新型C-异戊烯基香豆素的合成

以7-羟基香豆素或7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素为原料,通过异戊烯基化反应合成了四个新的C-异戊烯基香豆素,其结构经1H NMR,IR和MS表征.     

Paratocarpin B的全合成

以对羟基苯甲醛和2,4-二羟基苯乙酮为起始原料,经过C-异戊烯基化、保护酚羟基、羟醛缩合、催化环化、去保护基等反应,以18.4％的总收率首次完成了天然异戊烯基查尔酮Paratocarpin B的全合成,中间体3′,4′-(2,2-二甲基吡喃)-2′-羟基-3-异戊烯基-4-甲氧甲氧基查尔酮(10)未见文献报导,其结构经1H NMR,IR和MS表征.     

5-异戊烯基紫铆花素的全合成研究

以廉价的3,4-二羟基苯甲醛和2,4-二羟基苯乙酮为起始原料,经过C-异戊烯基化,酚羟基保护,羟醛缩合和去保护基等步骤,以32%的总收率完成了天然产物5-异戊烯基紫铆花素的全合成。所有新化合物的结构都经过¹H NMR、IR、MS确认。     

Coryfolia D的全合成

以3,4-二羟基苯甲醛和2,4-二羟基苯乙酮为起始原料,经C-异戊烯基化、保护酚羟基、羟醛缩合、催化环化、DDQ脱氢及去保护基等反应,首次完成了天然产物异戊烯基黄酮Coryfolia D的全合成,总收率11.8％.所有新化合物的结构经1H NMR,IR和MS表征.     

两种天然异戊烯基黄烷酮的全合成

以3-甲氧基甲氧基苯甲醛和2,4,6-三甲氧基-3-异戊烯基苯乙酮为原料,经烷基化和缩合反应合成了新化合物——2’-羟基-4-甲氧基-3,4’,6’-三甲氧甲氧基-3’-异戊烯基査尓酮(6);6经环合反应合成了新化合物——(±)-5,7,3’-三甲氧甲氧基-4’-甲氧基-8-异戊烯基黄烷酮(7);7经脱保护和环合反应实现了天然产物(±)-5,7,3’-三羟基-4’-甲氧基-8-异戊烯基-黄烷酮(1,总收率11.6%)和(±)-5,3’-二羟基-7,8-(2,2-二甲基吡喃)-4’-甲氧基黄烷酮(2,总收率10.5%)的全合成,其中1为新化合物,其结构经1H NMR,IR和MS表征。     

芳香类化合物异戊烯基化的研究进展

结构多样的芳香类化合物一直被用作新药发现的线索或主要来源。通过对类药物天然产物进行异戊烯基化结构修饰,能有效提高芳香类化合物生物活性及生物利用度,为新药研究与开发提供简便高效的方法。本文综述了近年来芳香类化合物异戊烯基化的各种方法,以为今后研究提供参考。     

1,2-Dihydroparatocarpin A的全合成

以对羟基苯甲醛和2,4-二羟基苯乙酮为起始原料,经C-异戊烯基化、保护酚羟基、羟醛缩合、DDQ环化及对甲基苯磺酸催化环化等反应,首次完成了天然异戊烯基查尔酮衍生物1,2-Dihydroparatocarpin A的全合成,总收率21.8%。化合物的结构经1H NMR,IR和MS确认。     

催化NH吲哚的C2异戊烯基化反应:肽后期多样化和两步全合成tryprostatin B

异戊烯基化吲哚生物碱是一类同时具有吲哚环和类异戊二烯基团的天然产物,主要来源于各种真菌中.异戊烯基的存在可以增强化合物的亲脂性,使其能够更容易地穿过脂溶性的细胞膜与靶蛋白相结合,因此,这类天然产物往往表现出优异的生物活性.例如,从烟曲霉中分离的吲哚生物碱tryprostatins A和B是由L-色氨酸和L-脯氨酸组合而成,在吲哚骨架C2位连有异戊烯基,具有高效的抗肿瘤活性.在已知的全合成中,关键步骤C2位异戊烯基的引入,均是通过多步当量反应实现的.从原子和步骤经济性角度出发,发展高效催化方法实现NH吲哚C2位直接异戊烯基化反应具有重要的意义.但是由于吲哚的氮原子和C3位亲核性都较强,使得挑战很大.在生物体中,吲哚生物碱C2位异戊烯基的引入是通过酶催化实现的.二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸(DMAPP)先在酶作用下,生成异戊烯基碳正离子,然后与吲哚C2位进行傅克反应,引入异戊烯基.受这一生物过程启发,设想通过化学方法能够生成稳定的异戊烯基碳正离子,也可能实现吲哚C2异戊烯基化反应.本文采用廉价易得的1,1-二甲基烯丙醇为异戊烯基前体,对该想法进行了尝试.首先,以色醇为模板底物,对酸催化剂、溶剂及反应温度进行了筛选.在1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)溶剂中,布朗斯特酸、路易斯酸和固体酸都能促进反应的进行,但会得到吲哚N和C2异戊烯基化两种产物,其中三氯化铝有较好的收率和选择性.通过对不同溶剂考察发现,2-甲基四氢呋喃是最佳溶剂,在80 oC下反应,目标产物收率为75％,产物选择性可达到12:1.随后,对不同类型的3-取代吲哚进行了普适性考察.对于色醇类底物,吲哚苯环上的取代基以及N上的保护基对反应影响不大,都能很顺利地参与反应.在标准条件下,色胺的异戊烯基化反应会发生在C3位,而以氯苯为溶剂时,可以提高C2位选择性,通过该方法可在抗衰老分子褪黑素(melatonin)的C2位引入异戊烯基.3-苯基和烷基取代的吲哚也是合适的底物.肽的后期修饰在生物医药中有着很重要的用途,因此,本文也将该异戊烯基化反应尝试用于修饰色氨酸类衍生物.保护的L-色氨酸酯以及色氨醇都能够顺利发生转化,以中等收率得到目标产物.L-色氨酸与其它各类氨基酸如甘氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、天冬氨酸等形成的肽也可进行C2异戊烯基化反应.此外,该转化过程中,可以完全保持手性,不会发生消旋化.特别是,L-色氨酸与L-脯氨酸酯形成的环二肽brevianamide F,在该条件下,也能发生C2位异戊烯基化反应,快速合成天然吲哚生物碱tryprostatin B.该反应有两种可能的路径,一种是吲哚C2位直接异戊烯基化,另一种是吲哚C3位先异戊烯基化,然后再重排到C2位.为进一步探索机理,对其进行了研究.首先,在标准条件下,3-酯基吲哚可以发生反应,C2位异戊烯基化产物收率为25％.然后,预先将异戊烯基引入C3位,合成了3-酯基-3-异戊烯基-3H吲哚,同样反应条件下,也能检测到目标产物,但收率只有5％.其次,以氘代1,1-二甲基烯丙醇为原料时,3-异戊烯基吲哚也能与其发生反应,并且在C3和C2位都观察到了氘代异戊烯基,两种产物比例为1:2,结果表明两种反应路径都是存在的,但吲哚C2位直接异戊烯基化是主要路径.此外,以固体酸Nafion为催化剂,离子液体[Bmim]Cl为反应介质,在120 oC时,3-取代吲哚与1,1-二甲基烯丙醇的反应选择性会发生改变,得到C2位异戊烯基异构化的产物.总之,以商业可得的1,1-二甲基烯丙醇为前体,首次实现了化学催化NH吲哚C2位直接异戊烯基化反应,获得较好的区域和化学选择性.该方法能够兼容各类官能团,底物适用性广,且可以用于褪黑素以及色氨酸衍生各种肽类化合物的后期修饰.基于该催化方法,可以两步全合成天然吲哚生物碱tryprostatin B,极大提高了合成效率,有助于实现放大生产.在固体酸/离子液体催化体系中,还实现了反应选择性的改变,丰富了产物类型.     

天然5,7-二羟基-3-异戊烯基黄酮与5-羟基-3-异戊烯基黄酮的全合成

以2,4,6-三羟基苯乙酮和2,6-二羟基苯乙酮为原料, 分别通过甲基保护酚羟基、 苯甲酰氯酰化、 Bake-Venkataraman重排、 异戊烯基化、 酸催化关环及EtSLi脱去甲基等6步反应, 以高收率完成了天然5,7-二羟基-3-异戊烯基黄酮(1a, 收率80.6%)和5-羟基-3-异戊烯基黄酮(1b, 收率84.9%)的全合成, 所有化合物均经 ¹H NMR 和 ¹³C NMR表征确定. 通过密度泛函理论方法对目标产物(1a和1b)的生物活性进行了预测. 结果表明, 3位异戊烯基侧链的存在能大大增强化合物相应的生物活性, 而且是化合物生物活性增强必需的取代基. 另外, 目标产物1a的生物活性高于产物1b, 归因于黄酮类化合物分子中A环上的7-OH属增效基团, 起到增强生物活性的作用, 化合物1a分子中A环上有7-OH, 而化合物1b分子中则无该基团. 本合成方法对其它3-烃基黄酮类天然化合物的合成具有潜在的适用性, 所预测的生物活性结果为3-烃基黄酮类化合物的构效关系研究奠定了基础.     

7-羟基香豆素类及其烯基醚衍生物的合成

以间苯二酚、乙酰乙酸乙酯和1,3-丙酮二羧酸为原料,经Pechmann反应和Knoevenagel反应合成了4个7-羟基香豆素类化合物——7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素(1),7-羟基-4-乙酸甲酯香豆素-(2),7-羟基-3-甲酸乙酯香豆素(5)和7-羟基-3-乙酰基香豆素(6)。以四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,1,2,5和6分别经O-异戊烯基化或O-法尼烯基化反应合成了6个7-羟基香豆素类的烯基醚衍生物,其中5个为新化合物,其结构经1H NMR,IR和MS表征。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.