O2/CO2气氛下O2浓度对燃煤PM2.5形成的影响

采用管式炉和荷电低压撞击器(electrical low pressure-impactor,ELPI)研究了徐州烟煤在O₂/CO₂条件下燃烧后生成的PM_2.5排放特性。结果表明,在O₂/CO₂气氛下,煤粉在不同O₂浓度燃烧所产生的PM_2.5质量浓度均呈双峰分布,峰值分别在0.1和2.0 mm左右;随着氧含量的增加,PM_2.5的质量浓度增加;S、K和Na在亚微米颗粒上明显富集,而Si和Ca未在亚微米颗粒上富集;通过对颗粒物的粒径分布、元素分析和形貌观察,认为亚微米颗粒主要是矿物质蒸发鄄凝结机制形成的,而超微米颗粒主要是煤焦与外部矿物质的破碎以及内在矿物质聚合形成的。     

低阶煤半焦利用热重在O2/CO2、O2/N2和O2/Ar气氛下燃烧特性研究

利用热重研究了两种中国西北典型低阶煤半焦的燃烧特性。探究了不同气氛（O₂/CO₂、O₂/N₂和O₂/Ar）和不同氧气浓度对其燃烧特性的影响。实验结果表明,无论是反应气氛还是氧气浓度都会对低阶煤半焦的燃烧产生影响。相比于N₂和Ar,CO₂明显有利于燃烧反应进行：当反应气氛由O₂/CO₂变为O₂/Ar时,两种不同低阶煤半焦的燃尽温度分别升高了63.7和68.8℃;而当反应气氛由O₂/CO₂变为O₂/N₂时,两种不同低阶煤半焦的燃尽温度分别升高了135.9和129.6℃。在研究范围内,氧气浓度的提高也能明显提高半焦的燃烧性能。与此同时,半焦燃烧特性的动力学分析表明,随着氧气浓度提高,两种半焦燃烧反应的表观活化能E和指前因子A均呈增大趋势。通过对E和A两者关系的分析结果表明,半焦富氧燃烧的活化能和指前因子存在动力学补偿效应。     

色谱法同时测定羰化反应尾气中的O2、CO、CO2

提出用特制活性炭填充柱分离,热导检测器检测,以外标法定量,同时测定O2、CO、CO2.探讨了该方法的校正因子、各组分的线性相关性及微量氧气的分离和定量等.在选定的色谱条件下,O2与CO的分离度达1.7,各组分的相对标准偏差＜0.18%,绝对误差＜0.04%.     

O2/CO2气氛下煤焦燃烧实验研究

在热重分析仪上进行了不同气氛下徐州烟煤及其煤焦的燃烧实验,分析了O₂浓度、CO₂浓度和颗粒粒径等参数对其燃烧特性的影响;并对其进行了燃烧动力学分析。结果表明,气氛对煤和煤焦开始脱挥发分的时间影响不明显,但对其燃烧速率和燃尽时间影响很大;高浓度CO₂使煤焦的燃尽时间延长。气氛没有改变煤焦的燃烧反应动力学机理。O₂浓度提高、CO₂浓度降低和煤粉细化均可改善燃料的燃烧特性,但对煤焦的改善程度比对烟煤的小。扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示,同等O₂浓度下O₂/CO₂气氛较空气气氛煤灰表面孔隙结构更丰富。     

Hierarchical N-doped carbon nanocages/carbon textiles as a flexible O2 electrode for Li–O2 batteries

The conventional Li–O2 battery(LOB)has hardly been considered as a next-generation flexible electronics thus far,since it is bulk,inflexible and limited by the absence of an adjustable cell configuration.Here,we present a flexible Li–O2 cell using N-doped carbon nanocages grown onto the carbon textiles(NCNs/CTs)as a self-standing and binder-free O2 electrode.The highly flexible NCNs/CTs exhibits an excellent mechanic durability,a promising catalytic activity towards the ORR and OER,a considerable cyclability of more than 70 cycles with an overpotential of 0.36 V on the 1 stcycle at a constant current density of 0.2 m A/cm2,a good rate capability,a superior reversibility with formation and decomposition of desired Li2 O2,and a highly electrochemical stability even under stringent bending and twisting conditions.Our work represents a promising progress in the material development and architecture design of O2 electrode for flexible LOBs.     

流化床O2/CO2气氛下添加石灰石对燃煤PM2.5的控制

采用小型流化床研究了在O₂/CO₂气氛下添加石灰石对PM_2.5(空气动力学直径小于2.5 μm的颗粒物)的控制.实验采用荷电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集和分析燃烧后的PM_2.5.结果表明,添加石灰石是燃烧过程中影响PM_2.5生成的重要因素.添加石灰石后,生成PM_1.0的数量浓度均降低,而PM_1.0~2.5的数量浓度均略有增加;PM_2.5质量粒径分布均呈双峰分布,峰值分别出现在0.2和2.0 μm左右.随着Ca/S物质的量比的增加,PM_2.5中Si、Na、K、S和Cu的含量呈减少的趋势;随着颗粒粒径的减小,S、Cu、K和Na的含量有增大的趋势,而Si的含量有减少的趋势.     

Ga2O3催化剂上CO2气氛中丙烷脱氢反应的研究

考察了Ga2O3对于丙烷脱氢和CO2气氛脱氢反应的催化性能. 结果表明, Ga2O3具有较高的催化活性, 其性能优于传统的Cr2O3脱氢催化剂. 催化反应可能经过了一个丙烷异裂的过程, 其中CO2是通过逆水煤气反应和Boudouard反应来促进催化剂性能的, 在高于823 K时该促进作用更为明显. 催化剂的催化活性和其表面酸密度密切相关, 在Ga2O3结构中, 四配位Ga3+是其酸位的来源, 并通过质子与氧化物的共同作用促进反应进行. 催化剂的失活是由于表面的积碳和活性氧的消耗共同造成的. 同时还对Ga2O3作为丙烷脱氢反应的催化剂的催化反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

O2/CO2气氛下CO2和H2O气化反应对煤及煤焦燃烧特性的影响

利用热天平对比研究了大同煤及煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧行为,探讨CO₂和H₂O气化反应对其富氧燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在5%氧气浓度下,煤粉在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧速率按顺序依次降低。氧气浓度降低到2%,由于CO₂和H₂O气化反应的作用,煤粉在高温区的整体反应速率按顺序依次增大。当氧气浓度为5%时,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的燃烧速率要低于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率,但燃烧反应推迟后气化反应的参与使得煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的整体反应速率显著升高。当氧气浓度降低到2%后,随着温度的升高,在CO₂气化反应的作用下,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的整体反应速率逐渐高于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率。在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中,由于H₂O在共气化中起主要作用,煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂高温区的整体反应速率进一步升高。动力学分析表明,在5%氧浓度时,煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的表观活化能依次升高。随着氧气浓度的降低,在不同反应气氛中的表观活化能均有所下降。     

沉淀法结合超临界CO2干燥制备纳米γ-Al2O3

纳米γ-Al2O3具备多孔性、高比表面积、良好的吸附性、热稳定性和表面酸性[1,2],用作吸附剂和催化剂(及其载体),是催化剂载体领域应用最为广泛的品种[3～6].制备纳米氧化铝的方法有很多,大致可分为固相法、液相法、气相法等.     

甲酸辅助Cu-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂制备及其CO2加氢制甲醇性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备Cu/Zn/Al前驱体,经甲酸处理后N₂气氛焙烧得到Cu-ZnO-Al₂O₃催化剂(CZA)用于CO₂加氢制甲醇反应。使用XRD、BET、TG-DSC、SEM、H₂-TPR、N₂O滴定、XPS-AES、CO₂-TPD表征技术对催化剂的物相组成、结构性质以及Cu物种的比表面积、分散度以及价态分布进行分析和讨论。结果表明,甲酸处理调节了催化剂中Cu⁺与Cu⁰的比例,同时增加催化剂的中强碱性,并提高甲醇选择性。在W/F(H₂/CO₂=70/23)=10 g·h/mol、t=200℃、p=3 MPa反应条件下,使用HCOOH/Cu(物质的量比)=0.8甲酸处理获得的催化剂,CO₂转化率6.7%,甲醇选择性达76.3%。     

Electrical conductivity in Li2O2 and its role in determining capacity limitations in non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries

Non-aqueous Li-air or Li-O(2) cells show considerable promise as a very high energy density battery couple. Such cells, however, show sudden death at capacities far below their theoretical capacity and this, among other problems, limits their practicality. In this paper, we show that this sudden death arises from limited charge transport through the growing Li(2)O(2) film to the Li(2)O(2)-electrolyte interface, and this limitation defines a critical film thickness, above which it is not possible to support electrochemistry at the Li(2)O(2)-electrolyte interface. We report both electrochemical experiments using a reversible internal redox couple and a first principles metal-insulator-metal charge transport model to probe the electrical conductivity through Li(2)O(2) films produced during Li-O(2) discharge. Both experiment and theory show a "sudden death" in charge transport when film thickness is ~5 to 10 nm. The theoretical model shows that this occurs when the tunneling current through the film can no longer support the electrochemical current. Thus, engineering charge transport through Li(2)O(2) is a serious challenge if Li-O(2) batteries are ever to reach their potential.     

Novel DMSO-based electrolyte for high performance rechargeable Li-O2 batteries

A dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) based electrolyte is first proposed for rechargeable lithium-O(2) (Li-O(2)) batteries. Superior battery performances, including high discharge capacity and low charge potential, are successfully obtained.     

A Li-O2/CO2 battery

A new gas-utilizing battery using mixed gas of O(2) and CO(2) was developed and proved its very high discharge capacity. The capacity reached three times as much as that of a non-aqueous Li-air (O(2)) battery. The unique point of the battery is expected to be the rapid consumption of superoxide anion radical by CO(2) as well as the slow filling property of the Li(2)CO(3) in the cathode.     

Defective TiO2 hollow nanospheres as photo-electrocatalysts for photo-assisted Li-O2 batteries

The large overpotential for conventional Li-O₂ batteries is an enormous challenge, which impedes their practical application. Here, we prepare a defective TiO₂ (Ov-TiO₂) hollow nanosphere as photo-electrocatalyst for photo-assisted Li-O₂ batteries to reduce the overpotential. Under illumination, the oxygen vacancies as a charge separation center contribute to the separation of electrons and holes. The generated electrons could promote reducing O₂ to Li₂O₂ during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process, while the generated holes are beneficial to Li₂O₂ decomposition during oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process. Additionally, the proper concentration of oxygen vacancies will decrease the recombination rate between electrons and holes. The photo-assisted Li-O₂ batteries with Ov-TiO₂-650 exhibit advanced performances, such as the low overpotential (0.70 V), the fine rate capability, and the considerable reversibility accompanied with the formation/decomposition of Li₂O₂. We expect that these results could open a new mind to design of highly efficient photo-electrocatalysts for photo-assisted Li-O₂ battery.     

On the efficacy of electrocatalysis in nonaqueous Li-O2 batteries

Heterogeneous electrocatalysis has become a focal point in rechargeable Li-air battery research to reduce overpotentials in both the oxygen reduction (discharge) and especially oxygen evolution (charge) reactions. In this study, we show that past reports of traditional cathode electrocatalysis in nonaqueous Li-O(2) batteries were indeed true, but that gas evolution related to electrolyte solvent decomposition was the dominant process being catalyzed. In dimethoxyethane, where Li(2)O(2) formation is the dominant product of the electrochemistry, no catalytic activity (compared to pure carbon) is observed using the same (Au, Pt, MnO(2)) nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the onset potential of oxygen evolution is only slightly higher than the open circuit potential of the cell, indicating conventional oxygen evolution electrocatalysis may be unnecessary.     

多孔Fe_2O_3纳米纤维用于高容量长寿命锂空气电池催化剂

采用静电纺丝技术,以乙酰丙酮铁[Fe(C5H7O2)3]、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)和二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为原料,制备了由Fe2O3纳米颗粒组成的高比表面积的多孔纳米纤维,并成功应用于锂氧气电池用催化剂.Fe2O3纳米颗粒为反应提供了充足的活性位点,提高了电池容量;而三维网状结构为反应物及产物提供了足够的反应及储存空间,避免了对电极孔道堵塞的问题,从而达到了锂空气电池长循环的目的.     

Recent advances in charge mechanism of noble metal-based cathodes for Li-O2 batteries

Lithium-oxygen(Li-O₂ ) batteries are considered as the next generation for energy storages systems due to the higher theoretical energy density than that of Li-ion batteries. However, the high charge overpotential caused by the insulated Li₂O₂ results in low energy efficiency, side reaction from electrolyte and cathode, and therefore poor battery performance. Designing noble metal-based catalysts can be an effective strategy to develop high-performance Li-O_2...     

Improving the cyclability of Li-O2 batteries with palladium nanocolloidal electrolytes

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - The slow decomposition kinetics of Li2O2 and the accumulation of by-products resulted in the passivation of cathode is one of the key issues restricting...     

Effect of CO2-induced side reactions on the deposition in the non-aqueous Li-air batteries

This paper presents a non-aqueous Li-air battery model that considers the side reactions of lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) formation from both electrolyte decomposition and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the ambient air. The deposition and decomposition behaviors of discharge products, the voltage, and capacity evolutions during the cycling operation of the Li-air batteries are investigated. The deposition behavior analysis implies that the Li₂CO₃ generated by electrolyte decomposition is mainly distributed near the separator side, while it is dominantly generated by Li-O₂/CO₂ reaction near the air side. The formation of Li₂CO₃ by side reactions makes the Li-air batteries exhibit a peak discharge deposition inside the cathode. Moreover, Li₂CO₃ is difficult to decompose and gradually accumulates with cycles, especially near the air side. The severe accumulation of Li₂CO₃ near the air side significantly reduces the O₂ diffusion into the electrode, which induces severe cycling performance decay of the Li-air batteries. According to the distribution and evolution of the deposition, three simple hierarchical cathode structures with high porosities near the air side are finally studied. The simulation results indicate that the increase of the local porosity near the air side substantially improves the cycling performance of the Li-air batteries.

     

Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of Fe-TiO2/N-doped graphene cathodes for rechargeable Li-O2 batteries

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - The Fe3+-doped TiO2 on nitrogen-doped graphene (Fe-TiO2/N-doped graphene) electrocatalyst is synthesized and employed as cathode material for Li-O2...