量子斯特林制冷循环性能研究

建立了以无数个无限深势阱中的粒子为工质的不可逆量子斯特林制冷循环模型。势阱中粒子在能级上的分布由吉布斯分布函数决定。该制冷循环由两个等能量过程与两个等势阱壁宽度过程组成,具有高低温热源间的热漏和不完全回热因素。导出了性能系数、致冷率、熵产率和生态学目标函数性能解析式,制冷率与生态学函数的关系曲线是回原点的扭叶型。分析了热漏系数与不完全回热因子对性能系数、制冷率和生态学函数的影响。     

不可逆热电制冷循环的性能优化准则

考虑了热电制冷循环中热阻、热漏和焦耳热等主要不可逆性，引入了特征参量功率消耗比r，借助装置设计参量X表征了内、外不可逆性，利用有限时间热力学建立了制冷功率、制冷系数与特征参量之间的基本优化关系，导出了协调制冷功率与制冷系数的参量r、X以及电流I的优化准则。     

铁磁回热Ericsson制冷循环性能特性优化

应用Langevin函数的近似解、最优控制论及热力学分析方法对以铁磁材料为工质的回热Ericsson制冷循环性能参数进行优化分析,揭示有限速率热传导、不平衡回热、回热器效率及热源间热漏等多种不可逆因素对制冷循环性能的影响,所得结论可为室温磁制冷机的优化设计提供理论参考.     

不可逆卡诺型制冷循环性能的优化

1引言 一些文献中不考虑热漏的特殊效应，建立不可逆制冷循环模型，但研究表明，这种模型是不完备的．在实际循环中，热漏不仅影响制冷机的最优构型，而且影响制冷机的制冷率、制冷系数特性．本文讨论在考虑实际热阻、热漏条件下，不可逆卡诺制冷循环性能的优化．     

不可逆量子自旋布雷顿制冷机最优性能

本文建立了以无相互作用1/2自旋系统为工质的不可逆量子布雷顿制冷循环模型,循环由两个等磁场过程和两个不可逆绝热过程组成。模型考虑了热阻、内摩擦、旁通热漏三种不可逆损失。应用有限时间热力学理论、量子主方程和量子半群方法,本文导出了该制冷机的循环周期、制冷率和制冷系数。应用数值计算和图例,给出了量子布雷顿制冷机的制冷率和制冷系数最优性能,并分析了量子摩擦和旁通热漏对其最优性能的影响。     

热漏、内不可逆性和导热规律对制冷机最优性能的影响

１引言有限时间热力学研究制冷循环性能已取得了一批成果。已发表了热阻加热漏模型［１－４］、热阻加内不可逆模型问研究各种损失对卡诺循环性能的影响。本文作者用一常数项ｑ表示热漏流率,用常系数表示热阻和热漏外的其余内不可逆性,建立了一类广义不可逆制冷机模型［６－７］,并分析了牛顿传热定律下的最优性能。本文将基于此模型和较为普遍的导热规律,导出制冷机的制冷率、制冷系数最佳特性关系。２广义不可逆卡诺制冷机及其最优性能考虑一类工作在两个恒温热源之间的定常态流卡诺制冷机,循环中存在热阻、热漏和其它内不可逆性［６…     

热滞对以LaFe_(11.6)Si_(1.4)为工质的回热Ericsson制冷循环性能的影响

一级相变材料LaFe_(11.6)Si_(1.4)是磁制冷应用中的重要磁热材料,其固有的磁滞和热滞对实际制冷循环性能有较大影响,然而现有文献对此尚未研究。本文基于考虑热滞影响的材料LaFe_(11.6)Si_(1.4)的等场热容实验数据,建立考虑热滞效应的回热Ericsson制冷循环,揭示热滞、非平衡回热和冷热源温度等对制冷循环主要热力学性能参量的影响,应用数值计算方法,比较了考虑热滞与否时制冷循环的净制冷量、性能系数等性能参量。研究结果能为磁制冷机循环的优化参数设计提供有益的参考。     

以广义Redlich-Kwong气体为工质的不可逆回热式斯特林热机循环输出功率和效率

研究了热阻、回热损失和热漏等多种不可逆因素对以广义Redlich-Kwong气体为工质的斯特林热机性能的影响,给出了斯特林热机输出功率和效率的具体表达式并分析非理想回热特性及循环主要性能参数(如循环体积比及工质高低温比等)对循环输出功率和效率的影响.同时指出,只有在理想回热及无热漏的情况下,气体斯特林热机的效率才能达到卡诺效率.     

不可逆四热源吸收式热变换器的最优性能

在恒温内可逆四热源吸收式热变换器循环模型的基础上,建立了线性(牛顿)传热定律下考虑泵热空间向环境的热漏、工质的内部牦散以及工质与外部热源间的热阻损失的不可逆四热源吸收式热变换器循环模型。导出了在总换热面积一定的条件下,循环泵热率和泵热系数的基本优化关系、最大泵热率和相应的泵热系数、最大泵热系数和相应的泵热率以及最佳工质工怍温度和最佳换热面积分配关系。     

斯特林热机的基本优化关系及功率和效率界限

1前言近年来,有些学者应用有限时间热力学研究斯特林热机的优化性能,获得一些比经典热力学界限更有意义的新性能界限。但至今为数还较少,应继续开展研究。特别是有人提出“21世纪是斯特林热机的世纪’巾一］。本文将进一步研究受热阻、热漏和回热损失三种主要不可逆因素影响的斯特林热机的优化性能,导出热机的基本优化关系及功率和效率界限。结果表明,热漏的存在使斯特林热机的优化性能与无热漏时的有质的差异,而在热阻和回热损失的基础上再考虑热漏的影响,其结果将可反映出实际热机观测性能的主要特征【’,‘］,从而对实际更有指…     

Performance characteristics and parametric optimization of an irreversible magnetic Ericsson heat-pump

Taking into account the finite-rate heat transfer in the heat-transfer processes, heat leak between the two external heat reservoirs, regenerative loss, regeneration time, and internal irreversibility due to dissipation of the cycle working substance, an irreversible magnetic Ericsson heat-pump cycle is presented. On the basis of the thermodynamic properties of magnetic materials, the performance characteristics of the irreversible magnetic Ericsson heat-pump are investigated and the relationship between the optimal heating load and the coefficient of performance (COP) is derived. Moreover, the maximum heating load and the corresponding COP as well as the maximum COP and the corresponding heating load are obtained. Furthermore, the other optimal performance characteristics are discussed in detail. The results obtained here may provide some new information for the optimal parameter design and the development of real magnetic Ericsson heat-pumps.     

Parametric optimum analysis of an irreversible Ericsson cryogenic refrigeration cycle working with an ideal Fermi gas

An irreversible model of an Ericsson cryogenic refrigeration cycle working with an ideal Fermi gas is established, which is composed of two isothermal and two isobaric processes. The influence of both the quantum degeneracy and the finite-rate heat transfer between the working fluid and the heat reservoirs on the performance of the cycle is investigated, based on the theory of statistical mechanics and thermodynamic properties of an ideal Fermi gas. The inherent regeneration losses of the cycle are analyzed. Expressions for several important performance parameters such as the coefficient of performance, cooling rate and power input are derived. By using numerical solutions, the cooling rate of the cycle is optimized for a given power input. The maximum cooling rate and the corresponding parameters are calculated numerically. The optimal regions of the coefficient of performance and power input are determined. Especially, the optimal performance of the cycle in the strong and weak gas degeneracy cases and the high temperature limit is discussed in detail. The analytic expressions of some optimized parameters are derived. Some optimum criteria are given. The distinctions and connections between the Ericsson refrigeration cycles working with the Fermi and classical gases are revealed.      

Ecological optimization for an irreversible magnetic Ericsson refrigeration cycle

An irreversible Ericsson refrigeration cycle model is established, in which multi-irreversibilities such as finite-rate heat transfer, regenerative loss, heat leakage, and the efficiency of the regenerator are taken into account. Expressions for several important performance parameters, such as the cooling rate, coefficient of performance （COP）, power input, exergy output rate, entropy generation rate, and ecological function are derived. The influences of the heat leakage and the time of the regenerative processes on the ecological performance of the refrigerator are analyzed. The optimal regions of the ecological function, cooling rate, and COP are determined and evaluated. Furthermore, some important parameter relations of the refrigerator are revealed and discussed in detail. The results obtained here have general significance and will be helpful in gaining a deep understanding of the magnetic Ericsson refrigeration cycle.     

On the evaluation of measurements of small changes in electric resistance

The measurement of small changes in resistance, caused in metal wires by non-equilibrium point defects, meets with many difficulties caused inter alia by changes in temperature, instability of the voltage source and irreversible changes in the electric resistance due to the thermal treatment of the samples. In the first part of the paper, dealing with the d-c bridge method of measurement, the conditions under which the relations given in the literature can be used for calculating small changes in resistance are quantitatively determined on the basis of a detailed analysis of such relations. The second part describes a method of measurement permitting the elimination of irreversible changes in the resistance of thermally treated samples and relations are derived for calculating reversible changes.     

工质变比热条件下内燃机循环普适特性

用有限时间热力学的方法分析空气标准不可逆内燃机循环,导出了考虑工质变比热情况下,存在摩擦及传热损失时,由两个加热过程、两个放热过程和两个绝热过程组成的普适的空气标准不可逆内燃机循环的功率与压缩比、效率与压缩比以及功率和效率的最佳特性关系,同时由数值计算分析了工质变比热和循环过程对循环性能的影响特点,比较了工质恒、变比热时循环性能差异。所得结果包含了不可逆往复式Diesel、Otto、Brayton、Atkinson、Dual和Miller 循环的性能特性。     

On entropies and temperature parameters characterizing product distributions in chemical reactions and corresponding thermodynamic quantities

The relations between the entropy (information content) and temperature parameters characterizing non-relaxed product distributions in chemical reactions and thermodynamic quantities are demonstrated. Two cases of initial reactant distributions—state-selected and thermal—are considered. The entropy change in the passage from non-equilibrium product distributions to partially relaxed distributions and the connection between the two kinds of vibrational temperatures characterizing these stages are treated in detail. An actual ‘entropy cycle’ is described.     

有热漏时定常态不可逆卡诺热机功率效率特性

对变热漏情况下定常态不可逆卡诺热机进行了有限时间热力学分析。导出最佳效率时的功率与等熵温比指数、效率与等熵温比指数的关系式,以及最佳面积比,进而得到最佳效率与功率关系。对最佳功率与最佳效率时的热机性能进行分析和讨论,给出一些有益的结论。