Corrections for spatial velocity derivatives in a turbulent shear flow

Possible corrections for measured spatial velocity derivatives have been inferred from a direct numerical simulation database for a fully developed turbulent channel flow. The magnitude of the correction depends much less on the distance from the wall for derivatives in the spanwise direction than for those in the wall-normal direction. Corrections based on local isotropy are better approximations for spanwise derivatives than for wall-normal derivatives.The support of the Australian Research Council is gratefully ackowledged.     

On the measurement of lateral velocity derivatives in turbulent flows

Direct numerical simulation data for the lateral velocity derivative u/y at the centreline of a fully developed turbulent channel flow provide reasonable support for Wyngaard's analysis of the error involved in measuring this quantity using parallel hot wires. Numerical data in the wall region of the channel flow also provide a useful indication of how to select the separation between the wires. Justification for this choice is obtained by comparing several measured statistics of u/y with the corresponding numerical data.     

Differential and algebraic models for the second moments of particle velocity and temperature fluctuations in turbulent flows

Differential and algebraic models are constructed for the dispersed-phase turbulent stresses and heat fluxes and for the mixed moments of the velocity and temperature fluctuations in the continuous and dispersed phases. The models are based on a kinetic equation for the joint probability density of the particle velocity and temperature in an anisotropic turbulent flow. The results are compared with the available direct numerical simulation (DNS) data.     

Corrections for underresolved scalar measurements in turbulent flows using a DNS database

We estimate the effect of finite spatial resolution of a probe for scalar measurements, using a database from direct numerical simulations (DNS). These are for homogeneous isotropic turbulence in temporal decay, Schmidt number unity, and low Taylor-microscale Reynolds number (≃27–42). The probe could be a cold wire for measuring temperature in a turbulent flow. Correction factors for the scalar variance, scalar dissipation rate, and mixed velocity-scalar derivative skewness are estimated, for a sensor length up to 15 times the Batchelor length scale. It is shown that the lack of resolution yields the largest attenuation on the dissipation rate, followed by the scalar variance. On the contrary, the mixed skewness, which is affected the least, is overestimated. Further, it is shown that if one estimates the mixed skewness via the scalar variance dynamical equation and neglects the term involving the time derivative of the scalar energy spectrum, large errors in the correction factor of the mixed skewness are introduced. Finally, it is found that correction factors obtained assuming Kraichnan scalar model spectrum and following Wyngaard (in Phys Fluids 14:2052–2054, 1971) approach are close to those from the DNS.     

Laser Doppler velocity bias in separated turbulent flows

Velocity bias effects on data obtained with a coincident two channel laser Doppler velocimeter in a highly turbulent separated supersonic flow are presented. Probability distributions of the fluctuating velocities were distorted by velocity bias in a manner consistent with theory and a two-dimensional velocity inverse weighting function bias correction produced reasonable appearing velocity probability distributions. The addition of an approximate correction term to account for the effects of the unmeasured third velocity component improved these results but had little effect on the velocity statistics. Experimental factors that could partially compensate or falsely add to the velocity bias, conditions for the bias to occur, and conditions for which the bias may also be observed and corrected for are discussed.     

Simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature in high-temperature turbulent flows: a combination of LDV and a three-wire temperature probe

This paper deals with a simple and reliable technique for simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature in high-temperature turbulent flows, including combustion. The technique is based on the combination of laser Doppler velocimetry and a digitally compensated fine-wire thermocouple. For temperature measurement, a two-thermocouple probe with a fine cold wire [Tagawa et al. (1998) Rev Sci Instrum 69: 3370–3378] is used, which enables in situ measurement of thermocouple time constants and accurate compensation of the thermocouple response. When tested in a turbulent wake behind a heated cylinder, the technique proves to be highly reliable and effective for investigating heat transport processes in various non-isothermal turbulent flows. Received: 24 June 1999/Accepted: 10 March 2000     

4D Magnetic resonance velocimetry for mean velocity measurements in complex turbulent flows

An adaptation of a medical magnetic resonance imaging system to the noninvasive measurement of three-component mean velocity fields in complex turbulent engineering flows is described. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the capabilities of the technique with respect to its accuracy, time efficiency and applicability as a design tool for complex turbulent internal geometries. The technique, called 4D magnetic resonance velocimetry (4D-MRV), is used to measure the mean flow in fully developed low-Reynolds number turbulent pipe flow, Re=6400 based on bulk mean velocity and diameter, and in a model of a gas turbine blade internal cooling geometry with four serpentine passages, Re=10,000 and 15,000 based on bulk mean velocity and hydraulic diameter. 4D-MRV is capable of completing full-field measurements in three-dimensional volumes with sizes on the order of the magnet bore diameter in less than one hour. Such measurements can include over 2 million independent mean velocity vectors. Velocities measured in round pipe flow agreed with previous experimental results to within 10%. In the turbulent cooling passage flow, the average flow rates calculated from the 4D-MRV velocity profiles agreed with ultrasonic flowmeter measurements to within 7%. The measurements lend excellent qualitative insight into flow structures even in the highly complex 180° bends. Accurate quantitative measurements were obtained throughout the Re=10,000 flow and in the Re=15,000 flow except in the most complex regions, areas just downstream of high-speed bends, where velocities and velocity fluctuations exceeded MRV capabilities for the chosen set of scan parameters. General guidelines for choosing scanning parameters and suggestions for future development are presented.     

A pulsed-wire technique for velocity and temperature measurements in natural convection flows

A pulsed-wire probe based on the use of one or two parallel wires, capable of measuring the velocity and the temperature in natural convection flows is described. These measurements are based on the analysis of the relaxation response of a pulsing wire, submitted to a very short electrical pulse. The analysis of the temperature variation on an optional second receiver wire, gives information about the velocity direction. The implementation simplicity of this probe, its good spatial precision, the lack of thermal contamination of the flow, as well as the possibility of obtaining simultaneous velocity and temperature measurements, allow the integration of the device in a multi-point measurement network, capable to deliver thermal and dynamic cartographies of unsteady convection flows.     

On velocity and temperature distribution in turbulent flow between parallel plates

Summary By means of mixing-length and turbulent Prandtl number hypothesis we solved the problem of parallel turbulent flow at constant density, both from the dynamic and thermal point of view; we then analyzed the fit with experimental data of various mixing-length formulas, and also the dependence of temperature profiles on the value of the turbulent Prandtl number.This critical analysis allowed the choice of the most suitable mixing-length formula and the value for the turbulent Prandtl number. On the basis of these results we extended the study discarding the condition of constant density; in particular we considered the case of liquids whose density was taken dependent on temperature changes across the walls, but independent of the pressure changes in flow direction.The study belongs to the case of fully developed temperature and velocity profiles.

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Sommario Mediante l'introduzione del numero di Prandtl turbolento e della lunghezza di miscelamento nelle equazioni di Reynolds, viene risolto il problema della distribuzione di velocità e temperatura in un fluido a densità costante, in moto turbolento tra due piani paralleli. Le distribuzioni di velocità, ottenute con diverse espressioni della lunghezza di miscelamento, vengono poi confrontate con i dati sperimentali, allo scopo di scegliere la più opportuna di queste lunghezze; infine viene esaminata l'influenza del numero di Prandtl turbolento sulla distribuzione di temperatura.In accordo con le suddette scelte, lo studio è successivamente esteso al caso di densità dipendente dalla sola temperatura, ritenendo trascurabili le variazioni di densità per effetto del gradiente di pressione. In altri termini si limita lo studio ai liquidi.Tutti i risultati ottenuti si riferiscono a moti stabilizzati in velocità e temperatura.

     

Velocity and temperature dissimilarity in fully developed turbulent channel and plane Couette flows

The natural dissimilarity or decorrelation of stream-wise velocity and temperature fluctuations in fully developed turbulent channel and plane Couette flows was studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). For both of the flow configurations, a Reynolds number of about 150 was used based on the friction velocity and half the distance between walls. Buoyancy effects were neglected, and only results with a molecular Prandtl number, Pr, equal to 1 are presented. The boundary conditions for the thermal field were a uniform source of energy in the domain and isothermal wall temperature for the channel and Couette flow, respectively. The importance of those events responsible for wall-normal turbulent fluxes in the generation of axial velocity and temperature dissimilarity was examined using conditional probability. It was found that the dissimilarity in the whole domain was higher in Couette than in channel flow. It was also found that for wall-normal turbulent fluxes (momentum and heat), the averaged dissimilarity in the whole domain was slightly more correlated with those events in the second or fourth quadrant, according to the quadrant analysis technique. For channel flow, the importance of both kinds of events was similar, while for Couette flow there was a predominance in the generation of dissimilarity by those events in the fourth quadrant. Also, for both flow configurations and throughout the wall-normal direction, it was found that in the buffer region there was a predominance of events in the fourth quadrant associated with dissimilarity for both wall-normal turbulent fluxes. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy showed that there was a high-frequency shift experienced from the wall towards the centerline by the temperature spectrum with regards to the axial velocity spectrum, for which the action of the fluctuations of the wall-normal velocity was the main cause. In the central region of the flow, on the other hand, there was a global convergence of all spectra towards the pressure spectrum, with this convergence lower for Couette flow. Finally, it is shown that the dissimilarity in developed conditions is caused by the greater correlation existing for the temperature fluctuation with the instantaneous axial pressure gradient than for the velocity fluctuation with the instantaneous axial pressure gradient.     

Kinds of local self-similarity of the velocity field of prewall turbulent flows

An analysis of dimensionalities and an approach used by Millikan [1] in analysis of mean motion are applied to investigation of the pulsational motion of three types of prewall flows of an incompressible liquid, i.e., in a boundary layer with longitudinal flow around a plate, in a round tube, and in a flat channel. It is shown that with sufficiently large Reynolds numbers there exists an interval of distances from the wall x₂, within which the integral one-point correlations and the narrow-band one-point correlations _jk do not depend on x₂. In frequency space, there exists a hyperbolic interval in which _jk=A_jku ²f^-1. Here A_jk=const; u is the dynamic velocity; and f is the frequency. It is also shown that, from the point of view of the mean motion, a distinction must be made between Kármán turbulent flow with rather large Reynolds numbers and non-Kármán flow with small, but turbulent Reynolds numbers. In the latter case, the coefficients in the logarithmic profiles of the velocity and in the law of the resistance depend on the Reynolds number. The article gives an evaluation of the Reynolds number, which can be assumed to be rather large.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 35–42, November–December, 1976.The author considers it his pleasant duty to express his indebtedness to M. A. Kashina for furnishing experimental data.     

Relations between structure functions of velocity and temperature in a turbulent jet

Experiments in Fluids - Measurements of the longitudinal velocity fluctuation and the temperature fluctuation on the centreline of a turbulent plane jet are used to obtain second and third order...     

Concentration and velocity field measurements in turbulent flows using laser-induced fluorescence tomography (LIFT)

Laser-Induced Fluorescence is used to tomographically produce volume information of concentration distribution in a turbulent shear flow. Based on Adaptive Least Squares Correlation (ALSC) of grey level distributions in small patches cut out of consecutive tomographically constructed observation volumes, 3-D fields of velocity, vorticity and rate-of-strain are determined with high spatial resolution, satisfactory temporal resolution and high accuracy. This novel technique opens new perspectives for the study of mixing processes.