Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Agricultural Products and Food Analysis: A Review

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy has been gaining popularity as an analytical tool due to advances in development of Raman spectrometry and the power of personal computers. Due to to its narrow and highly resolved bands, Raman spectroscopy allows for nondestructive extraction of chemical and physical information about samples and aids in rapid on-line analysis without any special sample preparation. In this review, Raman spectroscopic techniques such as dispersive Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy are briefly introduced. In addition, applications of Raman spectroscopy are explored, within various fields of agricultural products and food, including fruits and vegetables, crops, meat and dairy products, oil, as well as beverages. In addition, some discussion on the importance of Raman spectroscopy as fundamental and applied research of agricultural products and food is provided.     

Applications of time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy in ultrafast carrier dynamics

Three time-resolved terahertz (THz) spectroscopy methods (optical-pump/THz-probe spectroscopy,THzpump/THz-probe spectroscopy,and THz-pump/optical-probe spectroscopy) are reviewed.These are used to characterize ultrafast dynamics in photo-or THz-excited semiconductors,superconductors,nanomaterials,and other materials.In particular,the optical-pump/THz-probe spectroscopy is utilized to investigate carrier dynamics and the related intervalley scattering phenomena in semiconductors.The recent development of intense pulsed THz sources is expected to affect the research in nonlinear THz responses of various materials.     

原子光谱学进展的综述

综述了包括原子吸收光谱,原子荧光光谱,原子发射光谱,电感耦合等离子体质谱,原子光谱分析的进样及预富集系统,元素成分分析及其形态分析,过程分析化学以及用于无机元素分析的传感器。     

拉曼光谱技术研究男性生殖生育

拉曼光谱通过记录光与物质作用时频率的改变,进而获得物质分子振动、转动信息,从而实现物质分子结构及其变化的检测。相比于常规生化检测分析方法,拉曼光谱技术具有无损、非标记检测及对检测样品要求低等优点。 拉曼光谱技术已广泛应用于生物医学领域的研究,如人体组织、器官、细胞以及人体体液的各种疾病诊断、检测研究。本文主要综述了拉曼光谱技术在人体精液的研究进展,首先介绍了拉曼光谱技术(包含表面增强拉曼光谱)在法医学领域针对精液整体开展的研究及相关的数据处理方法,然后重点介绍拉曼光谱在男性生殖生育方面的研究,即分别介绍了可客观反映精液质量及男性生殖生育能力的基于精液(精浆)拉曼光谱的定性和定量检测分析;另外,介绍了基于显微拉曼光谱技术开展的单精子水平的精子质量的刻画和评估,以及目前研究初步获得的有望用于优质精子判别的拉曼光谱标记指标,最后展望了拉曼光谱技术在生殖生育领域的应用发展前景。     

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in herbal medicine

Raman spectroscopic techniques are a group of chemical fingerprint detection methods based on molecular vibrational spectroscopy. They are compatible with aqueous solutions and are time saving, nondestructive, and highly informative. With complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) becoming increasingly popular, more people are consuming natural herbal medicines. Thus, chemical fingerprints of herbal medicines are investigated to determine the content of these products. In this study, I review the different types of Raman spectroscopic techniques used in fingerprinting herbal medicines, including dispersive Raman spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform (FT)–Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, and confocal/microscopic Raman spectroscopy. Lab-grade Raman spectroscopy instruments help detect the chemical components of herbal medicines effectively and accurately without the need for complicated separation and extraction procedures. In addition, portable Raman spectroscopy instruments could be used to monitor the health and safety compliance of herbal products in the consumer market.     

连续和准连续激光调制谱分析技术的比对研究

为了在面对不同检测需求时,能够选取适合的调谐激光吸收光谱技术方案,对直接吸收光谱、连续调制谱和准连续调制谱三种方法进行了理论分析和实验比较。在相同实验条件下,通过同一激光器测量不同浓度CO2气体,比较了这三种方法的技术特点、信号特征、检测灵敏度。结果表明,准连续调制谱技术具有与连续调制谱相当的检测灵敏度,但是受激光能量间断和较大的寄生幅度调制影响,检测信号相对于气体吸收谱的线形失真较大,因此不太适合依赖光谱线形和线宽的压力、流速测量。为选取更加适用的激光调制谱技术,提供了参考依据。     

激光稳频中的高灵敏度光谱技术

高灵敏度谱分析技术是激光稳频系统的关键。通过系统的理论分析,结合国内外研究的稳频系统,详尽介绍了导数谱和ＦＭ 光谱激光稳频技术,并对其进行了分析、比较。两者的根本区别在于ＦＭ 光谱技术具有相对较大的调制频率,这是它们在应用中各具特点的根源：ＦＭ 光谱技术具有更高的灵敏度和噪声抑制能力,可以探测到０－００５ ％ 的微小吸收,而导数谱技术对未知的超精细谱线结构具有较好的兼容性。     

双傅氏变换核磁共振波谱学

二维NMR波谱是近十年来核磁共振领域内的重要新发展之一。本文综述了实现二维谱的五种可能性。给出双傅氏变换核磁共振谱的基本原理及实验的一般方法。讨论了这类谱的两个主要分支即:二维分谱解及二维相关谱。     

纳米材料科学中的谱学研究

谱学分析方法是研究纳米体系结构和性能3的重要手段之一，对纳米材料进行深入研究离不开各种谱学方法的表征，本文综述了常用的谱学方法，如紫外可见光谱，红外光谱，拉曼光谱，穆斯堡尔谱，正电子湮没及光声光谱等在纳米材料研究中的最新进展，结合典型实例，对各种谱学方法的原理，特点以及在纳米体系研究中所能提供的重要信息进行了归纳和分析，展望了谱学分析方法在纳米科技研究中进一步的应用前景，以及在纳米材料研究中建立纳米尺度分辨的谱学检测方法和发展新的谱学技术等重要的发展方向。     

光导纤维拉曼光谱技术及其在化学中的应用

本文综述了光导纤维拉曼光谱法的研究近况,主要介绍其实验技术及其应用于化学中常规拉曼光谱、表面增强拉曼光谱和近红外富里叶变换拉曼光谱等领域的工作,讨论了该领域存在问题和应用前景.     

光声光谱气体传感技术研究进展

光声光谱是通过光声效应把样品吸收光谱转换成声波探测,实现样品成分、浓度分析检测的一种光谱传感技术,是光谱学的一个重要分支。光声光谱除了具有吸收光谱的高选择性、高灵敏度外,还具有信号只跟样品光吸收有关,不受散射光影响,零背景, 信号与光功率成正比以及信号探测器不受光波长影响等诸多优点。在环境监测、工业过程控制与检测、医学诊断和国防危化品检测等领域得到了越来越多的应用,呈现出快速发展的趋势。除了传统的共振光声光谱技术,近年来先后出现了悬臂增强型光声光谱、石英音叉谐振增强型光声光谱、多通道光声光谱等各具特色的新技术。对光声光谱气体传感技术的研究进展进行了介绍,并分析了其应用前景和未来发展趋势。     

二维核磁共振观测岩石润湿性

润湿性是反映储层中油水分布状况的一个重要表征参数,因此研究储层岩石的润湿性对原油开采有着重要的意义. 扩散弛豫二维谱可展示扩散系数与弛豫时间的相关性,并可以对油水的弛豫时间、扩散系数分别进行研究,与核磁共振一维弛豫谱相比极大地提高了区分油水的能力. 该文首先通过多组实验验证扩散-弛豫二维谱可以很好地观测到油水共存状态下玻璃珠表面的润湿性,继而通过对3组人造岩心表面润湿性的测量,获得了人造岩心表面润湿性的信息,解决了此时单独用一维弛豫谱方法难以区分油水的问题. 利用二维谱观察岩石润湿性的研究对油田提高采收率的研究有较大的参考价值.     

Technical Development of Raman Spectroscopy: From Instrumental to Advanced Combined Technologies

Abstract

Raman-based techniques have developed into excellent analytical tools in various research fields, primarily due to their noninvasive sampling capability, minimal sample preparation, and short analysis time. Major improvements in lasers, spectrometers, detectors, and holographic optical components have made Raman spectroscopy an effective tool for analyzing natural and synthetic materials. This article presents a short introduction to Raman spectroscopy and several recently related advances, including, Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, Raman sensing, and stand-off Raman spectroscopy techniques. Other topics discussed in this article are the importance of its combination with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF).     

Structure, phase composition, and optical properties of silicon nanopowders

The nanopowders obtained by sputtering of silicon with a high-power electron beam in nitrogen and argon atmospheres have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, ultrasoft X-ray emission spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. The sizes of particles and their phase composition have been determined. A mechanism is proposed, which explains the visible photoluminescence of nanopowders.     

Modification of the Surface Properties of Free Si–Cu Films by Implantation of Active Metal Ions

Technical Physics - Using the methods of Auger electron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and UV photoelectron spectroscopy, the influence of Ba+ ion implantation on the...     

二氧化氯氧化云杉木质素的光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-visible)、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱(FT-Raman)以及核磁共振(1H NMR)分析技术对云杉木质素被二氧化氯氧化前后的结构变化进行了研究。当木质素被二氧化氯氧化时,其骨架结构中的芳香环基团被有效地氧化开环。红外光谱显示木质素中的愈疮木基特征峰强度显著降低,紫丁香基苯基以及对羟基苯基特征吸收峰完全消失,在被氧化后的木质素中出现CO 共轭羰基伸缩振动特征峰。紫外光谱显示木质素在被氧化后位于280 nm处的紫外吸收显著降低。1H核磁共振波谱显示,木质素中连接在芳香环侧链的甲氧基数量被氧化后出现显著的降低,同时与苯环相连的脂肪族侧链在后也相应地减少。研究结果说明二氧化氯能有效地氧化木质素中的芳香环,并将其氧化为带有CO基因的粘康酸及其酯类物质或带有醌型基团的物质。     

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Effective Tool for Screening of Polymorphs in Pharmaceuticals

Abstract

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has emerged as an important technique for the screening and characterization of polymorphs in pharmaceuticals. Polymorphism, the ability of a substance to exist in two or more crystalline phases having different physicochemical and biopharmaceutical parameters, has attracted pharmaceutical scientists due to the patentability of new forms. Transformation of the solid phase due to polymorphic changes during manufacturing and storage may lead to formulation hurdles. Vibrational spectroscopy, particularly NIR spectroscopy, is a widely used technique for polymorphs screening in drug development processes and has emerged as a process analytical technology tool. In this review, a brief overview of NIR spectroscopy, chemometric tools, and polymorphs screening of pharmaceuticals using NIR spectroscopy is presented. Recent developments in NIR spectroscopy instrumentation are also discussed.     

Experimental comparison of two Doppler-free detection methods with a new technique: Differential saturation spectroscopy

Some Doppler-free detection techniques for the detection of small quantities of radioisotopes in the gas phase were tested. The techniques were applied to ²³Na (100%) at a density of (5.54 ± 0.05) x 10¹⁴ m^-3. For the same experimental condition of the sample the signal to noise ratio for saturation spectroscopy, FM spectroscopy and a new technique — differential saturation spectroscopy — were in the proportion 1 to 2.5 to 1.7. So the signal to noise ratio for saturation spectroscopy can be increased by the application of differential saturation spectroscopy but the best sensitivity is obtained for FM spectroscopy.     

激光拉曼光谱分析氢同位素的应用

拉曼光谱作为一种物质结构和成分分析的测试手段而被广泛应用.介绍分析了激光拉曼光谱法用于氢同位素分析的可行性,并综述介绍了国内外研究人员利用激光拉曼光谱在氚参与的放射反应监测分析、氢同位素定性检测、定量分析方法研究等方面开展的工作.     

Application of spectroscopic techniques for monitoring microbial diversity and bioremediation

Microbes are the most fascinating group, with huge diversity devising myriad functional applications in the field of medicine, pharmaceuticals, environmental remediation, and industries. Quantitative and qualitative determination of biomolecules and microbial assisted phenomena by spectroscopy is a pioneer approach. It facilitates the study of atomic and molecular geometries, energy levels, chemical bonds, and interactions between molecules and microbes. It produces fingerprints of the microbial species serving to characterize, differentiate, and identify microorganisms, in both the environment and at single-cell level. Spectroscopy-based bioremediation techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, force spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy have been very well represented and linked with the microbial applications. This review summarizes the traditional spectroscopic techniques used for the study of microbes and microbial-assisted products as well as illustrates its application in the field of microbial diversity and remediation. This will provide an outlook for the intricate characterization and dimension of microbes to be used for effective application in bioremediation.