Rhodium fluorapatite catalyst for the synthesis of trisubstituted olefins via cross coupling of Baylis-Hillman adducts and arylboronic acids

Treatment of fluorapatite (prepared by incorporating basic species F(-) in apatite in situ by coprecipitation) with an aqueous solution of RhCl(3) resulted in rhodium-exchanged fluorapatite catalyst (RhFAP), which successfully promoted cross coupling of Baylis-Hillman adducts with arylboronic acids to yield trisubstituted olefins. A variety of arylboronic acids and Baylis-Hillman adducts were converted to the corresponding trisubstituted olefins, demonstrating the versatility of the reaction. The reaction is highly stereoselective. RhFAP was recovered quantitatively by simple filtration and reused with almost consistent activity.     

Increased efficiency in cross-metathesis reactions of sterically hindered olefins

Efficiency in olefin cross-metathesis reactions is affected upon reducing the steric bulk of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands of ruthenium-based catalysts. For the formation of disubstituted olefins containing one or more allylic substituents, the catalyst bearing N-tolyl groups is more efficient than the corresponding N-mesityl catalyst. In contrast, the formation of trisubstituted olefins is more efficient using the N-mesityl-containing catalyst. A hypothesis to explain this dichotomy is described.     

Practical synthesis of an L-fructose-derived ketone catalyst for asymmetric epoxidation of olefins

An L-fructose-derived ketone catalyst for asymmetric epoxidation of trans- and trisubstituted olefins was efficiently prepared from L-sorbose in five steps.     

Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of styrenes directed by 2'-hydroxyl groups

A new synthetic strategy that turns styrene-type olefins into excellent substrates for Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation by installing a 2'-hydroxyl substituent is described. This methodology accommodates trisubstituted olefinic substrates in various E/Z mixtures, leading to valuable benzylic chiral compounds including (R)-tolterodine. It is also demonstrated that the 2'-hydroxyl groups could be readily removed in high yield without loss of ee from the products. Thus, this technology represents an attractive alternative to the Ir(P-N) catalyst system for the asymmetric hydrogenation of unfunctionalized olefins.     

手性酮催化的烯烃不对称环氧化反应

手性酮是催化非官能化烯烃不对称环氧化的一类重要催化剂 ,它与过氧硫酸氢钾可原位产生对贫电子和富电子烯烃均很有效的氧化剂———手性二氧杂环丙烷 .综述了各种结构的手性酮在反式烯烃、三取代烯烃和顺式烯烃等的不对称环氧化反应中的应用研究进展 ,总结了手性酮结构及反应条件对其催化活性和不对称诱导作用的影响     

The effect of substituents at silicon on the cross-metathesis of trisubstituted vinylsilanes with olefins

Efficient cross-metathesis of vinylsilanes, carrying a large spectrum of different substituents at silicon, with various olefins in the presence of the first and second generation Grubbs catalyst and Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst is described. On the basis of the results of equimolar reactions of vinylsilanes with ruthenium alkylidene complexes and experiments with deuterium-labelled reagents, a general, metallacarbene mechanism for the cross-metathesis of trisubstituted vinylsilanes with olefins has been suggested. Reaction was proved to be a valuable method for synthesis of unsaturated organosilicon derivatives.     

Heck Reaction: Stereo Selective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Olefins: Useful Intermediates for Anthraquinone Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Palladium catalyzed arylation of dialkyl itaconate in presence of Pd(OAc)2/PPh₃ as a catalyst, afforded trisubstituted olefins stereo selectively. These alkenes are useful intermediates for the synthesis of anthraquinone carboxylic acid derivatives. A new coumarin is also synthesized using this protocol.     

PQS-2: ring-closing- and cross-metathesis reactions on lipophilic substrates; in water only at room temperature, with in-flask catalyst recycling

A ubiquinol side-chain hydrogenated version (PQS-2) of the recently introduced PQS is described. It forms catalytic nanomicellar reactors in water that provide the medium for highly reactive Ru carbene catalysts to effect both ring closing metathesis to trisubstituted olefins and cross-metathesis reactions at room temperature. The catalyst can be recycled without removal from the reaction vessel.     

Synthesis and characterization of pentaerythritol-derived oligoglycol and their application to catalytic Wittig-type reactions

Several pentaerythritol-derived oligoglycols 1 with free hydroxyl groups are readily prepared by a convergent approach. Quantitative (13)C NMR proves to be an efficient tool for the characterization of oligoglycols. The corresponding telluride of oligoglycol 17 is synthesized and used as a good catalyst for Wittig-type reactions in preparing both disubstituted and trisubstituted olefins in good to high yields.     

大位阻烯烃不对称环氧化合成手性环氧化合物

采用大位阻的有机锂试剂或格氏试剂与卤代烯烃偶联合成了7种大位阻取代烯烃. 以Oxone(KHSO₅)作为氧化剂, 分别在D-果糖衍生酮和(2S,5R)-2-异丙基-5-甲基环己酮为催化剂的催化下, 将合成的7种大位阻取代烯烃转变成了7个大位阻的手性环氧化合物. 其中以D-果糖衍生酮的对映选择性最好, 当双键碳上含有3个取代基时, 对映选择性最高, e.e.值为96.8%~99.5%. (2S, 5R)-2-异丙基-5-甲基环己酮的对映选择性较差, 无论是一取代的烯烃还是三取代的烯烃, 其e.e.值均介于25.6%~34.1%之间.     

Mild Metal-Free Tandem α-Alkylation/Cyclization of N-Benzyl Carbamates with Simple Olefins

Easy does it! The chemoselective oxidative α-C(sp(3) )?H alkylation/cyclization reaction of N-benzyl carbamates using simple mono-, di-, and trisubstituted olefins provides functionalized N-heterocycles such as oxazinones. A TEMPO oxoammonium salt serves as the oxidant, making it possible to carry out the reaction at low temperatures. Neither a metal catalyst nor preactivation in the α-position to the nitrogen group are needed.     

Stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted olefins by a directed allylic substitution strategy

New methodology for the stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted olefins is presented. The use of ortho-diphenylphosphanyl benzoate (o-DPPB) as a directing leaving group for copper-mediated allylic substitution with Grignard reagents allowed for the stereoselective construction of a wide range of E olefins, without the need for an adjacent electron-withdrawing group. Our modular three-step approach toward trisubstituted alkenes commenced with geminal α-methylene aldehydes. Addition of an organometallic reagent and introduction of the o-DPPB group by esterification was followed by the o-DPPB-directed copper-mediated allylic substitution with a Grignard reagent to furnish stereodefined trisubstituted olefins. Additionally, incorporation of a stereocenter from the chiral pool allowed the preparation of an enantiomerically pure olefin that bore three alkyl substituents in high E/Z selectivity.     

Highly enantioselective epoxidation of alpha,beta-unsaturated esters by chiral dioxirane

This paper describes a highly enantioselective epoxidation of alpha,beta-unsaturated esters using the fructose-derived ketone 2 as catalyst and Oxone as oxidant. High ee's have been obtained for a number of trans and trisubstituted substrates (82-98% ee). The results described show that it is feasible for dioxiranes to effectively epoxidize electron-deficient olefins with high ee's.     

Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Olefins

Abstract

A new method for the highly stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted olefins is. presented. The method involves the stereoselective construction of various β-hydroxy phosphonamidates followed by their thermolysis to provide trisubstituted olefins in extremely high geometrical purity (>99/1).     

Development of a palladium catalyzed addition of boronic acids to alkynyl esters: synthesis of trisubstituted olefins as single isomers

Very small phosphine ligands allow access to single isomer trisubstituted olefins from alkynyl esters with complete control of both stereochemistry and regiochemistry. This method provides a convenient synthesis of single isomer trisubstituted olefins without requiring olefin templates.     

Diversity-oriented synthesis of multisubstituted olefins through the sequential integration of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. 2-pyridyldimethyl(vinyl)silane as a versatile platform for olefin synthesis.

A novel strategy for the diversity-oriented synthesis of multisubstituted olefins, where 2-pyridyldimethyl(vinyl)silane functions as a versatile platform for olefin synthesis, is described. The palladium-catalyzed Heck-type coupling of 2-pyridyldimethyl(vinyl)silanes with organic iodides took place in the presence of Pd2(dba)3/tri-2-furylphosphine catalyst to give beta-substituted vinylsilanes in excellent yields. The Heck-type coupling occurred even with alpha- and beta-substituted 2-pyridyldimethyl(vinyl)silanes. The one-pot double Heck coupling of 2-pyridyldimethyl(vinyl)silane took place with two different aryl iodides to afford beta,beta-diarylated vinylsilanes in good yields. The palladium-catalyzed Hiyama-type coupling of 2-pyridyldimethyl(vinyl)silane with organic halides took place in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride to give di- and trisubstituted olefins in high yields. The sequential integration of Heck-type (or double Heck) coupling and Hiyama-type coupling produced the multisubstituted olefins in regioselective, stereoselective, and diversity-oriented fashions. Especially, the one-pot sequential Heck/Hiyama coupling reaction provides an extremely facile entry into a diverse range of stereodefined multisubstituted olefins. Mechanistic considerations of both Heck-type and Hiyama-type coupling reactions are also described.     

Selective reduction of mono- and disubstituted olefins by NaBH4 and catalytic RuCl3

Direct use of the relatively inexpensive reagent, RuCl₃ × H₂O, as a catalyst for the reductions of olefins in the presence of water is reported. The combination of cheap and readily available sodium borohydride and a catalytic amount of RuCl₃ × H₂O selectively reduces mono- and disubstituted olefins, whereas trisubstituted olefins, unless activated, and benzyl ethers remain inert.     

C3‐Symmetric Trisimidazoline‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Bromolactonization of Internal Alkenoic Acids

A method for conducting enantioselective bromolactonization reactions of trisubstituted alkenoic acids, using the C₃‐symmetric trisimidazoline 1 and 1,3‐dibromo‐5,5‐dimethyl hydantoin as a bromine source, has been developed. The process generates chiral δ‐lactones that contain a quaternary carbon. The results of studies probing geometrically different olefins show that (Z)‐olefins rather than (E)‐olefins are favorable substrates for the process. The method is not only applicable to acyclic olefin reactants but can also be employed to transform cyclic trisubstituted olefins into chiral spirocyclic lactones. Finally, the synthetic utility of the newly developed process is demonstrated by its application to a concise synthesis of tanikolide, an antifungal marine natural product.     

Palladium-catalyzed double arylations of terminal olefins in acetic acid

A palladium-catalyzed Heck diarylation of terminal olefins under ligand-free conditions in acetic acid is described. This procedure allows double arylation of terminal olefins affording trisubstituted olefins in good to excellent yields. The methodology is applicable to the coupling of both electron-deficient and electron-rich aryl iodides leading to symmetrical and unsymmetrical β,β-diarylated alkenes.     

A trifunctional catalyst for one-pot synthesis of chiral diols via Heck coupling-N-oxidation-asymmetric dihydroxylation: application for the synthesis of diltiazem and taxol side chain

A heterogeneous bifunctional catalyst composed of OsO4(2-)-WO4(2-) and a trifunctional catalyst comprising PdCl4(2-)-OsO4(2-)-WO4(2-), designed and prepared by an ion-exchange technique using layered double hydroxides (LDH) as an ion-exchanger and their homogeneous bifunctional analogue, K2OsO4-Na2WO4 and trifunctional analogue, Na2PdCl4-K2OsO4-Na2WO4, devised for the first time are evaluated for the synthesis of chiral vicinal diols. These bifunctional and trifunctional catalysts perform asymmetric dihydroxylation-N-oxidation and Heck-asymmetric dihydroxylation-N-oxidation, respectively, in the presence of Sharpless chiral ligand, (DHQD)2PHAL in a single pot using H2O2 as a terminal oxidant to provide N-methylmorpholine oxide (NMO) in situ by the oxidation of N-methylmorpholine (NMM). The heterogeneous bifunctional catalyst supported on LDH (LDH-OsW) displays superior activity to afford diols with higher yields over the other heterogeneous catalysts developed by the ion exchange on quaternary ammonium salts covalently bound to resin (resin-OsW) and silica (silica-OsW) or homogeneous catalysts in the achiral dihydroxylation reactions. The LDH-OsW and its homogeneous analogue are found to be very efficient in performing a simultaneous asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD)-N-oxidation of a wide and varied range of aromatic, cyclic, and mono, di-, and trisubstituted olefins to obtain chiral vicinal diols with higher yields and ee's using H2O2. Further, the use of OsO4(2-)-WO4(2-) catalysts as such or in the supported form offers a simplified procedure for catalyst recycling, which shows consistent activity for a number of cycles. In this process, Os(VI) is recycled to Os(VIII) by a coupled electron transfer-mediator (ETM) system based on NMO-WO4(2-) using H2O2, leading to a mild and selective electron transfer. The one-pot biomimic synthesis of chiral diols is mediated by a recyclable trifunctional heterogeneous catalyst (LDH-PdOsW) consisting of active palladium, tungsten, and osmium species embedded in a single matrix. This protocol, which provides prochiral olefins and NMO in situ by Heck coupling and N-oxidation of NMM, respectively, required for the AD, unfolds a low cost process. We extended the present method to the one-pot synthesis of trisubstituted chiral vicinal diols with moderate to excellent ee's by AD of trisubstituted olefins that are obtained by in situ Heck arylation of disubstituted olefins. The heterogeneous trifunctional catalysts offers chiral diols with unprecedented ee's and excellent yields in the AD of prochiral cinnamates, which are obtained in situ from acrylates and halobenzenes for the first time. The new variants such as LDH support and Et3N*HX inherently composed in the heterogeneous multicomponent system and slow addition of H2O2 facilitates the hydrolysis of osmium monogylcolate ester to subdue the formation of bisglycolate ester to achieve higher ee's. Without resorting to recrystallization, the chiral diols of cinnamates thus synthesized with 99% ee's and devoid of osmium contamination are directly put to use in the synthesis of diltiazem and Taxol side chain with an overall improved yield to demonstrate the synthetic utility of the trifunctional heterogeneous catalyst. The high binding ability of the heterogeneous osmium catalyst enables the use of equimolar ratio of ligand to osmium to give excellent ee's in AD in contrast to the homogeneous osmium system in which the excess molar quantities of the expensive chiral ligand to osmium are invariably used. Further, the XRD, FT-IR, UV-vis DRS, and XPS studies indicate the retention of the coordination geometries of the specific divalent anions anchored to LDH matrix in their monomeric form during the ion exchange and after the reaction.