高压电俘能器的最大输出电压;(3)通过降低轴向载荷,可在保持俘能器高效工作的情况下改善俘能器的高基频现象.     

减阻工况下壁面周期扰动对湍流边界层多尺度的影响

通过在平板壁面施加不同频率振幅的压电陶瓷振子周期性扰动,进行了湍流边界层主动控制减阻的实验研究.在压电陶瓷振子最大减阻工况下(80 V和160Hz),使用单丝边界层探针对压电振子自由端下游2mm处进行测量,得到不同法向位置流向速度信号的时间序列.通过对比施加控制前后的多尺度分析,发现压电振子产生的扰动只对近壁区产生影响,使得近壁区大尺度脉动降低,小尺度脉动强度增大,而对边界层的外区则基本没有影响.进一步对大尺度和小尺度的脉动信号进行条件平均,发现压电振子产生的扰动对小尺度脉动的影响在时间相位上并不均匀,小尺度脉动强度在大尺度脉动为正时比在大尺度脉动为负时具有更明显的增加.这表明壁面周期扰动主要通过使大尺度高速扫掠流体破碎为小尺度结构,来影响相应的高壁面摩擦事件,从而达到减阻效果.      

应力条件下压电陶瓷损失机理分析

压电陶瓷材料中主要包括三种不同损失,即介电损失、机械损失和压电损失。为了研究这三种损失的机理并由实验方法分别测量这三种损失的大小,本文利用复参数理论对压电陶瓷材料(PZT-4)建立了使用复参数表示的损失理论模型;讨论了三种损失的物理意义并推导了通过测量等效参数分别计算三种损失的具体方法;测量了在应力条件下压电陶瓷等效电路中的谐振点阻抗、反谐振点阻抗、串连电阻和品质因素的变化情况并以此计算出三种损失随应力的变化。     

压电激励圆形曲梁的静态响应及位移控制

研究压电激励圆形曲梁的静态位移响应及位移控制的参数特性。将压电夹层圆形曲梁等效为单层结构,基于一维小曲率曲梁理论,建立其控制方程。在集中弯矩和径向集中力以及电载荷作用下,分析了带压电激励器的圆形悬臂曲梁的静态响应。与有限元结果比较表明:本文的理论模型能够模拟压电激励的小曲率圆形曲梁的静态响应。压电夹层圆形曲梁在任意位置的径向集中力载荷作用下,控制其自由端径向位移响应为零,求得控制电压的解析表达,数值分析表明:随着集中力载荷的位置变化和梁长的变化,最优控制电压将出现峰值和反号。     

Influence of relative humidity on fracture toughness of rock: Implications for subcritical crack growth

Information relating to the fracture toughness of geomaterials is critical to our understanding of tensile fracturing, and in particular in geological and rock engineering projects that are subjected to elevated moisture levels. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive set of fracture toughness tests on a suite of key rock types in air under different relative humidities and at constant temperature in order to investigate the influence of relative humidity on fracture toughness. Three sandstones and two igneous rocks were chosen for this purpose. We show that the value of fracture toughness decreases with increasing relative humidity. In addition, we find that the decrease in fracture toughness was more significant when the expansive clay such as smectite was included in rock. Since smectite is prone to expanding in the presence of water, the strength and thus crack growth resistance decrease when relative humidity is high. Therefore, we interpret the decreasing fracture toughness upon the degradation of expansive clays with increasing water content. It was also shown that the decrease of the fracture toughness with increasing humidity is less significant than the concomitant decrease in the measured value of the subcritical stress intensity factor. This was likely as a result of stress corrosion having little influence on the fracture toughness. We conclude that crack growth in rock is affected by humidity, and that clay content is an important contributing factor to changes in fracture toughness and subcritical stress intensity factor.     

铝制旋转抛物面型激光推力器温度效应的实验研究

研究了激光推进中铝制旋转抛物面型推力器的温度变化情况。采用脉冲TEA-CO2激光器作为推进光源,用响应较快的K型热电偶丝作为温度传感器,分别在大气呼吸和烧蚀两种工作模式下,研究了抛物面上不同点的温度分布情况,以及脉冲个数和环境气压对抛物面温度的影响。文中对冲量耦合系数和气压的关系也作了研究,并将其与温度联系起来。结果发现在旋转抛物面的顶点处温度为最高,随离顶点距离的增大而减小。在大气呼吸和烧蚀两种模式下,抛物面温度随着激光脉冲个数增加,但增加的斜率逐渐减小,有饱和的趋势。在激光脉冲个数确定的条件下,大气呼吸模式的温度随气压的减小先增大后减小,出现一个峰值;烧蚀模式则随气压的减小而增大。在大气呼吸模式下,冲量耦合系数随着气压的减小先略为增大而后迅速减小,在约0．5atm处出现了一个弱峰;在烧蚀模式下,冲量耦合系数随气压减小迅速升高,在气压低于0．5atm后,几乎为定值。     

加热压电纤维复合材料圆板的横向自由振动

基于经典薄板理论和极正交各向异性材料的本构理论,建立了加热压电纤维复合材料圆板的线性振动控制微分方程。采用打靶法分别获得了加热压电纤维复合材料圆板在周边固支和简支情况下,无量纲固有频率随温度和电场强度变化的关系曲线,并分析了压电纤维体积分数、刚度参数、电场强度和温度变化对压电纤维复合材料圆板无量纲固有频率的影响。结果表明,一定体积分数或者电场强度下,压电纤维复合材料圆板的无量纲固有频率都随温度的升高而单调下降;同一温度下,刚度参数越小,无量纲固有频率越低;电场强度越大,无量纲固有频率越高。     

Wave propagation in prestrained polyethylene rods

The influence of prestrain on the propagation of mechanical waves along a slender rod of low-density unoriented polyethylene was experimentally investigated. The investigation consisted of two major parts: first, a uniaxial continuous-wave technique was used to determine the dynamic mechanical properties of the polyethylene in the form of the frequency-dependent phase velocity and damping factor for frequencies spanning the audio spectrum and for levels of uniaxial static prestrain up to 10 percent. A linear incremental dynamic viscoelastic behavior about a state of finite-static prestrain was shown to obtain over the range of strains and frequencies used. In the second part, the propagation of an incremental strain pulse along a slender rod of the same material used in the first part was investigated. With the rod in a state of static prestrain, an incremental impact-induced strain pulse was introduced into the polyethylene rod and monitored at two positions along the rod. Assuming a linear incremental dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the material, the equations necessary to describe the resulting uniaxial strain as a function of time and position along the rod are presented and the solution obtained by Fourier transform methods. The resulting Fourier inverse transform was numerically evaluated, using the material properties determined in the first part. The strain measured at the first position was used as the input boundary condition for computing the strain at the second position. Results of the continuous-wave studies indicate that the phase velocity decreases and the damping factor increases with increasing prestrain in the range of prestrains used. The change in the phase velocity with prestrain is relatively uniform over the audio-frequency range. Good correlation of the leading edges of the experimentally measured and numerically synthesized strain pulses supports the high-frequency phase-velocity data of the first part.     

Elastic-pulse propagation in thin hollow cones

Elastic pulses were generated in a thin (3-mm) right circular conical shell with apex angle of 20 deg, by an axial impact of a drop weight. Radial-strain pulses of about 250-μs duration were measured at three locations along the cone by semiconductor strain gages. The relative amplitude decrease of the strain pulse was determined as a function of the distance traveled. An approximate analytical solution for this problem is presented. It is shown that, for cones made of material with Poisson's ratio ν=1/3, the approximation leads to the one-dimensional spherical-wave equation and the wave velocity is that of longitudinal waves in thin plates. The decay of amplitude predicted by the model depends on the distance traveled and on the wavelength and it agrees fairly well with the experimental results. The model also gives an upper bound on the amplitude decrease of the pulse.     

不同湿度和近爆炸下限条件下甲烷-空气混合物爆炸特征

为了研究不同湿度条件下低浓度甲烷-空气混合物爆炸特征,设计了饱和湿空气发生及储存装置,对管路、气囊和爆炸腔体进行温度控制和流量调节,实现了不同相对湿度的甲烷-空气混合气体的配置。采用20 L球形爆炸测试装置,分析不同相对湿度、甲烷浓度对混合物的最大爆炸压力、最大压力上升速率、爆炸下限及层流燃烧速度的影响。结果表明,随着相对湿度增大,最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率逐渐下降,且呈一定的线性关系。混合气体相对湿度从27.7%增大到80.1%时,甲烷爆炸下限从5.15%上升到5.25%,上升率1.9%,层流燃烧速度随相对湿度的增大也呈线性降低趋势。在本文条件下,相对湿度对甲烷-空气混合物的爆炸影响较小,这主要与常温常压下水蒸气的饱和分压力较低有关,但在高温高压时仍需考虑水蒸气含量的增大对混合气体爆炸特征的影响。     

土体剖面温度物理模型试验研究

利用自主开发的土体温度物理模型试验系统,研究了土体剖面温度随时间的变化规律,通过改变土体表面的覆盖层属性,对比分析了裸土和混凝土板覆盖下土体剖面的热传递特点。结果表明:在恒定热源作用下,土体剖面温度迅速上升到一定值之后逐渐趋于稳定,初始升温速率随深度的增加而呈指数递减,最终平衡温度随深度的增加而显著衰减; 温度在土体剖面上的传递存在明显的滞后效应; 混凝土板覆盖下土体的初始升温速率和最终平衡温度较裸土高; 土体剖面热通量反映了土体中热量的传递特征,其变化规律与上下土层间的温度差变化规律一致。     

The normal stress behaviour of suspensions with viscoelastic matrix fluids

 We investigate the variations in the shear stress and the first and second normal stress differences of suspensions formulated with viscoelastic fluids as the suspending medium. The test materials comprise two different silicone oils for the matrix fluids and glass spheres of two different mean diameters spanning a range of volume fractions between 5 and 25%. In agreement with previous investigations, the shear stress–shear rate functions of the viscoelastic suspensions were found to be of the same form as the viscometric functions of their matrix fluids, but progressively shifted along the shear rate axis to lower shear rates with increasing solid fraction. The normal stress differences in all of the suspensions examined can be conveniently represented as functions of the shear stress in the fluid. When plotted in this form, the first normal stress difference, as measured with a cone and plate rheometer, is positive in magnitude but strongly decreases with increasing solid fraction. The contributions of the first and the second normal stress differences are separated by using normal force measurements with parallel plate fixtures in conjunction with the cone-and-plate observations. In this way it is possible for the first time to quantify successfully the variations in the second normal stress difference of viscoelastic suspensions for solid fractions of up to 25 vol.%. In contrast to measurements of the first normal stress difference, the second normal stress difference is negative with a magnitude that increases with increasing solid content. The changes in the first and second normal stress differences are also strongly correlated to each other: The relative increase in the second normal stress difference is equal to the relative decrease of the first normal stress difference at the same solid fraction. The variations of the first as well as of the second normal stress difference are represented by power law functions of the shear stress with an unique power law exponent that is independent of the solid fraction. The well known edge effects that arise in cone-and-plate as well as parallel-plate rheometry and limit the accessible measuring range in highly viscoelastic materials to low shear rates could be partially suppressed by utilizing a custom- designed guard-ring arrangement. A procedure to correct the guard-ring influence on torque and normal force measurements is also presented. Received: 20 December 2000 Accepted: 7 May 2001     

Free vibration analysis of functionally graded laminated sandwich cylindrical shells integrated with piezoelectric layer

An analytical method for the three-dimensional vibration analysis of a functionally graded cylindrical shell integrated by two thin functionally graded piezoelectric (FGP) layers is presented. The first-order shear deformation theory is used to model the electromechanical system. Nonlinear equations of motion are derived by considering the von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relations using Hamilton’s principle. The piezoelectric layers on the inner and outer surfaces of the core can be considered as a sensor and an actuator for controlling characteristic vibration of the system. The equations of motion are derived as partial differential equations and then discretized by the Navier method. Numerical simulation is performed to investigate the effect of different parameters of material and geometry on characteristic vibration of the cylinder. The results of this study show that the natural frequency of the system decreases by increasing the non-homogeneous index of FGP layers and decreases by increasing the non-homogeneous index of the functionally graded core. Furthermore, it is concluded that by increasing the ratio of core thickness to cylinder length, the natural frequencies of the cylinder increase considerably.