外源镧对红壤、水稻土肥力参数的影响

采用土柱模拟研究了La对红壤,水稻土阳离子交换量,溶液组成,交换性酸等肥力参数的影响,随着外源La浓度的增加,积累在红壤,水稻土中的La呈交换态的比例增加,红壤比水稻土含有更多的水溶性La和交换态La,且当La浓度大于600mg.kg^-1时,呈交换态比例基本保持不变,当La浓度小于1200mg.kg^-1时,对红壤阳离子交换量没有显著影响,但La浓度达1200mg.kg^-1时,对水稻土阳离子交换量产生极显著影响,La增加土壤酸度,并主要为交换性Al, La导致土壤胶体表面交换性Ca,Mg减少,土壤溶液中Ca,Mg增加,但当La浓度小于150mg.kg^-1时,对红壤,水稻土阳离子交换量,交换性Ca,Mg和交换性H,Al不会造成显著影响。     

镧对红壤硝化、磷转化和酚分解作用的影响

通过室内培养和盆栽试验研究了La对红壤硝化作用,磷转化作用和酚分解作用的影响,低浓度下,La对土壤的硝化作用和磷转化作用均有某些刺激作用,但随着浓度的升高产生抑制作用并不断增加,La对土壤酚分解作用表现为剧烈的抑制作用,并随着浓度的升高,抑制作用不断增强,随着培养时间的延长,La对土壤硝化作用和酚分解作用的抑制作用有降低的趋势。     

镧对土壤微生物的影响

通过南非马唐盆栽试验研究了La对红壤-牧草系统中土壤微生物的剂量效应和时间效应. 结果表明,高浓度La对土壤细菌、放线菌、 真菌和自生固氮菌均有毒害作用,而且土壤细菌、放线菌和自生固氮菌对La的敏感性均大于真菌. 对La浓度-土壤微生物数量的生物学参数模拟的计算结果表明,La对土壤细菌、放线菌以及真菌的EC50(半效应浓度)值随时间延长而增加,说明随着时间的延长,La对土壤微生物的影响具有减弱的趋势.     

镧对Rhizoctonia solani的毒力及其致病酶活性的影响

采用琼脂平板生长速率法及液体培养基培养测定了La对立枯丝核病菌(Rhizoctoniasolani)的抑制作用和毒力,并测定了其对病菌胞外的果胶酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶等几种致病酶的活性的影响。结果表明,随着La浓度升高,对病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用增强,固体培养上所测定的对病菌的EC50和EC95分别为171.9和667.7mg·L-1;在液体培养基中所测定的EC50和EC95分别为111 4和500 7mg·L-1。在一定浓度范围内,La提高了单位量菌丝所产生3种致病酶的活性,但由于对菌丝生长量的强烈抑制,使病菌胞外3种致病酶的总量或总活性受到抑制,减低了病菌的致病力。     

外源镧对茶园紫色土酶活性的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了外源稀土元素La对茶园紫色土脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶及脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明:低浓度(≤300 mg·kg-1)La3+对茶园紫色土脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、纤维素酶活性具有显著促进作用(p0.05),而高浓度(≥800 mg·kg-1)则呈现显著的抑制作用(p0.05)。脲酶、蔗糖酶和纤维素酶最优促进浓度分别为100,300和300 mg·kg-1,抑制浓度分别为800,800和600 mg·kg-1。随培养时间延长,La3+对茶园紫色土脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶刺激作用有减缓趋势。各浓度La3+处理对茶园紫色土脱氢酶均呈显著抑制作用(p0.05),随浓度升高抑制作用逐步增强,随着培养时间延长,抑制作用有减缓的趋势。相关分析结果表明:脲酶分别与蔗糖酶和纤维素酶呈现极显著正相关(p0.01),蔗糖酶与纤维素酶亦呈现极显著正相关(p0.01),脱氢酶与脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶相关性不显著。脱氢酶活性可以作为评价稀土元素污染茶园紫色土土壤环境的敏感指标。     

镧对水稻磷吸收及其形态的影响

用分根营养液培养法研究了镧对水稻生长, 根、茎、籽粒磷含量, 磷吸收及体内磷形态的影响. 结果表明低浓度镧(0.05～1.5 mg·L-1)提高水稻产量;高浓度镧 (9 mg·L-1～30 mg·L-1) 降低水稻产量. 当镧浓度为0.05～0.75 mg·L-1时, La对水稻茎杆和根干重没有显著促进作用. 在La浓度为6～30 mg·L-1时, 水稻根重显著降低. 镧显著增加根中磷的含量, 降低茎和籽粒中磷的含量, 显著增加根对磷的吸收. 低浓度镧 (0.05～3 mg·L-1) 促进籽粒磷吸收, 而高浓度镧 (6～30 mg·L-1) 减少籽粒磷吸收. 镧显著增加茎和根中络合态磷(EDTA-P)和无机态磷(inorganic-P)含量, 且根中络合态磷和无机态磷的增加占根中总磷增加的80%以上. 当镧浓度为0.05～0.75 mg·L-1, La增加根中核磷(nucleic-P)含量, 而当镧浓度为30 mg·L-1, La降低根中核磷和酯磷(ester-P)含量; La增加根和茎中残渣态磷(residue-P)含量. 文中还讨论了磷的形态与作物磷吸收的关系.     

La(NO3)3对蛹虫草活性物质含量的影响EI北大核心CSCD

蛹虫草是一种著名的药用和食用真菌,研究者们常在培养基中添加亚硒酸钠、Fe SO4等无机物来提高蛹虫草活性物质的含量。本文采用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度法测定了La(NO3)3处理后蛹虫草活性物质的含量,探究La(NO3)3对蛹虫草活性物质含量的影响。结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,10,50和200 mg·L-1这3个浓度对蛹虫草的活性物质含量影响较大。La(NO3)3浓度为10 mg·L-1时,对喷司他丁、虫草酸和多糖合成具有促进作用,其含量分别为空白组的6.2倍、2.4倍和1.3倍,La(NO3)3对蛹虫草的腺苷和N6-2-羟乙基腺苷合成具有抑制作用,其含量仅为空白组的24.29%和16.87%。La(NO3)3浓度为50 mg·L-1时,对虫草素合成具有显著促进作用,其含量为空白组的8.2倍,La(NO3)3对多糖合成具有抑制作用,其含量仅为空白组的73.14%。La(NO3)3浓度为200 mg·L-1时,对腺苷和N6-2-羟乙基腺苷合成具有促进作用,其含量分别为空白组的1.5倍和2.6倍。La(NO3)3对麦角甾醇和蛋白质的含量未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。     

铈锆镧钴复合氧化物催化燃烧碳烟性能和表征

用柠檬酸法制备了不同组成的铈锆镧钴复合氧化物.用热重法测试了催化剂样品对碳烟的催化活性,催化剂的活性随着镧钴组分含量的增加而增强,其中含90%镧钴组分的催化剂显示了最高的催化活性,起燃温度为518℃.采用程序升温还原法(H_2-TPR),BET,XRD,电子顺磁共振仪(EPR)和红外(FTIR)对催化剂进行了测试.结果表明,催化剂催化燃烧碳烟的活性与催化剂可还原性紧密相关:随着La和Co在样品中的含量增加,它们的还原峰强度显著增加,可还原强度越大,其催化燃烧碳烟的活性越高.     

镧和硝酸稀土对四种植物病原菌的抑制作用研究

为探索稀土元素对植物病害的防治作用,研究了镧和硝酸稀土对番茄灰霉病菌(Botryth cinerea Pers.)、番茄早疫病菌(Ahernaria solaui Sorauer)、番茄叶霉病菌(Fulvia fulva(Cooke)Cifrri)、西瓜枯萎病菌(F.oxysporum f.sp.niveum(E.F.Smith)Snyder et Hansen)的抑制效果.结果表明,100,300,500,1000,1500 mg·L 1的氧化镧和1000,1500,2000,2500,3000 mg·L-的硝酸稀土明显地抑制4种病原菌的菌丝生长、孢子形成、孢子萌发.在试验浓度范围内,抑制作用随着稀土浓度的增加而增强,同一浓度的氧化镧或硝酸稀土处理对不同病原菌的抑制作用有所差别.     

镧与钕对隐甲藻的生长、 DHA合成及固氮活性的影响

研究了不同浓度的La3+和Nd3+对隐甲藻(Crythecodinium cohnii)ATCC30556的细胞形态、生长、 DHA合成和固氮活性的影响.LaCl3在30和60 mg*L-1时对隐甲藻的细胞生长有轻微刺激作用; 当浓度高于90 mg*L-1时有抑制作用, 随浓度的提高而抑制作用增强, 细胞缩小; NdCl3在30和60 mg*L-1时对, 该菌细胞生长有轻微抑制作用, 高于90 mg*L-1时抑制作用明显增强, 细胞缩小.两种稀土元素在30和60 mg*L-1时对该菌二十二碳六烯酸的生成有刺激作用, 高于90 mg*L-1时则有抑制作用.La3+在0～120 mg*L-1, Nd3+ 在0～90 mg*L-1时对固氮酶活性有刺激作用, La3+ 和Nd3+ 分别高于120和90 mg*L-1时则有抑制作用, 并随浓度的增高, 抑制作用明显增强.     

Zn2+对土壤微生物碳、呼吸强度的影响

Zn是典型的人类活动源元素之一，工业化进程加剧了Zn对农田生态系统污染的威胁犤１犦。最初，重金属是否污染判断标准采用X＋２S（X为该元素背景值，S为标准偏差）犤２犦，国际通用土壤质量标准界定之后，将生物量下降６０％作为重金属元素的临界浓度犤３犦。一些研究表明，Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg等进入土壤之后，微生物群落多样性发生改变犤４犦，导致微生物生物量和呼吸速率降低或显著增加犤５犦，酶的活性受严重损害犤６犦，微生物生态参数Cmic／Corg降低，代谢熵qCO２则明显升高犤７犦。对Zn２＋的研究侧重于生物毒理作用犤８犦，Zn２＋…     

Vitality fertilization of Scots pine stands growing along a gradient of heavy metal pollution: short-term effects on microbial biomass and respiration rate of the humus layer

In 1992 forest vitality fertilization experiments were established on a heavy metal deposition gradient with four treatments in three replications at distances of 0.5, 4 and 8 km from a Cu-Ni smelter in order to estimate their impact on the disturbed forest ecosystem. The increase in Cu concentration in the humus (F/H) layer of the Calluna site type Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands from ca. 300 to 8000 mg kg(-1) d.m. (dry matter) along the 8 km long transect towards the smelter resulted in declining soil microbial biomass and soil respiration activity. Three independent measurements of microbial biomass: C(mic)-FE (fumigation extraction), C(mic)-SIR (substrate induced respiration), and ATP have been used together with an indicator of fungal biomass (ergosterol) and microbial activity (soil respiration). Within this Cu pollution range, all the measured microbial biomass levels declined to 10%-28% of the control plot values and activity assessed by respiration was lowered to 16%. Liming has increased the C(mic)-SIR and respiration rate. Treatments with test fertilizer, made from grounded apatite, did not result in different microbial biomass and respiration rate values compared to the respective controls along the whole gradient. Nitrogen + lime treatments resulted in similar changes to lime alone. No changes, as compared to the respective control, could be detected with nitrogen fertilization at the less polluted end of the gradient.     

镧对青菜生物量、植株氮磷钾含量及土壤酶活性的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了镧对青菜生物量、植株氮磷钾含量及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,施用镧显著增加了青菜生物量,与对照相比地上部干重提高了5.49%～19.78%,根干重提高了13.51%～51.35%.在低浓度下,随镧浓度的升高,青菜茎叶和根的氮、磷、钾含量逐渐增加,到一定浓度后,随着镧浓度的继续升高,含量反而逐渐降低.镧施入土壤后对脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、转化酶活性表现出刺激作用并随浓度的升高而增强,而对过氧化氢酶活性有轻微的抑制作用,对脱氢酶活性有强烈的抑制作用.     

Organic matter flow in the food web at a temperate heath under multifactorial climate change

The rising atmospheric CO(2) concentration, increasing temperature and changed patterns of precipitation currently expose terrestrial ecosystems to altered environmental conditions. This may affect belowground nutrient cycling through its intimate relationship with the belowground decomposers. Three climate change factors (elevated CO(2), increased temperature and drought) were investigated in a full factorial field experiment at a temperate heathland location. The combined effect of biotic and abiotic factors on nitrogen and carbon flows was traced in plant root → litter → microbe → detritivore/omnivore → predator food-web for one year after amendment with (15)N(13)C(2)-glycine. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) measurement of (15)N/(14)N and (13)C/(12)C in soil extracts and functional ecosystem compartments revealed that the recovery of (15)N sometimes decreased through the chain of consumption, with the largest amount of bioactive (15)N label pool accumulated in the microbial biomass. The elevated CO(2) concentration at the site for 2 years increased the biomass, the (15)N enrichment and the (15)N recovery in detritivores. This suggests that detritivore consumption was controlled by both the availability of the microbial biomass, a likely major food source, and the climatic factors. Furthermore, the natural abundance δ(13)C of enchytraeids was significantly altered in CO(2)-fumigated plots, showing that even small changes in δ(13)C-CO(2) can be used to detect transfer of carbon from primary producers to detritivores. We conclude that, in the short term, the climate change treatments affected soil organism activity, possibly with labile carbohydrate production controlling the microbial and detritivore biomass, with potential consequences for the decomposition of detritus and nutrient cycling. Hence, there appears to be a strong coupling of responses in carbon and nitrogen cycling at this temperate heath.     

Movement of newly assimilated 13C carbon in the grass Lolium perenne and its incorporation into rhizosphere microbial DNA

One of the key processes that drives rhizosphere microbial activity is the exudation of soluble organic carbon (C) by plant roots. We describe an experiment designed to determine the impact of defoliation on the partitioning and movement of C in grass (Lolium perenne L.), soil and grass‐sterile sand microcosms, using a ¹³CO₂ pulse‐labelling method. The pulse‐derived ¹³C in the shoots declined over time, but that of the roots remained stable throughout the experiment. There were peaks in the atom% ¹³C of rhizosphere CO₂ in the first few hours after labelling probably due to root respiration, and again at around 100 h. The second peak was only seen in the soil microcosms and not in those with sterilised sand as the growth medium, indicating possible microbial activity. Incorporation of the ¹³C label into the microbial biomass increased at 100 h when incorporation into replicating cells, as indicated by the amounts of the label in the microbial DNA, started to increase. These results indicate that the rhizosphere environment is conducive to bacterial growth and replication. The results also show that defoliation had no impact on the pattern of movement of ¹³C from plant roots into the microbial population in the rhizosphere. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤微生物ATP、脱氢酶和尿素酶活性的ED50值评价外源镧的生物毒性

０IntroductionRareearthsarenowappliedwidelyinChina，whichcanimprovecropsyieldsandthetheirqualit－ies犤１犦．Thebeneficialeffectsmaybeduetothestimu－latoryeffectsoftheseelementsonthenutrientuptakebyplantsorontheincreasingofchlorophyllsynthesisintheplants犤２犦．Whilealotofresearcheshavebeendoneontheimprovednutritionofcropsafterapplica－tionofrareearths，muchlessattentionhasbeenpaidtothedeteriorationofsoilqualityduetotheapplicationofrareearthsforyears犤３犦．Scientistshavediscoveredthataccumula…     

La对Pb， Cd复合污染大豆幼苗的缓解作用

以盆栽法研究了Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ复合污染对大豆幼苗的影响及Ｌａ对Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ复合胁迫的缓解效应。结果显示，Ｐｂ５００ｍｇ／Ｌ和Ｃｄ１００ｍｇ／Ｌ的混合液严重抑制大豆幼苗代谢与生长。叶面喷施３０ｍｇ／ＬＬａＣｌ３一次，能减轻Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ复合污染造成的伤害。这与Ｌａ能增加大豆幼苗光合速率，提高叶绿素含量与硝酸还原酶活性，降低质膜透性与植株中Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ含量，维持ＴＴＣ还原力等多重作用相关。     

Diffusion technique for 15N and inorganic N analysis of low-N aqueous solutions and Kjeldahl digests

Diffusion of ammonia is a common sample preparation method for the stable isotope analysis of inorganic nitrogen in aqueous solution. Classical diffusion methods usually require 6-12 days of diffusion and often focus on (15)N/(14)N analysis only. More recent studies have discussed whether complete N recovery was necessary for the precise analysis of stable N isotope ratios. In this paper we present a newly revised diffusion technique that allows correct and simultaneous determination of total N and (15)N at% from aqueous solutions and Kjeldahl digests, with N concentrations down to sub-0.5-mg N L(-1) levels, and it is tested under different conditions of (15)N isotope labelling. With the modification described, the diffusion time was reduced to 72 h, while the ratios of measured and expected (15)N at% were greater than 99% and the simultaneous recovery of total N was >95%. Analysis of soil microbial biomass N and its (15)N/(14)N ratio is one of the most important applications of this diffusion technique. An experiment with soil extracts spiked with (15)N-labelled yeast showed that predigestion was necessary to prevent serious N loss during Kjeldahl digestion of aqueous samples (i.e. soil extracts). The whole method of soil microbial biomass N preparation for (15)N/(14)N analysis included chloroform fumigation, predigestion, Kjeldahl digestion and diffusion. An experiment with soil spiked with (15)N-labelled yeast was carried out to evaluate the method. Results showed a highly significant correlation of recovered and added N, with the same recovery rate (0.21) of both total N and (15)N. A k(N) value of 0.25 was obtained based on the data. In conclusion, the diffusion method works for soil extracts and microbial biomass N determination and hence could be useful in many types of soil/water studies.     

镧对软腐欧文氏菌生长及其胞外酶活性的影响

研究了镧对软腐细菌（Ｅｒｗｉｎｉａｃｈｒｙｓａｎｔｈｅｍｉ，Ｅｃｈ）生长及胞外酶活性的影响。结果表明，Ｌａ３＋浓度为５０、１００、１５０、２００、２５０、３００和３５０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，固体培养中对Ｅｃｈ生长均呈抑制作用，且随浓度提高，抑制作用加强，表现为菌落出现时间比对照延长，７ｄ后的菌落直径比对照减小。液体培养中，浓度＜２００ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｌａ在２４ｈ内对Ｅｃｈ生长有轻微刺激作用；但随着浓度提高和培养时间的延长，Ｅｃｈ生长明显受到抑制。当Ｌａ３＋浓度＞３５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｅｃｈ生长基本处于停止状态；浓度为２００ｍｇ／Ｌ，对Ｅｃｈ产生胞外酶能力有一定影响，其中对纤维素酶活性增强最明显，其次是蛋白酶，而对果胶酶活性有减弱作用。经稀土处理的无细胞滤液对马铃薯块茎组织的浸离力降低。