Quantitative Analysis of Therapeutic Drugs in Dried Blood Spot Samples by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry: An Avenue to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

A method is presented for the direct quantitative analysis of therapeutic drugs from dried blood spot samples by mass spectrometry. The method, paper spray mass spectrometry, generates gas phase ions directly from the blood card paper used to store dried blood samples without the need for complex sample preparation and separation; the entire time for preparation and analysis of blood samples is around 30 s. Limits of detection were investigated for a chemically diverse set of some 15 therapeutic drugs; hydrophobic and weakly basic drugs, such as sunitinib, citalopram, and verapamil, were found to be routinely detectable at approximately 1 ng/mL. Samples were prepared by addition of the drug to whole blood. Drug concentrations were measured quantitatively over several orders of magnitude, with accuracies within 10% of the expected value and relative standard deviation (RSD) of around 10% by prespotting an internal standard solution onto the paper prior to application of the blood sample. We have demonstrated that paper spray mass spectrometry can be used to quantitatively measure drug concentrations over the entire therapeutic range for a wide variety of drugs. The high quality analytical data obtained indicate that the technique may be a viable option for therapeutic drug monitoring.     

Ionization Suppression and Recovery in Direct Biofluid Analysis Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

Paper spray mass spectrometry is a method for the direct analysis of biofluid samples in which extraction of analytes from dried biofluid spots and electrospray ionization occur from the paper on which the dried sample is stored. We examined matrix effects in the analysis of small molecule drugs from urine, plasma, and whole blood. The general method was to spike stable isotope labeled analogs of each analyte into the spray solvent, while the analyte itself was in the dried biofluid. Intensity of the labeled analog is proportional to ionization efficiency, whereas the ratio of the analyte intensity to the labeled analog in the spray solvent is proportional to recovery. Ion suppression and recovery were found to be compound- and matrix-dependent. Highest levels of ion suppression were obtained for poor ionizers (e.g., analytes lacking basic aliphatic amine groups) in urine and approached –90%. Ion suppression was much lower or even absent for good ionizers (analytes with aliphatic amines) in dried blood spots. Recovery was generally highest in urine and lowest in blood. We also examined the effect of two experimental parameters on ion suppression and recovery: the spray solvent and the sample position (how far away from the paper tip the dried sample was spotted). Finally, the change in ion suppression and analyte elution as a function of time was examined by carrying out a paper spray analysis of dried plasma spots for 5 min by continually replenishing the spray solvent.

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激光质谱法分析纸上样品

报道了用激光微探针飞行时间质谱仪进行纸上样品分析的可行性.对纸上涂布的痕量罗丹明B(Rhodamine B)和罗丹明 6G(Rhodamine 6G)进行测试,结果表明纸上分析有极高的灵敏度(优于5×10~(-17)mol)和信噪比,纸纤维干扰峰少;采用液相基体在纸上进行四苯基卟啉(TPP)金属络合物分子量测定也取得良好效果;对纸上样品分析的基体选择进行了研究,表明液相基体明显优于固相基体.激光质谱对纸上有机物作高灵敏度直接测定为某些特殊分析应用如安全检查、刑事侦察和食品卫生检查等提供了新方法.     

In Situ Separation and Analysis of Lipids by Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Paper spray ionization (PSI) is an extractive ambient ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS), whereby a triangular paper tip serves as the sampling base and the electrospray tip. During PSI, analytes are extracted and transported to the edge of the paper tip by the applied spraying solvent. Analytes can be purified from a sample matrix and separated from each other by this transportation process. In this study, we investigated and utilized the analyte transportation process of PSI for the in situ separation and analysis of lipid mixtures. We found that differential transport of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triacylglycerol (TAG), the two most abundant lipid classes in animals, occurred during PSI. We also found that the order in which these lipids moved strongly depended on how the spraying solvent was applied to the paper base. The more polar PC moved faster than the less polar TAG during PSI, when a polar solvent was slowly fed into a paper tip, whereas TAG was transported faster than PC when excess solvent was applied to the tip at once. In addition, we achieved a complete separation and detection of PC and TAG by slowly supplying a nonpolar solvent to a PSI tip.     

水凝胶涂覆纸喷雾离子化用于生物流体样品直接质谱分析

基于琼脂糖水凝胶涂覆的纸基质,实现了纸喷雾离子化,建立了一种新的纸喷雾离子化质谱技术,直接分析生物流体样品。利用纸表面涂覆的水凝胶材料限制液滴的扩散,使互不相溶的喷雾溶剂液滴与生物样品液滴之间形成液液萃取,提高了检测灵敏度。同时通过限制液滴扩散,减少了喷雾溶剂挥发面积,降低了挥发速度,获得了时间更长的稳定质谱信号,可对生物流体样品中的低丰度药物快速、准确定量。相较于常规纸喷雾离子化,该方法喷雾时间延长近10倍,分析物信号提高近100倍,定量分析全血和尿液中的药物,检出限可降低7～33倍。方法材料制备简单,方便快捷,灵敏度高,在现场临床诊断上具有很大的应用潜力。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱方法在生物样品分析中的应用

介绍了电感耦合等离子体质谱方法在生物样品分析中应用研究的新进展。针对ICP－MS的特点阐述了样品处理、进样方式、干扰校正的主要方法和应注意的问题。     

An Integrated Microfluidic Probe for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Biological Samples**

Ambient ionization based on liquid extraction is widely used in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of molecules in biological samples. The development of nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) has enabled the robust imaging of tissue sections with high spatial resolution. However, the fabrication of the nano-DESI probe is challenging, which limits its dissemination to the broader scientific community. Herein, we describe the design and performance of an integrated microfluidic probe (iMFP) for nano-DESI MSI. The glass iMFP, fabricated using photolithography, wet etching, and polishing, shows comparable performance to the capillary-based nano-DESI MSI in terms of stability and sensitivity; a spatial resolution of better than 25 μm was obtained in these first proof-of-principle experiments. The iMFP is easy to operate and align in front of a mass spectrometer, which will facilitate broader use of liquid-extraction-based MSI in biological research, drug discovery, and clinical studies.     

The Analysis of Environmental Samples by Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectral analysis was carried out on shellfish samples taken in the vicinity of the Arrow oil spill at Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. Oil samples were also analyzed, samples being obtained from the tanker and also from the beach.

After extraction of the oil and shellfish samples, group separations were made into aliphatic, aromatic and oxygenated fractions, which were analyzed separately by mass spectrometry. The validity of the group separations was established, since, in the analysis of the so-called aliphatic fraction, no evidence of aromatics could be seen by mass spectrometry.

On the other hand, polycyclic hydrocarbons were found in some of the aromatic fractions. Identification was based upon standard mass spectrometric analysis already performed on known examples of the polycyclics.

It was concluded that the possibility of oil contamination can be confirmed by the mass spectrometric analysis of appropriate samples. It was also concluded that the so-called control samples should have been taken at a greater distance from the oil spill.     

生物材料中克伦特罗的气相色谱-质谱法测定

建立了生物材料中克伦特罗 (clenbuterol)的气相色谱 -质谱测定方法 ;大白鼠喂食克伦特罗获得阳性生物材料 ,生物材料中克伦特罗经0.01mol/L盐酸溶液提取 ,乙醚脱脂净化 ,乙酸乙酯提取后蒸发至干 ,用乙醇溶解后加样到氧化铝柱上 ,用0.01mol/L盐酸溶液洗脱 ,蒸发至干后 ,用BSTFA(双三甲基硅烷基三氟乙酰胺 ) +1 % (φ)TMCS(三甲基氯硅烷 )衍生 ,采用GC -MS进行测定 ,外标法定量 ;试验表明 ,生物材料中添加0.056×10 -6～0.54×10 -6(w)含量水平的克伦特罗 ,方法回收率在89 %～107 % ,相对标准偏差为7.3 %～16 % ,线性相关系数r为0.998,克伦特罗的检出限为2.0×10-9(w)。     

Analysis of Toxaphene (PCC) and Chlordane in Biological Samples by NCI Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Several recent reports indicate that both toxaphene (polychlorocamphene, PCC) and chlordane are widespread pollutants in our environment. These insecticides, both complex mixtures of chlorinated hydrocarbons, are difficult to separate from each other. Thus the analyses of them in environmental samples are difficult and furthermore complicated by interferences from other chlorinated hydrocarbons such as PCB and DDT compounds. Mass fragmentography using the negative ions formed by chemical ionization proved to be useful to selectively detect the toxaphenes and the chlordanes without interferences from DDT. High concentrations of PCB still influence on the results and have to be removed in the clean-up procedure.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定沉积物中有机磷酸酯

比较了不同提取方法、净化方法对沉积物样品中有机磷酸酯(Organophosphate esters,OPEs)的富集、净化效果,建立了气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)检测沉积物中8种OPEs的分析方法.用20 mL正己烷-丙酮混合液(1∶1,V/V)、涡流振荡+超声提取两次,Florisil固相萃取柱净化、8 mL乙酸乙酯洗脱,浓缩后将溶剂置换成正己烷,采用DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm ×0.25 μm)进行分离,质谱检测器在选择反应监测模式(SRM)下进行分析,内标法定量.结果表明,此前处理方法操作简单、溶剂耗量少;在3个添加浓度水平下,OPEs(除TEP外)的回收率在80％～ 120％之间,检出限为0.31 ～ 65 ng/L,且有良好的精密度与准确度.     

An Investigation of Plasma-Polymer Interactions by Mass Spectrometry

Surface modification of polymers by low-pressure plasmas has gained scientific and industrial importance for controlling adhesion of coatings, wettability, printability, bio-compatibility and other surface-related properties. However, more is to be learned about the complex interactions at the plasma-polymer interface. The present study is designed to investigate these plasma-polymer surface interactions by means of mass spectrometry. Various polymer specimens (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide) were placed directly on an electrode which contains the sampling aperture into a quadrupole mass spectrometer. We have identified various molecular fragments from these polymers, which were liberated by chain scissions provoked by various energetic plasma constituents, in particular, bombarding ions and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons.     

Influence of Harvest Time on the Chemical Profile of Pereskia aculeate Mill. Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and the production of bioactive compounds of Pereskia aculeata Mill. at different harvest times. Here, we performed a qualitative evaluation of the chemical profile by paper spray mass spectrometry (PSMS), the phenolic acid and flavonoid profile by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant activity, total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, color characteristics, total soluble solids (TSS), total solids (TS), pH, and total titratable acidity (TTA). The chemical profile was not affected, with the exception of 4,5-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene and azelaic acid, which was only identified in the leaves harvested during the winter. The content of four phenolic acids and three flavonoids were analyzed; out of these, no significant amounts of ellagic acid and quercetin were detected. There was no difference in production of bioactive compounds between seasons, reflecting the antioxidant activity, which also did not differ. Brightness, chroma, and leaf pH were the only physicochemical characteristics that did not vary between seasons.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定生物样品中稀土元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了生物样品中的稀土元素,稀土元素的氧化物离子产率随入射功率和采样深度增加,载气流速减小而降低。在选择的测量条件下,＾１４Ｐｒ＾１６Ｏ对＾１５７Ｇｄ的测定可产生严重干扰,必须校正,当样品中钡含量较高时,应考虑校正＾１３５Ｂａ对＾１５１Ｅｕ的干扰。生物样品的主要基体元素Ｋ、Ｎａ和Ｃａ在浓度较高时,对稀土元素的信号强度均表现出抑制效应,且Ｃａ的抑制程度大于Ｋ和Ｎａ。比较了干     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生物样本全基因组DNA甲基化

建立了基于液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱的分析方法,对生物样本中全基因组DNA甲基化水平进行定量测定.首先将DNA从生物样本中提取出来,将DNA片段酶解为单核苷,利用液相色谱-串联质谱测定胞嘧啶核苷和5-甲基胞嘧啶核苷的含量,从而计算出其全基因组DNA甲基化率.利用该法研究了暴露于全氟辛烷磺酸的L-02细胞、10例原发性肝癌病例血浆样本和10例对照血浆样本的全基因组DNA甲基化水平,得出了它们的总甲基化率变化的初步结果.本方法操作简单,具有很高的灵敏度和稳定性,为研究生物样本,尤其是临床上易得但DNA含量极低的血浆样本的总甲基化水平提供了思路.     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱联用及其在环境和生物样品中铂族金属分析的应用进展

本文简述了电感耦合等离子体-质谱联用(LCP-MS)技术和仪器的发展,分析了环境和生物样品中铂族金属分析的主要困难,综述了90年代以来国内外ICP-MS技术在环境和生物样品中铂族金属分析的最新进展,引用文献47篇.     

微管纸喷雾质谱法快速筛查血液中5种强极性毒物

采用微管纸喷雾质谱法快速筛查了血液中的敌草快、百草枯、草甘膦、草铵膦和氯化琥珀胆碱5种强极性毒物。全血样品用9倍样品体积的甲醇提取,静置后取上清液直接上样,使用多反应监测扫描模式,每个化合物测定两个离子进行定性和定量分析。5种极性物质可在1 min内完成检测。该方法对5种极性毒物的检出限分别为敌草快0.05 mg/L,百草枯0.5 mg/L,草甘膦25 mg/L,草铵膦25 mg/L,氯化琥珀胆碱0.05 mg/L。敌草快和氯化琥珀胆碱的线性范围为0.005～0.5 mg/L,百草枯的线性范围为0.05～5 mg/L,草甘膦和草铵膦的线性范围为2.5～100 mg/L,可满足快速筛查检测的使用需求。样品在1倍、2倍和10倍检出限加标浓度下的回收率为62%～117%,相对标准偏差不大于40%。该方法操作简便、高效快速,适用于全血样品中上述5种极性毒物的快速筛查。     

傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱法测定生物样品中的溶血磷脂酰胆碱

建立了一种快速、同时测定复杂生物样品中4种溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPCs)的傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FTICR-MS)分析方法。生物样品以甲醇-氯仿(9∶1,体积比)超声萃取30 min,离心后取上清液过0.22μm滤膜,进行FTICR-MS分析。质谱分析采用250μL微量进样器直接进样,进样流速为120μL/h;电喷雾(ESI)正离子模式检测,扫描质荷比范围为m/z 50~1 000,采用外标法进行定量分析。结果表明,4种LPCs在0.5~100μg/L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r^2)均不小于0.993 0。4种LPCs的检出限为0.02~0.03μg/L,定量下限为0.07~0.1μg/L。在血液和大鼠肝脏样本中,3个加标水平下4种LPCs的平均回收率为70.8%~95.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~9.8%。该方法简单快速,灵敏度高,准确性和重复性好,适用于复杂生物样品中LPCs的快速测定。