Synthesis and characterization of 6,6″′-bis(anthracen-9-yl)-2,2′;6′,2″;6″,2″′-quaterpyridine

New bianthracene-quaterpyridine ligand 6,6″′-bis(anthracen-9-yl)-2,2′;6′,2″;6″,2″′-quaterpyridine L has been obtained in a multistep synthesis using Suzuki–Miyaura and Stille-type coupling reactions. The dianthracene ligand L has four nitrogen-donor atoms and can form different supramolecular architectures with transition metal ions. Ligand L and intermediate compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. 2-(Anthracen-9-yl)-6-bromopyridine and 6-(anthracen-9-yl)-6′-bromo-2,2′-bipyridine have been also characterized by X-ray crystallography.     

Scandium triflate-catalyzed 6,6′-diiodination of 2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl with 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Scandium triflate-catalyzed iodination of 2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl with 2 equiv of 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DIH) proceeded to give 6,6′-diiodo-2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphtyl in 98% yield and subsequent deprotection of methyl groups provided 6,6′-diiodo-1,1′-binaphthol, which is a useful ligand or reagent for many enantioselective transformations. Use of 2 equiv of NIS in place of DIH in the presence of scandium triflate, however, did not successfully yield 6,6′-diiodo-2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphtyl, indicating that one of two types of iodine atoms in DIH is more reactive toward the iodination than iodine in NIS.     

Preparation of a series of novel fluorophores, N-substituted 6-amino and 6,6″-diamino-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine by palladium-catalyzed amination

A new series of N-substituted 6-amino- and 6,6″-diamino-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (6-amino- and 6,6″-diamino-tpy) was conveniently synthesized in one-step by Pd-catalyzed amination of bromo-substituted tpys with various amines. For highly coordinating tpy substrates, use of appropriate chelating phosphine ligand was critical to achieve moderate to satisfactory yield. The prepared N-substituted 6-amino- and 6,6″-diamino-tpys exhibited moderate to intense fluorescence in dichloromethane with fine-tuned fluorescence maxima ranging from 385 to 455 nm.     

Convenient synthesis of tridentate 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4-carboxypyridine and tetradentate 6,6′-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine ligands

Citrazinic acid is used as a convenient starting material for both tridentate 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridine and tetradentate 6,6′-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine ligands containing carboxylic groups useful for further anchoring of sensitizer on TiO₂ for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Using 2,6-dichloro-4-carboxypyridine, the synthesis of the terdentate ligands was improved compared to previously used 2,6-dibromo-4-carboxypyridine or 2,6-dichloro-4-ethylcarboxylate pyridine. Controlling the reaction conditions, it is possible to efficiently obtain the monosubstituted 2-chloro-6-pyrazol-1-yl-4-carboxypyridine, a key intermediate for the preparation of tetradentate 6,6′-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine ligand.     

One-pot synthesis of 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-dipyridylacetylene and its boronic acid derivative

5,5′-Dibromo-2,2′-dipyridylacetylene was prepared from 2,5-dibromopyridine and (trimethylsilyl)acetylene via the new one-pot synthesis approach using a regioselective palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction with a 60% yield. Several protocols of lithium-halogen exchange were then attempted to synthesize 6,6′-(1,2-ethynediyl)bis[3-pyridylboronic acid] from 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-dipyridylacetylene. The former was successfully obtained with a 54% yield by a reverse addition method using toluene and THF and it showed potential as a useful building block for cross-coupling reactions in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds.     

The highly regiospecific synthesis and crystal structure determination of 1,1′-2,5′ substituted ring-locked ferrocenes

1,1′-Ferrocene biscarboxaldehyde (1) has been prepared and the aldehyde groups were subsequently protected with acetal groups to produce 1,1′-bisacetalferrocene (2). A ring-locked ferrocene was synthesised by further derivatisation of the cyclopentadiene rings at the 2,2′ positions with phosphine substituents to produce 2,2′-bis-(acetal)-1,1′-diphenylphosphinoferrocene (3), which was subsequently coordinated to either a nickel chloride (5) or nickel bromide (6) metal centre. The ring-locked ferrocene complexes produced 2,5′-bis-(acetal)-1,1′-diphenylphosphinoferrocene substitution patterns. The acetal protecting groups of 2,2′-bis-(acetal)-1,1′-diphenylphosphinoferrocene were removed to produce 1,1′-bis-carboxaldehyde-2,2′-diphenylphosphinoferrocene (4). The Cp rings of 1,1′-bisacetalferrocene were also further derivatised at the 2,2′ positions with a silane to produce the ring-locked 1,1′-siloxane-2,5′-bisacetalferrocenophane (7). The acetal protecting groups were removed from this to produce 1,1′-siloxane-2,5′-ferrocenophanecarboxaldehyde (8). For both the phosphine and siloxane electrophiles, the substitution on the Cp rings gives chiral products (obtained as racemic mixtures). Due to the highly regioselective nature of the reaction and diastereoselectivity in the products only C₂-symmetric compounds were observed without the presence of meso diastereoisomers. Subsequent ring-locking forced the Cp rings to rotate, leading to 1,1′-ring-locked ferrocenes with 2,5′-arrangement of the acetal groups (i.e. on opposite faces of the ferrocene unit).     

The development of an approach toward sterically-hindered chiral 2′-aryl-1,1′-binaphthalenes functionalized at position 2

Several approaches were examined for the preparation of 1,1′-binaphthalene derivatives bearing sterically demanding ortho-substituted aryl at position 2′ which are suitable for further functionalization at position 2. Steric hindrance of ortho-substituted aryl groups was critical for the approach through BINOL monotriflate. Among variations of cross-coupling reactions of 2,2′-dihalo-1,1′-binaphthalenes, Negishi arylation of an enantiopure 2,2′-dibromide was found to be the method of choice for regioselective and stereoconservative preparation of the target 2′-monoarylated precursor. Functionalization of the latter at position 2 was demonstrated by bromine substitution via lithiation followed by the reaction with several electrophiles.     

Synthesis of extended ethynylnaphthalene-based ruthenium(II) 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine complexes

A ‘synthesis-at-metal’ approach is described for the preparation of extended ethynylnaphthalene-based ruthenium(II) 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine complexes.     

A convenient synthesis of 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-4-ester and its application to the preparation of bifunctional lanthanide chelators

We describe a convenient scalable synthesis of 4-carbomethoxy-6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine based on the application of modified Negishi cross-coupling conditions. The use of this building block in the preparation of a number of dissymmetrically 6,6′-trisubstituted-2,2′-bipyridines and of bifunctional lanthanide chelators is also reported.     

Synthesis and structural investigation of 1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-6-hydroxy-spiro(2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline), 1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-6-methacryloyloxy-spiro(2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline) and a copolymer with methyl methacrylate by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy

Photo-responsive spiropyran-based compounds, such as, 1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-6-hydroxy-spiro(2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline) [OHSP], its monomer, such as 1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-6-methacryloyloxy-spiro(2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline) [MOSP] and its copolymers with methyl methacrylate [MMA] were synthesised using conventional synthetic routes. The copolymerisation was carried out either in tetrahydrofuran [THF] or in toluene using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile [AIBN] as an initiator. The structures of these materials were investigated using ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. DEPT-135, HCCOSW and COSY45 NMR experiments were used to assign and interpret the complex structure of spiropyran based materials.     

A simple synthetic approach to homochiral 6- and 6′-substituted 1,1′-binaphthyl derivatives

Various homochiral binaphthyl derivatives having functional groups at the 6-position are important key intermediates for the immobilization of binaphthyl compounds on various solid-supports and have been prepared from commercially available 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol via controlled monopivalation of the 2-hydroxyl group and electrophilic aromatic substitution at the 6-position. (S)-2,2′-Bis-((S)-4-alkyloxazol-2-yl)-6-(2-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl-1,1′-binaphthyls (6-functionalized (S,S)-boxax)) were prepared and immobilized on various polymer supports including PS-PEG, PS, PEGA and MeO-PEG resin.     

A simple one-pot synthesis of functionalised 6-(indol-3-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine derivatives via multi-component reaction under neat condition

A series of 4-aryl-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2,2-bipyridine-5-carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized via a one-pot multi-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, 3-(cyanoacetyl)indole and 2-acetyl pyridine in ammonium acetate by conventional heating and microwave irradiation under solvent-free condition. Also a series of 6,6′-di(1H-indol-3-yl)-4,4′-diaryl-2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarbonitrile derivatives were synthesized using cinnamils, 3-(cyanoacetyl)indole and ammonium acetate. The methodology affords high yields of product at short reaction time.     

Metallodendrimers: homo- and heterogeneous tier construction by bis(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridinyl)Ru(II) complex connectivity

A convenient combinatorial-style route for the incorporation of multiple, differing functional groups, in a controllable ratio, onto a dendritic poly(propylene imine) scaffolding is described. Attachment of the functionality is accomplished by the connective formation of bis(2,2′:6′,2-terpyridine)Ru(II) complexes via reaction of a terpyridine-modified dendritic surface with 1→3 branched monomers each possessing a focal terpyridine moiety. This synthetic approach produces a heterogeneous surface coating that is compared and contrasted to that of analogous homogeneous surfaced constructs. UV-vis absorption and TGA data for the metallodendrimers are also reported.     

A convenient synthesis of substituted 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines

The 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines 7a-c were prepared in good yield by reacting α-acetoxy-α-chloro-β-keto-esters 3a-c with bis-amidrazone 4 and 2,5-norbornadiene 6 in ethanol at reflux. Compounds 3a and 3b gave the 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines 9a and 9b, respectively, in moderate yield when treated with compound 4 and enamine 8.     

Synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxy-6′,6′-difluoro-3′-azanucleosides

The straightforward synthesis of four novel 2′,3′-dideoxy-6′,6′-difluoro-3′-azanucleosides 1a-d is described. Efficient construction of the fluorine-containing pyrrolidine ring through two different ways and installation of pyrimidine rings using the amino groups in the intermediates 12, 26 were the key steps of our synthesis.     

A facile synthesis of fused aromatic spiroacetals based on the 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydro-2,2′-spirobis(2H-1-benzopyran) skeleton

The facile synthesis of a series of aromatic 6,6-spiroacetals based on the parent 3,4,3′,4′-tetrahydro-2,2′-spirobis(2H-1-benzopyran) heterocyclic system is reported. Key steps included the use of a Sonogashira coupling for the synthesis of an aryl acetylene that was coupled to an aryl aldehyde to form a propargyl alcohol intermediate. Hydrogenation of the alkynol followed by oxidation produced a masked dihydroxy ketone that upon treatment with trimethylsilyl bromide underwent deprotection and cyclisation to the fused aromatic spiroacetal.     

The first approach to optically active 2,2′-bipyridine alkyl sulfoxides

The synthesis of 6,6′-bis(alkylsulfanyl)-2,2′-bipyridines and their asymmetric oxidation to non-racemic 2,2′-bipyridine alkyl sulfoxides using either (+)-(8,8-dichlorocamphorylsulfonyl)oxaziridine or a modified Sharpless reagent is reported.     

6,6′-Dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-4-ester: A pivotal synthon for building tethered bipyridine ligands

We describe an efficient and scalable synthesis of 4-carbomethoxy-6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine starting from easily available substituted 2-halopyridines and based on the application of modified Negishi cross-coupling conditions. This compound is a versatile starting material for the synthesis of 4-functionalized 2,2′-bipyridines bearing halide, alcohol, amine, and other functionalities, suitable for conjugation to biological material (2a-c, 3a-g). The utility of this compound in the construction of more complex architectures was further demonstrated by the synthesis of two bifunctional lanthanide chelators; an open chain ligand based on one 2,2′-bipyridine unit and a cryptand based on three 2,2′-bipyridine units [N₂(bpy)₃COOMe]. In the field of luminophoric biolabels, the photophysical properties of the corresponding Eu(III) cryptate are reported.     

New N-acyl, N-alkyl, and N-bridged derivatives of rac-6,6′,7,7′-tetramethoxy-1,1′,2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-octahydro-1,1′-bisisoquinoline

The preparation of potential new ligand systems based on the rac-1,1′,2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-octahydro-6,6′,7,7′-tetramethoxy-1,1′-bisisoquinoline skeleton has been investigated. Syntheses of N-(2-bromobenzyl), N-(3-acetoxybenzyl), N-acetyl, N-chloroacetyl, N-chlorocarbonyl, N-ethoxycarbonyl and N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl derivatives and five macrocyclic, polyether containing derivatives are described.     

S-Transalkylation/ring closing metathesis as a route to azathiamacrocycles incorporating 2,2′-bipyridine subunits

A new route to cyclophanes 6a,b incorporating 2,2′-bipyridine subunits has been elaborated using as the key steps (1) S-transalkylation of 6,6′-bis(methylsulfanyl)-2,2′-bipyridines 2a,b with ethyl bromoacetate resulting in the formation of 6,6′-bis[(ethoxycarbonyl)methylsulfanyl]-2,2′-bipyridines 3a,b and (2) ring-closing metathesis of the corresponding alkenyl ethers 5a,b.